After watching this, your brain will not be the same | Lara Boyd | TEDxVancouver

In a classic research-based TEDx Talk, Dr. Lara Boyd describes how neuroplasticity gives you the power to shape the brain you want. Recorded at TEDxVancouver at Rogers Arena on November 14, 2015.

Our knowledge of the brain is evolving at a breathtaking pace, and Dr. Lara Boyd is positioned at the cutting edge of these discoveries. In 2006, she was recruited by the University of British Columbia to become the Canada Research Chair in Neurobiology and Motor Learning. Since that time she has established the Brain Behaviour Lab, recruited and trained over 40 graduate students, published more than 80 papers and been awarded over $5 million in funding.

Dr. Boyd’s efforts are leading to the development of novel, and more effective, therapeutics for individuals with brain damage, but they are also shedding light on broader applications. By learning new concepts, taking advantage of opportunities, and participating in new activities, you are physically changing who you are, and opening up a world of endless possibility.

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那么 我們是怎樣學(xué)習(xí)的呢

So how do we learn?

又為什么我們中有些人學(xué)習(xí)知識(shí)比其他人更容易？

And why does some of us learn things more easily than others?

所以 正如剛才所提及的 我是拉亞·博伊德博士

So, as I just mentioned, I’m Dr. Lara Boyd.

我是英屬哥倫比亞大學(xué)的一位腦科研究員

I am a brain researcher here at the University of British Columbia.

這些都是吸引我的問題

These are the questions that fascinate me.

[歡呼聲][掌聲]

(Cheers) (Applause)

大腦研究是理解人類生理機(jī)能的

So brain research is one of the great frontiers

尖端科學(xué)之一

in the understanding of human physiology,

同時(shí)也促使我們思考是什么讓我們成為真正的我們

and also in the consideration of what makes us who we are.

這是個(gè)非常好的時(shí)代成為一名腦科研究員

It’s an amazing time to be a brain researcher,

同時(shí)我要告訴你們

and I would argue to you

我從事著全世界最有趣的工作

that I have the most interesting job in the world.

我們對(duì)于大腦的了解 在以一個(gè)令人驚訝的速度改變

What we know about the brain is changing at a breathtaking pace.

很多我們所知道和理解的關(guān)于大腦的觀點(diǎn)

And much of what we thought we knew and understood about the brain

都被證實(shí)是不正確或不全面的

turns out to be not true or incomplete.

有些錯(cuò)誤觀念比其他的錯(cuò)的更明顯

Some of these misconceptions are more obvious than others.

例如 我們過去認(rèn)為

For example, we used to think

童年之后我們的大腦不會(huì)也不能再有任何改變了

that after childhood the brain did not, really could not change.

研究表明這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)錯(cuò)的離譜

And it turns out that nothing could be farther from the truth.

另一個(gè)對(duì)于大腦的錯(cuò)誤觀念就是

Another misconception about the brain

在任何給定的時(shí)間 你只使用了部分大腦

is that you only use parts of it at any given time

而當(dāng)你什么都不做時(shí) 大腦處于靜默狀態(tài)

and it’s silent when you do nothing.

當(dāng)然 這也是不正確的

Well, this is also untrue.

研究表明即使你在休息

It turns out that even when you’re at a rest

沒思考任何事 你的大腦仍是高度活躍的

and thinking of nothing, your brain is highly active.

我們利用先進(jìn)的科技 例如核磁共振成像

So it’s been advances in technology, such as MRI,

來證明它們和其他的重要發(fā)現(xiàn)

that’s allowed us to make these and many other important discoveries.

在這些發(fā)現(xiàn)中可能最精彩

And perhaps the most exciting,

最有趣和最有變革意義的

the most interesting and transformative of these discoveries

就是 每次你學(xué)一個(gè)新的事實(shí)或技能時(shí)

is that, every time you learn a new fact or skill,

你就改變了你的大腦

you change your brain.

這就是我們所說的神經(jīng)可塑性

It’s something we call neuroplasticity.

不過25年前 我們認(rèn)為青春期過后

So as little as 25 years ago, we thought that after about puberty,

大腦中僅有的變化都是為負(fù)的：

the only changes that took place in the brain were negative:

腦細(xì)胞會(huì)隨著年齡的增長而不斷減少

the loss of brain cells with aging,

這種現(xiàn)象所導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果 比如 中風(fēng)

the result of damage, like a stroke.

