【文獻(xiàn)速遞】【Nature】【2022年】【10月】
聲明：本專(zhuān)欄主要對(duì)生命科學(xué)領(lǐng)域的一些期刊文章標(biāo)題進(jìn)行翻譯，所有內(nèi)容均由本人手工整理翻譯。由于本人專(zhuān)業(yè)為生物分析相關(guān)，其他領(lǐng)域如果出現(xiàn)翻譯錯(cuò)誤請(qǐng)諒解。
矩陣游戲
The cover shows an artistic impression of a matrix multiplication tensor — a 3D array of numbers — in the process of being solved by deep learning. Efficient matrix multiplication algorithms can help speed up many computations, and in this week’s issue, Alhussein Fawzi and his colleagues at DeepMind show how machine learning can uncover faster algorithms. The system, called AlphaTensor, was trained on a game that involved finding the best way to ‘decompose’ a matrix multiplication tensor so as to find matrix multiplication algorithms. After training, AlphaTensor was able to rediscover previously known algorithms as well as to uncover new ones that, in some cases, improved on algorithms that have resisted improvement for more than 50 years.
封面展示了矩陣乘法張量——一個(gè) 3D 數(shù)字?jǐn)?shù)組——正在被深度學(xué)習(xí)解決的藝術(shù)印象。高效的矩陣乘法算法可以幫助加速許多計(jì)算，在本周的期刊中，Alhussein Fawzi 和他在DeepMind的同事展示了機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)如何發(fā)現(xiàn)更快的算法。這個(gè)名為AlphaTensor的系統(tǒng)接受了一個(gè)游戲的訓(xùn)練，該游戲涉及尋找“分解”矩陣乘法張量的最佳方法，從而找到矩陣乘法算法。經(jīng)過(guò)訓(xùn)練后，AlphaTensor能夠重新發(fā)現(xiàn)以前已知的算法，并發(fā)現(xiàn)新的算法，在某些情況下，這些算法改進(jìn)了50多年來(lái)一直拒絕改進(jìn)的算法。
黯然失色的烏龜
Different terrains can present significant mobility challenges for robots — especially if the robot is required to move between environments. In this week’s issue, Rebecca Kramer-Bottiglio and her colleagues present a multi-environment robot that can readily navigate between land and water. The researchers took inspiration from the living world, designing their robot to morph between a tortoise-like configuration for terrestrial terrain and a turtle-like configuration for aquatic environments. The ‘a(chǎn)daptive morphogenesis’ design strategy allows the Amphibious Robotic Turtle to change its limb morphology and gait to cope with the different environments (as illustrated on the cover).
不同的地形會(huì)給機(jī)器人帶來(lái)重大的機(jī)動(dòng)性挑戰(zhàn)——尤其是當(dāng)機(jī)器人需要在環(huán)境之間移動(dòng)時(shí)。 在本周的雜志中，Rebecca Kramer-Bottiglio 和她的同事們展示了一個(gè)可以在陸地和水域之間輕松導(dǎo)航的多環(huán)境機(jī)器人。研究人員從生活世界中汲取靈感，將他們的機(jī)器人設(shè)計(jì)為在陸地地形的烏龜狀配置和水生環(huán)境的烏龜狀配置之間變形?！白赃m應(yīng)形態(tài)發(fā)生”設(shè)計(jì)策略允許兩棲機(jī)器人烏龜改變其肢體形態(tài)和步態(tài)以應(yīng)對(duì)不同的環(huán)境（如封面所示）。
種族主義
Racism casts a huge shadow on science. People of colour and from other historically marginalized groups have been excluded from the scientific enterprise, research has been used to underpin discriminatory thinking, and research outputs have ignored and further disadvantaged marginalized people. Nature has played its part in creating this divisive legacy. In this special issue – the first in the journal’s 153-year history to be overseen by guest editors — Melissa Nobles, Chad Womack, Ambroise Wonkam and Elizabeth Wathuti present articles that examine some of the ways racism has manifested in science, and the direct and detrimental effects this toxic ideology has had on individuals and their communities. By highlighting these issues, Nature aims to help build a more inclusive future for science, and society, in which people of all colours can thrive.
