Questions 1 and 2 are based on this passage.?

Nielsen is aware that for many readers, including the anthologists who create textbooks, African American?literature is thought to be primarily realistic in style and sociological or political in content. Avant-garde expressions—beyond the obvious examples offered by Langston Hughes, Amiri Baraka, and Ishmael Reed—are frequently overlooked. While such a narrow view is more readily apparent in critical attention given to fiction than in that given to poetry, it certainly skews anthologies. Nielsen is acutely aware of the serious political motives that often underlie such compilations and is also concerned that the currently popular critical paradigm of an oral tradition might deflect proper attention due African American literary traditions.

1.?The passage suggests that compared with critical writing on African American fiction, critical?writing on African American poetry

A. is more often driven by serious political motives

B. is more influenced by currently popular critical paradigms

C. draws clearer distinctions between oral and literary traditions

D. acknowledges a broader range of style and content

E. focuses more on the sociological implications of the works discussed

Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.

2.?The passage suggests that Nielsen has which of the following concerns regarding anthologies of?African American literature?

A. That the anthologies overlook the work of the important avant-garde writers Langston Hughes, Amiri?Baraka, and Ishmael Reed

B. That the anthologies focus on a particular type of literature at the expense of other types

C. That the anthologies give insufficient attention to the oral tradition in African American literature

Questions 3 to 5 are based on this passage

“Flight-Initiation Distance” (FID) is the distance at which birds flee from an approaching human. Birds?adjust their FIDs in relation to a range of factors, including body mass, encounter rates with stimuli, and aspects?of the stimulus such as starting distance (the distance at which a human approach begins), stimulus type (e.g.,?vehicle or walker), proximity to refuge, directness and speed of approach.

The ability to discriminate between stimuli within species demonstrates that cognition is involved in the?specifics of bird escape, and the substantial cognitive ability of at least some birds has recently been highlighted. Accurate judgment of risk, and appropriate level of response, is likely to be critical for the survival of many birds that encounter potentially threatening stimuli such as humans in increasing numbers and places. The “cognitive buffer” hypothesis suggests larger-brained birds will be better able to adapt to novel environmental conditions such as those created by anthropogenic landscape change. In theory these birds may be able to learn (habituate or sensitize) to adjust responses appropriately based on their previous experience. If so, one would predict that there would be a negative association between FID and brain size within and across species.

3.?The primary purpose of the passage is to

A. describe some adaptations of birds to environmental changes caused by humans

B. challenge the role of brain size in birds’ behavioral responses to potential threats

C. argue that cognitive ability may be more useful than measures of escape behavior in predicting the?survival of birds

D. examine the link between brain size and escape behavior in birds

E. explore a possible correlation between escape behavior and survival of birds encountering humans

Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.

4. According to the passage, the distance at which a bird flees from a potentially threatening human?partly depends on which of the following?

A. Whether the human is watching the bird

B. How familiar the human is to the bird

C. How close the bird’s place of safety is

5. The author mentions the “cognitive buffer” hypothesis primarily to

A. introduce a controversial hypothesis regarding bird adaptation

B. expand on a mechanism that may contribute to bird adaptation

C. summarize the cognitive factors lead some bird species to become dominant

D. challenge a widely held view of bird adaptation

E. provide a counterexample concerning bird survival

Questions 6 is based on this passage

Tarniesia needs to produce more electricity and to irrigate more cropland. The Yat River could be used for?irrigation or to operate a hydroelectric generator, but not for both; the only suitable location for a generator is far downstream from the potential cropland, and water flow at that location would be inadequate for electricity production if water were diverted for irrigation. Tarniesia’s need for more electricity is more pressing. Nevertheless, Tarnesia intends to use the Yat for irrigation.

6. Which of the following, if true of Tarniesia, most helps to justify the proposed use of the Yat?

A. The Yat is a tributary of the Gadir River, which has a volume of flow twice that of the Yat.

B. Once water had passed through a generator on the Yat, pumping it back upstream to Tarniesia’s?cropland would require as much power as that produced when the water passed through the generator.

C. Most of the electricity now produced in Tarniesia is generated in coal-fueled power plants.

D. Using the post-harvest remains of irrigated crops to fuel a power generator will produce more?electricity than the Yat could provide even at natural flow levels.

E. Cropland in Tarniesia that is not irrigated tends to produce significantly lower yields per acre than?irrigated cropland.

Questions 7 and 8 are based on this passage

Some scientists have suggested that individual facial recognition is a specialized human skill, yet evidence?suggests that paper wasps can recognize facial features and use this ability to maintain a strong social order in the hive. Researchers altered wasps’ facial markings by a painting on additional yellow marks or covering existing ones. Altered individuals were met with increased aggression. Wasps use aggression to test others and establish relative dominance. The increase in aggression solely toward altered wasps suggests that they were perceived as strangers whose relative dominance needed to be established. However, aggression toward altered wasps diminished over time. Evidently wasps were responding to the “new” wasp as an individual and gradually learning to associate that individual’s rank with its facial markings.?

7. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the “aggression”?

A. Its duration was determined by the time required for it to serve a particular social function.

B. Its intensity varied depending on the extent of researchers’ alterations to wasps’ markings.

C. It would likely have been more prolonged if the altered wasps had come from a different hive.

D. It had a long-term destabilizing effect on the social order of the hives in which it occurred.

E. It had not been anticipated by the researchers who altered wasps’ markings.

8. The highlighted sentence serves primarily to?

A. acknowledge an apparent contradiction in a theory

B. cite a finding made by the researchers mentioned earlier in the passage

C. note a fact that informs an interpretation discussed later in the passage

D. account for a behavior demonstrated by wasps whose markings had been altered

E. explain how an assumption about wasp behavior guided the design of an experiment?

Questions 9 and 10 are based on this passage

In the late Hellenistic and early Roman Imperial periods, wealthy elite women played an increasingly?prominent part in the public life of cities in peninsular Greece. The transformation of such women's power and political and economic behavior is best explained as a consequence of deep structural changes in the social hierarchy. In the course of the second and early first centuries B.C.E., many Greek cities saw the emergence of a stratum of superrich landowners. The dramatically increased economic inequality between this stratum and the common people was echoed in a general depoliticization of public life, since the influence exercised by this newly dominant class was largely undertaken in a private capacity. Inevitably, the privatization of civic government rendered gender less significant than wealth.

9. Which of the following best describes the overall organization of the passage?

A. A phenomenon is described and a cause likely to have driven that phenomenon is presented.

B. A process is explained, and the positive consequences of the process are enumerated.

C. A hypothesis is presented, and evidence supporting the hypothesis is evaluated.

D. An assertion is made, and seemingly contradictory theories related to the assertion are reconciled.

E. An assumption is summarized, and a series of examples explaining the assumption are provided.

10. The passage suggests which of the following about women in the cities of peninsular Greece prior?to the second century B.C.E.?

A. Their involvement in public life was circumscribed by their gender regardless of their economic status.

B. Their efforts to reduce economic inequalities between the classes were effective.

C. Their gender did not prevent them from playing an increasingly prominent role in urban public life.

D. They were instrumental in bringing about the privatization of civic government.

E. They were influential in helping reshape the social hierarchy of many Greek cities.