研究顯示 在成年人的大腦中

And then, studies began to show remarkable amounts

存在數(shù)量可觀的結(jié)構(gòu)重組

of reorganization in the adult brain.

隨后的研究告訴我們

And the ensuing research has shown us

我們所有的行為能改變我們的大腦

that all of our behaviors change our brain.

而這些改變不會(huì)被年齡所限制

That these changes are not limited by age,

這不正是個(gè)好消息嗎

it’s a good news right?

可實(shí)際上 改變一直都在發(fā)生

And in fact, they are taking place all the time.

而且更重要的是

And very importantly,

大腦重組對(duì)大腦損傷后的恢復(fù)

brain reorganization helps to support recovery

是有益的

after you damage your brain.

這些變化的關(guān)鍵就在于神經(jīng)可塑性

The key to each of these changes is neuroplasticity.

那么它長什么樣呢

So what does it look like?

大腦可以通過三種基本的改變方式

So your brain can change in three very basic ways

來支持學(xué)習(xí)

to support learning.

第一個(gè)就是化學(xué)變化

And the first is chemical.

大腦實(shí)際上是靠改變大腦細(xì)胞之間化學(xué)反應(yīng)信號(hào)來起工作的

So your brain actually functions by transferring chemicals signals

這些細(xì)胞我們稱之為神經(jīng)元

between brain cells, what we call neurons,

這些變化會(huì)引發(fā)了一系列的行為和反應(yīng)

and this triggered a series of actions and reactions.

所以為了支持學(xué)習(xí) 大腦會(huì)增加這些發(fā)生在

So to support learning, your brain can increase the amount of the concentrations

神經(jīng)元之間化學(xué)信號(hào)的

of these chemical signalling.

集中數(shù)量

that’s taking place between neurons.

因?yàn)檫@種改變能夠迅速發(fā)生

Because this change can happen rapidly,

因而也就支持短期記憶

this supports short-term memory

或者說 是運(yùn)動(dòng)技能表現(xiàn)的短期進(jìn)步

or the short-term improvement in the performance of a motor skill.

第二種方式 大腦可以通過改變它的結(jié)構(gòu)

The second way that the brain can change to support learning

來支持學(xué)習(xí)

is by altering its structure.

所以在學(xué)習(xí)中 大腦可以改變神經(jīng)元之間的連接

So during learning, the brain can change the connections between neurons.

在這一過程中 大腦的物理結(jié)構(gòu)確實(shí)在改變

Here, the physical structure of the brain is actually changing

只是需要更多一點(diǎn)的時(shí)間

so this takes a bit more time.

這種類型的改變與長期記憶

These type of changes are related to long-term memory,

運(yùn)動(dòng)技能的長期提高有關(guān)

the long-term improvement in a motor skill.

這些過程中它們相互作用 我給你們展示一下它們是怎樣運(yùn)作的

These processes interact, and let me give you an example of how.

我們都嘗試過學(xué)習(xí)一個(gè)新的運(yùn)動(dòng)技能

We’ve all tried to learn a new motor skill,

或是彈鋼琴

maybe playing the piano,

或是學(xué)雜耍

maybe learning to juggle.

你有過越學(xué)越好的經(jīng)驗(yàn)

You’ve had the experience of getting better and better

在一段時(shí)期的練習(xí)后

within a single session of practice,

你會(huì)想著“我已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)了”

and thinking “I have got it.”

可是 或許第二天你就會(huì)回到起點(diǎn)

And then, maybe you return the next day,

所有之前的進(jìn)步都消失了

and all those improvements from the day before are lost.

發(fā)生了什么呢？

What happened?

當(dāng)然 在短期內(nèi) 你的大腦能夠增加

Well, in the short-term, your brain was able to increase

神經(jīng)元間的化學(xué)信號(hào)

the chemical signaling between your neurons.

但是出于某種原因 這些變化沒能引起結(jié)構(gòu)變化

But for some reason, those changes did not induce the structural changes

而這些結(jié)構(gòu)變化對(duì)于維持長期記憶尤其重要

that are necessary to support long-term memory.

形成長期記憶需要時(shí)間

Remember that long-term memories take time.