種族主義給科學(xué)蒙上了巨大的陰影。有色人種和其他歷史上被邊緣化的群體被排除在科學(xué)事業(yè)之外，研究被用來(lái)支持歧視性思維，研究成果忽視并進(jìn)一步使邊緣化人群處于不利地位。大自然在造成這種分裂的遺產(chǎn)方面發(fā)揮了作用。在這期特刊中——該雜志153年歷史上第一期由客座編輯監(jiān)督——Melissa Nobles、Chad Womack、Ambroise Wonkam和 Elizabeth Wathuti發(fā)表的文章探討了種族主義在科學(xué)中的一些表現(xiàn)方式，以及這種有毒的意識(shí)形態(tài)對(duì)個(gè)人及其社區(qū)產(chǎn)生的直接和有害影響。通過(guò)強(qiáng)調(diào)這些問(wèn)題，《自然》旨在幫助為科學(xué)和社會(huì)建設(shè)一個(gè)更具包容性的未來(lái)，讓各種膚色的人都能在其中茁壯成長(zhǎng)。
DNA博格斯
The cover shows an artist’s interpretation of Borgs, a novel kind of extrachromosomal element described by Jillian Banfield and her colleagues in this week’s issue. Many microorganisms have extra genetic information encoded in DNA that is outside their chromosome. These extrachromosomal elements are usually in the form of relatively small plasmids. But in their analysis of groundwater, sediments and wetland soil, Banfield and her colleagues found that species of the methane-oxidizing archaea Methanoperedens hosted unusually large, linear extrachromosomal elements. The team named these elements Borgs — after the aliens in Star Trek — because they assimilate genetic material from other organisms and their environment. The researchers identified at least 19 types of Borg and speculate that they might be helping their hosts to consume methane.
封面展示了一位藝術(shù)家對(duì)博格斯的詮釋?zhuān)└袼故羌虬病ぐ喾茽柕拢↗illian Banfield）及其同事在本周刊中描述的一種新型染色體外元素。許多微生物在染色體之外的DNA中編碼了額外的遺傳信息。這些染色體外元件通常以相對(duì)較小的質(zhì)粒形式存在。但在他們對(duì)地下水、沉積物和濕地土壤的分析中，Banfield和她的同事發(fā)現(xiàn)甲烷氧化古菌Methanoperedens的物種擁有異常大的線性染色體外元素。該團(tuán)隊(duì)將這些元素命名為博格斯——以《星際迷航》中的外星人命名——因?yàn)樗鼈儚钠渌矬w及其環(huán)境中吸收遺傳物質(zhì)。研究人員確定了至少19種博格，并推測(cè)它們可能正在幫助宿主消耗甲烷。
1.Vibrations probe magnetic fields inside evolved stars
進(jìn)化的星星中的振動(dòng)探頭磁場(chǎng)
2.Seasonal peak in Arctic Ocean acidity could shift to the summer
北極海洋酸度的季節(jié)性高峰可能會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)移到夏天
3.Narrow hiring practices at US universities revealed
在美國(guó)大學(xué)揭示的狹窄招聘實(shí)踐
4.Mouse embryo models built from stem cells take shape in a dish
在培養(yǎng)皿中干細(xì)胞建造的小鼠胚胎模型
5.A stable alternative to an explosive synthetic reaction
爆炸性合成反應(yīng)的穩(wěn)定替代品
6.Magnetic fields of 30 to 100?kG in the cores of red giant stars
紅色巨星芯中的30至100公斤的磁場(chǎng)
7.Discovering faster matrix multiplication algorithms with reinforcement learning
通過(guò)增強(qiáng)學(xué)習(xí)發(fā)現(xiàn)更快的矩陣乘法算法
8.Extending the spectrum of fully integrated photonics to submicrometre wavelengths
將完全集成的光子學(xué)的光譜擴(kuò)展到亞微米波長(zhǎng)
9.P-type electrical contacts for 2D transition-metal dichalcogenides
2D過(guò)渡金屬二硫化物的P型電觸點(diǎn)
10.Compositionally complex doping for zero-strain zero-cobalt layered cathodes
零應(yīng)變的零鈷分層陰極的成分復(fù)雜的摻雜
11.Continuous air purification by aqueous interface filtration and absorption