而在短期內(nèi)所領(lǐng)會(huì)的東西并不會(huì)反映在學(xué)習(xí)上

And what you see in the short term does not reflect learning,

那只是物理變化

It’s these physical changes

是為了支持長期記憶

that are now going to support long-term memories,

同時(shí)化學(xué)變化支持著短期記憶

and chemical changes that support short-term memories.

結(jié)構(gòu)變化也可以促使大腦區(qū)域網(wǎng)絡(luò)成為整體

Structural changes also can lead to integrated networks of brain regions

共同起作用來支持學(xué)習(xí)

that function together to support learning.

它們也可以通向特定的大腦區(qū)域

And they can also lead to certain brain regions

這對(duì)于非常具體的行為很重要

that are important for very specific behaviors

以致改變你的結(jié)構(gòu)或者去擴(kuò)大它

to change your structure or to enlarge.

所以這就是一些例子

So here’s some examples of that.

讀過盲人用點(diǎn)字法的書的人

People who read Braille

在他們的大腦中比那些沒有讀過的人有更廣的用手感知的區(qū)域

have larger hand sensory areas in their brain than those of us who don’t.

你支配手的機(jī)體區(qū)域 在你大腦的左邊

Your dominant hand motor region, which is on the left side of your brain,

如果你是右撇子 它就會(huì)比另一邊更大

if you are right-handed, is larger than the other side.

而研究表示倫敦的出租車司機(jī)

And research shows the London taxi cab drivers

實(shí)際上不得不記憶倫敦的地圖來獲得他們都出租車執(zhí)照

who actually have to memorize a map of London to get their taxi cab license,

他們就有更大的大腦區(qū)域用于空間或地圖的記憶

they have larger brain regions devoted to spatial, or mapping memories.

最后一種你大腦會(huì)變化來支持學(xué)習(xí)的方法

The last way that your brain can change to support learning

就是通過變更它的功能

is by altering its function.

當(dāng)你使用一個(gè)大腦區(qū)域

As you use a brain region,

它就變得更加興奮和更容易重新使用

It becomes more and more excitable and easy to use again.

就正是因?yàn)槟愕拇竽X有這些增加興奮性的區(qū)域

And as your brain has these areas that increase their excitability,

大腦改變了它們活化的方式和時(shí)間

the brain shifts how and when they are activated.

通過學(xué)習(xí) 我們可以理解

With learning, we see

大腦活動(dòng)的整個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)是隨時(shí)在進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)移和改變的

that whole networks of brain activity are shifting and changing.

所以神經(jīng)可塑性是受支持的

So neuroplasticity is supported

通過化學(xué)變化 通過結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)建和功能變化

by chemical, by structural, and by functional changes,

它們又在整個(gè)大腦中一直發(fā)生著

and these are happening across the whole brain.

它們可以獨(dú)立地一個(gè)一個(gè)發(fā)生

They can occur in isolation from one or another,

但是大多數(shù)情況下 它們是一起發(fā)生的

but most often, they take place in concert.

它們一起支持著學(xué)習(xí)

Together, they support learning.

它們一直都在發(fā)生

And they’re taking place all the time.

我只想告訴你大腦的神經(jīng)可塑性是多么令人驚嘆

I just told you really how awesomely neuroplastic your brain is.

為什么你不能選擇容易的方法去學(xué)習(xí)呢？

Why can’t you learn anything you choose to with ease?

為什么孩子們有時(shí)會(huì)在學(xué)業(yè)上失利？

Why do our kids sometimes fail in school?

為什么隨著我們變老我們往往會(huì)忘記東西？

Why as we age do we tend to forget things?

又為什么人們不能從大腦損傷中完全康復(fù)？

And why don’t people fully recover from brain damage?

那么 是什么在限制和促進(jìn)神經(jīng)可塑性？

That is: what is it that limits and facilitates neuroplasticity?

而這就是我所研究的內(nèi)容

And so this is what I study.

我特別研究它與中風(fēng)康復(fù)有怎樣的聯(lián)系

I study specifically how it relates to recovery from stroke.

最近 中風(fēng)排名下降

Recently, stroke dropped

從成為美國導(dǎo)致死亡的第三個(gè)主要原因

from being the third leading cause of death in the United States

變成了第四個(gè)

to be the forth leading cause of death.

好消息 對(duì)吧？

Great news, right?

但是事實(shí)上 它表明了

But actually, it turns out

患有中風(fēng)人群的數(shù)量并未減少

that the number of people having a stroke has not declined.