通過(guò)水接口過(guò)濾和吸收連續(xù)空氣純化
12.Photoexcited nitroarenes for the oxidative cleavage of alkenes
光激發(fā)硝化烯烴的氧化裂解
13.Molecular editing of aza-arene C–H bonds by distance, geometry and chirality
通過(guò)距離、幾何學(xué)和手性，氮雜芳烴C-H鍵的分子編輯
14.Arctic Ocean annual high in CO2 could shift from winter to summer
北冰洋每年的二氧化碳濃度高點(diǎn)可能會(huì)從冬季轉(zhuǎn)移到夏季
15.Invisible ship tracks show large cloud sensitivity to aerosol
無(wú)形的船只軌道顯示出大云對(duì)氣溶膠的敏感性
16.The origin of placental mammal life histories
胎盤(pán)哺乳動(dòng)物生活史的起源
17.The Anglo-Saxon migration and the formation of the early English gene pool
盎格魯-撒克遜人（Anglo-Saxon）的遷移和早期英語(yǔ)基因庫(kù)的形成
18.Quantifying hierarchy and dynamics in US faculty hiring and retention
量化美國(guó)教師招聘和保留的層次結(jié)構(gòu)和動(dòng)態(tài)
19.State-dependent pupil dilation rapidly shifts visual feature selectivity
狀態(tài)依賴(lài)性瞳孔擴(kuò)張迅速改變視覺(jué)特征選擇性
20.Distinguishing externally from saccade-induced motion in visual cortex
從外部區(qū)分視覺(jué)皮層中由掃視引起的運(yùn)動(dòng)
21.Embryo model completes gastrulation to neurulation and organogenesis
胚胎模型完成原腸胚形成到神經(jīng)形成和器官發(fā)生
22.Context-specific emergence and growth of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant
SARS-CoV-2 DELTA變體的特定背景的出現(xiàn)和增長(zhǎng)
23.PD-1-cis IL-2R agonism yields better effectors from stem-like CD8+ T cells
PD-1-cis IL-2R激動(dòng)劑從莖樣CD8+ T細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生更好的效應(yīng)子
24.PD-1 combination therapy with IL-2 modifies CD8+ T cell exhaustion program
使用IL-2的PD-1組合療法修飾CD8+ T細(xì)胞耗盡程序
25.Antibody targeting of E3 ubiquitin ligases for receptor degradation
抗體靶向E3泛素連接酶以誘導(dǎo)受體降解
26.A cellular hierarchy in melanoma uncouples growth and metastasis
黑色素瘤的細(xì)胞等級(jí)將生長(zhǎng)和轉(zhuǎn)移分開(kāi)
27.Biosynthesis of selenium-containing small molecules in diverse microorganisms
多種微生物中含硒的小分子的生物合成
28.Visualizing translation dynamics at atomic detail inside a bacterial cell
可視化細(xì)菌細(xì)胞內(nèi)原子細(xì)節(jié)的翻譯動(dòng)力學(xué)
29.Structure of dynein–dynactin on microtubules shows tandem adaptor binding
微管上的動(dòng)力蛋白-淋巴結(jié)的結(jié)構(gòu)顯示串聯(lián)銜接子結(jié)合
30.Female birds disguised as males get extra food
偽裝成雄性的雌鳥(niǎo)得到額外的食物
31.A walk in the wild helps to tailor robotic leg exoskeletons
在野外散步有助于量身定制機(jī)器人腿外骨骼
32.SARS-CoV-2 mimics a host protein to bypass defences
SARS-CoV-2模擬宿主蛋白以繞過(guò)防御
33.From the archive: detecting counterfeit whisky, and the legends behind Scottish boulders
從檔案中：檢測(cè)偽造的威士忌，以及蘇格蘭巨石背后的傳說(shuō)
34.Charge transfer observed in light-activated catalyst particles
在光激活的催化劑顆粒中觀察到的電荷轉(zhuǎn)移
35.Human brain organoids influence rat behaviour
人腦類(lèi)器官會(huì)影響大鼠行為
36.Machine assembly of carbohydrates with more than 1,000 sugar units
用1000多個(gè)糖單元組裝的碳水化合物組合
37.Radiation-driven acceleration in the expanding WR140 dust shell