我們僅僅是善于在一場嚴(yán)重的中風(fēng)后維持人們的生命

We are just better at keeping people alive after a severe stroke.

這就表明幫助大腦從中風(fēng)中康復(fù)非常困難

It turns out to be very difficult to help the brain recover from stroke.

說實(shí)話

And frankly,

我們并沒有成功地開發(fā)出有效的復(fù)原措施

we have failed to develop effective rehabilitation interventions.

它純粹的結(jié)果就是 中風(fēng)成為世界上導(dǎo)致

The net result of this is that stroke is the leading cause

成年人長期殘疾的主要原因

of long-term disability in adults in the world;

患有中風(fēng)的人越來越年輕

individuals with stroke are younger

而且往往是帶著殘疾活的更久

and tending to live longer with that disability,

我們團(tuán)隊(duì)的研究確實(shí)顯示了

and research from my group actually shows

患有中風(fēng)的加拿大人在健康方面的生活質(zhì)量已經(jīng)降低

that the health-related quality of life of Canadians with stroke has declined.

所以我們明顯需要在幫助人們

So clearly we need to be better

從中風(fēng)康復(fù)方面做得更好

at helping people recover from stroke.

這是一個(gè)巨大的社會(huì)問題

This is an enormous societal problem,

也是一個(gè)我們尚未解決的問題

and it’s one that we are not solving.

所以可以做些什么呢？

So what can be done?

有一件事是絕對(duì)清楚的

One thing is absolutely clear:

大腦中神經(jīng)可塑性變化的最好驅(qū)動(dòng)者就是你的行為

the best driver of neuroplastic change in your brain is your behavior.

問題是 有一種行為 就有一種練習(xí)

The problem is that the dose of behavior, the dose of practice

需要學(xué)習(xí)的新技能和重新學(xué)習(xí)的舊機(jī)體技能

that’s required to learn new and relearn old motor skills,

的數(shù)量是非常巨大的

is very large.

怎樣有效傳遞這些大量的練習(xí)

And how to effectively deliver these large doses of practice

是一個(gè)非常困難的問題這也是一個(gè)非常昂貴的問題

is a very difficult problem; It’s also a very expensive problem.

所以我們研究所采取的方法

So the approach that my research has taken

就是為了發(fā)展治療方式 使大腦做好學(xué)習(xí)的準(zhǔn)備

is to develop therapies that prime or that prepare the brain to learn.

這又包括了大腦模擬 練習(xí)和機(jī)器人學(xué)

And these have included brain simulation, exercise, and robotics.

但是通過我的研究 我意識(shí)到一個(gè)對(duì)于能夠

But through my research, I’ve realized that a major limitation

研發(fā)加速中風(fēng)康復(fù)的治療方案的主要限制

to the development of therapies that speed recovery from stroke

就是神經(jīng)可塑性的模式在人群中是高度差異的

is that patterns of neuroplasticity are highly variable from person to person.

作為一名研究者 差異性過去常常讓我抓狂

As a researcher, variability used to drive me crazy.

這使得利用統(tǒng)計(jì)來檢測你的數(shù)據(jù)

It makes it very difficult to use the statistics

和想法變得非常困難

to test your data and your ideas.

正是因?yàn)檫@一點(diǎn) 醫(yī)學(xué)干涉研究是

And because of this, medical intervention studies are

明確地被設(shè)計(jì)成減少差異性的

specifically designed to minimize variability.

但是在我的研究中 有一件事越來越明顯

But in my research, it’s becoming really clear

最重要的一點(diǎn) 我們收集的最可靠的數(shù)據(jù)

that the most important, the most informative data we collect

正在表明這種差異性

is showing this variability.

所以在中風(fēng)后研究大腦 我們學(xué)到了許多東西

So by studying the brain after stroke, we’ve learned a lot,

而我認(rèn)為這些東西在其他領(lǐng)域是非常實(shí)用的

and I think these lessons are very valuable in other areas.

第一課就是

The first lesson is

你大腦中的改變最主要的驅(qū)動(dòng)者就是你的行為

that the primary driver of change in your brain is your behavior,

所以不存在你可以服用的神經(jīng)可塑性藥物

so there is no neuroplasticity drug you can take.