擴(kuò)展的WR140防塵殼中以輻射驅(qū)動(dòng)的加速度
38.Optical superluminal motion measurement in the neutron-star merger GW170817
中子星級(jí)合并GW170817中的光學(xué)靜置運(yùn)動(dòng)測(cè)量
39.Personalizing exoskeleton assistance while walking in the real world
在現(xiàn)實(shí)世界中行走時(shí)個(gè)性化外骨骼協(xié)助
40.Multi-environment robotic transitions through adaptive morphogenesis
通過(guò)自適應(yīng)形態(tài)發(fā)生多種環(huán)境機(jī)器人過(guò)渡
41.Attosecond clocking of correlations between Bloch electrons
布洛赫電子之間相關(guān)性的阿秒計(jì)時(shí)
42.Spatiotemporal imaging of charge transfer in photocatalyst particles
光催化劑顆粒中電荷轉(zhuǎn)移的時(shí)空成像
43.An asymmetric sp3–sp3 cross-electrophile coupling using ‘ene’-reductases
使用“烯”重還原酶的不對(duì)稱(chēng)sp3–sp3交叉電動(dòng)耦合
44.Layered subsurface in Utopia Basin of Mars revealed by Zhurong rover radar
Zhurong Rover Radar揭示的烏托邦盆地的分層地下表面
45.Scleromochlus and the early evolution of Pterosauromorpha
硬核菌屬和翼龍的早期演變
46.Maturation and circuit integration of transplanted human cortical organoids
移植的人皮質(zhì)器官的成熟和電路整合
47.Prenatal immune stress blunts microglia reactivity, impairing neurocircuitry
產(chǎn)前免疫應(yīng)激會(huì)減弱小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的反應(yīng)性，損害神經(jīng)回路
48.Plant receptor-like protein activation by a microbial glycoside hydrolase
植物受體樣蛋白通過(guò)微生物糖苷水解酶激活
49.Genomics to select treatment for patients with metastatic breast cancer
為轉(zhuǎn)移性乳腺癌患者選擇治療的基因組學(xué)
50.CRISPR screens in Drosophila cells identify Vsg as a Tc toxin receptor
果蠅細(xì)胞中的CRISPR篩選將Vsg識(shí)別為T(mén)c毒素受體
51.Opposing roles of hepatic stellate cell subpopulations in hepatocarcinogenesis
肝星狀細(xì)胞亞群在肝癌發(fā)生中的相反作用
52.Collagenolysis-dependent DDR1 signalling dictates pancreatic cancer outcome
膠原蛋白分解依賴(lài)性DDR1信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)決定胰腺癌結(jié)果
53.STING-induced regulatory B cells compromise NK function in cancer immunity
STING誘導(dǎo)的調(diào)節(jié)B細(xì)胞在癌癥免疫中妥協(xié)NK功能
54.SARS-CoV-2 disrupts host epigenetic regulation via histone mimicry
SARS-CoV-2通過(guò)組蛋白模仿破壞宿主表觀遺傳調(diào)節(jié)
55.NMR-guided directed evolution
NMR引導(dǎo)的定向進(jìn)化
56.Structure of the Ebola virus polymerase complex
埃博拉病毒聚合酶復(fù)合物的結(jié)構(gòu)
57.Structural basis for directional chitin biosynthesis
定向幾丁質(zhì)生物合成的結(jié)構(gòu)基礎(chǔ)
58.Neurons that control walking go round in circles
控制行走的神經(jīng)元在原地轉(zhuǎn)圈
59.The first genomic portrait of a Neanderthal family
尼安德特人家庭的第一張基因組肖像
60.Embrace wobble to level flight without a horizon
擁抱擺動(dòng)到?jīng)]有地平線的水平飛行
61.New catalogue of Earth’s ecosystems
地球生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的新目錄
62.The gas about Stephan’s Quintet reveals a history of collision
關(guān)于斯蒂芬五重奏的氣體揭示了碰撞的歷史
63.A 0.6?Mpc H I structure associated with Stephan’s Quintet
與斯蒂芬五重奏相關(guān)的0.6 MPC H I結(jié)構(gòu)