沒有什么東西比練習(xí)更能高效地幫助你學(xué)習(xí)

Nothing is more effective than practice at helping you learn,

并且 底線是你必須去工作

and the bottom line is you have to do the work.

事實(shí)上 我的研究顯示

And in fact, my research has shown

在練習(xí)中 如果你越提高難度 提高你的努力程度

increased difficulty, increased struggle if you will, during practice,

實(shí)際上會(huì)導(dǎo)致更多的學(xué)習(xí)效果

actually leads to both more learning,

和更好的大腦結(jié)構(gòu)改變

and greater structural change in the brain.

這里的問題是 神經(jīng)可塑性可同時(shí)以兩種方式工作

The problem here is that neuroplastcity can work both ways.

它是正面的 你學(xué)一些新東西

It can be positive, you learn something new,

你就重新定義一項(xiàng)運(yùn)動(dòng)技能

and you refine a motor skill.

盡管它也可以是負(fù)面的 讓你忘記了你曾經(jīng)學(xué)過的東西

And it also can be negative though, you forgot something you once knew,

你變得沉迷于藥物

you become addicted to drugs,

或許你患過慢性疼痛

maybe you have chronic pain.

所以你的大腦及其具有可塑性

So your brain is tremendously plastic,

它在結(jié)構(gòu)和功能上都已經(jīng)被你所做過的和未做的

and it’s been shaped both structurally and functionally by everything you do,

每一件事所塑造成形

but also by everything that you don’t do.

第二課是 關(guān)于大腦 我們已經(jīng)知道

The second lesson we’ve learned about the brain

沒有一成不變的學(xué)習(xí)方法

is that there is no one-size-fits-all approach to learning.

所以并不存在學(xué)習(xí)處方

So there is no recipe for learning.

考慮到一種關(guān)于一萬小時(shí)掌握一種

Consider the popular belief that it takes 10,000 hours of practice

新運(yùn)動(dòng)技能的流行觀點(diǎn)

to learn and to master a new motor skill.

我可以向你們保證 它并非如此簡單

I can assure you it’s not quite that simple.

對(duì)于我們中的一些人

For some of us,

它將會(huì)需要更多時(shí)間的練習(xí) 而其他人可能會(huì)少得多

it’s going to take a lot more practice, and for others it may take far less.

所以我們大腦的可塑性實(shí)在太獨(dú)特

So the shaping of our plastic brains is far too unique

使得不存在一種單獨(dú)的干預(yù)能夠?qū)ξ覀兯腥似鹱饔?/span>

for there to be any single intervention that’s going to work for all of us.

這一事實(shí)迫使我們?nèi)タ紤]一些個(gè)人化的處方

This realization has forced us to consider something call personalized medicine.

這是用來優(yōu)化結(jié)果的想法

This is the idea that to optimize outcomes

每一個(gè)個(gè)體需要它們自己的干預(yù)方式

each individual requires their own intervention.

這個(gè)想法來自于癌癥治療

And the idea actually comes from cancer treatments.

這里它證明了 基因在匹配特定的化療類型

And here it turns out that genetics are very important in matching

和特定的癌癥方面是非常重要的

certain types of chemotherapy with specific forms of cancer.

我的研究顯示 這可以應(yīng)用到中風(fēng)康復(fù)之中

My research is showing that this also applies to recovery from stroke.

存在特定的大腦結(jié)構(gòu)和功能特征

There’re certain characteristics of brain structure and function

我們稱之為生物標(biāo)記

we called biomarkers.

這些生物標(biāo)記被證明是非常有用的

And these biomarkers are proving to be very helpful

它能幫助我們匹配

and helping us to match

具體的療法和病人個(gè)體

specific therapies with individual patients.

我實(shí)驗(yàn)室的數(shù)據(jù)表明 結(jié)合生物標(biāo)識(shí)能最好地

The data from my lab suggests it’s a combination of biomarkers

預(yù)測神經(jīng)可塑性改變和中風(fēng)后恢復(fù)的類型

that best predicts neuroplastic change and patterns of recovery after stroke.

考慮到我們的大腦的復(fù)雜程度 這并不值得驚訝

And that’s not surprising, given how complicated the human brain is.

但我也認(rèn)為 我們可以把這個(gè)概念考慮得廣泛一點(diǎn)

But I also think we can consider this concept much more broadly.

考慮到我們每一個(gè)大腦的獨(dú)特結(jié)構(gòu)和功能

Given the unique structure and function of each of our brains

我們已經(jīng)了解了腦卒中后神經(jīng)可塑性對(duì)每個(gè)人都適用

what we’ve learned about neuroplasticity after stroke applies to everyone.

你在日常生活中所采用的行為是很重要的

Behaviors that you employ in your everyday life are important.

它們中的每一個(gè)都在改變你的大腦

Each of them is changing your brain.

我相信我們必須要考慮的

And I believe we have to consider

不僅僅是個(gè)性化的醫(yī)學(xué) 更是個(gè)性化的學(xué)習(xí)方式

not just personalized medicine but personalized learning.

你大腦的獨(dú)特性會(huì)同時(shí)作為學(xué)習(xí)者

The uniqueness of your brain will affect you

和作為教師影響你

both as a learner and also as a teacher.

這一想法會(huì)幫助我們理解

This idea helps us to understand

為什么有些孩子能在傳統(tǒng)教育環(huán)境中茁壯成長

why some children can thrive in tradition education settings

而其他的卻不能

and others don’t;

為什么我們中有些人學(xué)語言很容易

why some of us can learn languages easily

然而，其他人卻在任何體育運(yùn)動(dòng)中出類拔萃

and yet, others can pick up any sport and excel.

所以 當(dāng)今天你離開這個(gè)房間

So when you leave this room today,

你的大腦將會(huì)和你早上進(jìn)來時(shí)不一樣

your brain will not be the same as when you entered this morning.

我想這是相當(dāng)驚人的

And I think that’s pretty amazing.

但你們中的每個(gè)人大腦的改變都將是不同的

But each of you is going to have changed your brain differently.

理解這些不同點(diǎn)

Understanding these differences,

這些個(gè)體模式 這些差異性和改變

these individual patterns, this variability and change

將能引起神經(jīng)科學(xué)的下一個(gè)重大進(jìn)步

is going to enable the next great advance in neuroscience;

它將會(huì)允許我們研發(fā)新的和更高效的干預(yù)方式

it’s going to allow us to develop new and more effective interventions,

并且匹配學(xué)習(xí)者和教師

and allow for matches between learners and teachers,

以及病人和干預(yù)方案

and patients and interventions.

這不僅會(huì)應(yīng)用到中風(fēng)恢復(fù)

And this does not just apply the recovery from stroke,

它會(huì)應(yīng)用到我們每個(gè)人身上 作為父母 作為教師 還是作為經(jīng)理人

it applies to each of us, as a parent, as a teacher, as a manager,

同樣的 因?yàn)榻裉炷阍赥EDx 作為一個(gè)終生學(xué)習(xí)者

and also because you are at TEDx today, as a lifelong learner.

學(xué)習(xí)怎樣和什么使你學(xué)得最好

Study how and what you learn best.

重復(fù)這些行為對(duì)你的大腦的健康有益

Repeat those behaviors that are healthy for your brain,

并打破那些無益的行為

and break those behaviors and habits that are not.

練習(xí)

Practice.

學(xué)習(xí)是關(guān)于那些你的大腦要求的工作

Learning is about doing the work that your brain requires.

所以最好的策略將會(huì)隨著個(gè)體改變

So the best strategies are going to vary between individuals.

你知道它們甚至在個(gè)體內(nèi)變化

You know what, they’re even going to vary within individuals.

所以對(duì)于你 學(xué)習(xí)音樂可能是非常容易的

So for you, learning music may come very easily,

但學(xué)習(xí)滑雪板可能就會(huì)難得多

but learning to snowboard, much harder.

我希望今天你離開之后

I hope that you leave today

帶著對(duì)你如此壯觀的大腦的感激

with a new appreciation of how magnificent your brain is.

你和你的可塑性的大腦時(shí)常被你周圍的世界所塑造

You and your plastic brain are constantly being shaped by the world around you.

理解你所做的每一件事

Understand that everything you do,

你遇到的每一件事 你經(jīng)歷的每一件事都在改變你的大腦

everything you encounter, and everything you experience is changing your brain.

這些改變可能是好的 也可能是壞的

And that can be for better, but it can also be for worse.

所以 今天離開之后 建造一個(gè)你想要的大腦吧

So when you leave today, go out and build the brain you want.

非常感謝

Thank you very much.