64.A dense 0.1-solar-mass star in a 51-minute-orbital-period eclipsing binary
51分鐘軌道周期的日食雙星中一顆密度為0.1倍太陽(yáng)質(zhì)量的恒星
65.Entanglement-enhanced matter-wave interferometry in a high-finesse cavity
高精細(xì)型腔中的糾纏增強(qiáng)物質(zhì)波干涉測(cè)量法
66.Enhanced interactions of interlayer excitons in free-standing heterobilayers
獨(dú)立異質(zhì)雙層中層間激子的增強(qiáng)相互作用
67.Accommodating unobservability to control flight attitude with optic flow
適應(yīng)不可觀察性以光流控制飛行姿態(tài)
68.Low-hysteresis shape-memory ceramics designed by multimode modelling
通過(guò)多模建模設(shè)計(jì)的低滯后形狀記憶陶瓷
69.Nonlinear decision-making with enzymatic neural networks
通過(guò)酶神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的非線性決策
70.Self-assembly of emulsion droplets through programmable folding
通過(guò)可編程折疊的乳液液滴的自組裝
71.From planetary to regional boundaries for agricultural nitrogen pollution
從行星到區(qū)域邊界的農(nóng)業(yè)氮污染
72.A function-based typology for Earth’s ecosystems
基于功能的地球生態(tài)系統(tǒng)類(lèi)型學(xué)
73.Genetic insights into the social organization of Neanderthals
對(duì)尼安德特人社會(huì)組織的遺傳見(jiàn)解
74.Movement is governed by rotational neural dynamics in spinal motor networks
運(yùn)動(dòng)受脊柱運(yùn)動(dòng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)中旋轉(zhuǎn)神經(jīng)動(dòng)力學(xué)的控制
75.A wheat resistosome defines common principles of immune receptor channels
小麥抗性體定義了免疫受體通道的共同原則
76.Antibiotic combinations reduce Staphylococcus aureus clearance
抗生素組合減少金黃色葡萄球菌清除率
77.The γδ IEL effector API5 masks genetic susceptibility to Paneth cell death
γδIEL效應(yīng)子API5掩蓋了Paneth細(xì)胞死亡的遺傳敏感性
78.An LKB1–mitochondria axis controls TH17 effector function
LKB1-線粒體軸控制TH17效應(yīng)子功能
79.Gut bacteria alleviate smoking-related NASH by degrading gut nicotine
腸道細(xì)菌通過(guò)降解腸尼古丁來(lái)減輕與吸煙有關(guān)的NASH
80.Structure of the NuA4 acetyltransferase complex bound to the nucleosome
與核小體結(jié)合的NUA4乙?；D(zhuǎn)移酶復(fù)合酶的結(jié)構(gòu)
81.Structure of the OMEGA nickase IsrB in complex with ωRNA and target DNA
與ωRNA復(fù)合物和靶DNA復(fù)合物的Omega Nickase ISRB的結(jié)構(gòu)
82.Bespoke library docking for 5-HT2A receptor agonists with antidepressant activity
具有抗抑郁活性的 5-HT2A 受體激動(dòng)劑的定制文庫(kù)對(duì)接
83.Triassic sauropodomorph eggshell might not be soft
三疊紀(jì)蜥腳類(lèi)動(dòng)蛋白蛋殼可能不會(huì)柔軟
84.Reply to: Triassic sauropodomorph eggshell might not be soft
回復(fù)：三疊紀(jì)蜥腳類(lèi)動(dòng)物卵殼可能不會(huì)柔軟
85.Missing heritability found for height
缺少身高發(fā)現(xiàn)的遺傳力
86.A leap forward in the quest for general catalysts
追求一般催化劑的飛躍
87.Global soil map pinpoints key sites for conservation
全球土壤地圖查明保護(hù)的關(guān)鍵站點(diǎn)
88.Mystery find of microbial DNA elements called Borgs
神秘發(fā)現(xiàn)稱(chēng)為Borgs的微生物DNA元素
89.From the archive: a plague in frogs, and oxygen consumption after running
從檔案中：青蛙中的瘟疫和跑步后的氧氣消耗
90.Early gills exchanged ions before hosting gas transfer
早期鰓在進(jìn)行氣體轉(zhuǎn)移之前交換離子
91.How regulatory T cells are primed to aid tolerance of gut bacteria
調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞的啟動(dòng)如何有助于腸道細(xì)菌的耐受性
92.An underground route to grasping the Milky Way’s oldest stars
抓住銀河系最古老的明星的地下路線
93.The missing risks of climate change
氣候變化的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)缺失
94.General-relativistic precession in a black-hole binary
黑洞二進(jìn)制中的一般性分解
95.Measurement of 19F(p,?γ)20Ne reaction suggests CNO breakout in first stars
19F(p,?γ)20Ne反應(yīng)的測(cè)量表明第一顆星中的CNO突破
96.Free-space dissemination of time and frequency with 10?19 instability over 113?km
時(shí)間和頻率的自由空間傳播在113公里以上的10-19不穩(wěn)定
97.The time-programmable frequency comb and its use in quantum-limited ranging
時(shí)間可編程的頻率梳子及其在量子限制范圍內(nèi)的使用
98.Shape memory in self-adapting colloidal crystals
在自適應(yīng)膠體晶體中形成記憶
99.Screening for generality in asymmetric catalysis
篩選不對(duì)稱(chēng)催化中的普遍性
100.Comprehensive evidence implies a higher social cost of CO2
全面的證據(jù)意味著二氧化碳的社會(huì)成本更高
101.Global hotspots for soil nature conservation
土壤自然保護(hù)的全球熱點(diǎn)
102.Ion regulation at gills precedes gas exchange and the origin of vertebrates
鰓的離子調(diào)節(jié)先于氣體交換和脊椎動(dòng)物的起源
103.A saturated map of common genetic variants associated with human height
與人高度相關(guān)的常見(jiàn)遺傳變異的飽和圖
104.Programmable RNA sensing for cell monitoring and manipulation
可編程的RNA感應(yīng)用于細(xì)胞監(jiān)測(cè)和操作
105.Gut–brain circuits for fat preference
脂肪偏好的腸腦回路
106.Borgs are giant genetic elements with potential to expand metabolic capacity
Borgs是巨大的遺傳元素，具有擴(kuò)大代謝能力的潛力
107.A RORγt+ cell instructs gut microbiota-specific Treg cell differentiation
RORγt+細(xì)胞指示腸道微生物群特異性Treg細(xì)胞分化
108.ILC3s select microbiota-specific regulatory T cells to establish tolerance in the gut
ILC3s選擇微生物群特異性的調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞以在腸道中建立耐受性
109.Novel antigen-presenting cell imparts Treg-dependent tolerance to gut microbiota
新型抗原呈遞細(xì)胞賦予腸道菌群的Treg依賴(lài)性耐受性
110.Clathrin-associated AP-1 controls termination of STING signalling
網(wǎng)格蛋白相關(guān)的AP-1控制STING信號(hào)的終止
111.HRG-9 homologues regulate haem trafficking from haem-enriched compartments
HRG-9 同系物調(diào)節(jié)來(lái)自富含血紅素的隔室的血紅素運(yùn)輸
112.The E3 ligase adapter cereblon targets the C-terminal cyclic imide degron
E3連接酶適配器乙肝細(xì)胞受體以C端環(huán)酰亞胺降解子為靶點(diǎn)
113.Activation of γ-globin expression by hypoxia-inducible factor 1α
缺氧誘導(dǎo)因子1α激活γ-珠蛋白表達(dá)
114.Structures of α-synuclein filaments from human brains with Lewy pathology
來(lái)自人類(lèi)大腦的α-突觸核蛋白絲的結(jié)構(gòu)
115.Structures of the TMC-1 complex illuminate mechanosensory transduction
TMC-1復(fù)合物的結(jié)構(gòu)闡明了機(jī)械感覺(jué)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)
