「釋義」

抗解問(wèn)題是指一個(gè)困難或不可能解決的問(wèn)題，因?yàn)檫@個(gè)問(wèn)題不完整、矛盾、不斷變化且往往難以識(shí)別或定義。英語(yǔ)中使用“wicked”是指一種抵抗的決心。另一種對(duì)抗解問(wèn)題的定義是“問(wèn)題因其復(fù)雜的社會(huì)意涵，而沒(méi)有任何能夠確定的停止點(diǎn)?。”且因?yàn)閺?fù)雜的相互依賴性，試圖解決抗解問(wèn)題的行動(dòng)或方法可能會(huì)造成其他問(wèn)題的產(chǎn)生。

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「應(yīng)用場(chǎng)景」

網(wǎng)絡(luò)上的信息污染，是個(gè)“抗解問(wèn)題”（wicked problem）。這種問(wèn)題無(wú)法以常規(guī)方式解決，嘗試解決往往適得其反。舉例來(lái)說(shuō)，F(xiàn)acebook增加了一項(xiàng)功能，由事實(shí)檢查員為虛假信息打上“有爭(zhēng)議”標(biāo)簽，然而，如果用戶原本已經(jīng)傾向于相信該信息，看到這個(gè)標(biāo)簽只會(huì)更加堅(jiān)信不疑，不會(huì)改變想法。我們還需要更好的解決方案。

Polluted information online is a “wicked problem.” It cannot be solved by conventional processes, and efforts to address it often exacerbate it. Consider, for example, Facebook’s addition of a “disputed by fact-checkers” tag to articles that have been deemed false. Rather than change minds, the tag actually increased belief in the false claim for those audiences who were already inclined to believe it. We need to do better.

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虛假、誤導(dǎo)和捏造的信息，造成的直接和間接成本難以量化，一般根據(jù)信息對(duì)廣大人群的影響程度而定?？墒?，這類信息對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的影響卻少有人問(wèn)津。前不久發(fā)生了三件受誤導(dǎo)信息影響的世界大事——英國(guó)脫歐、美國(guó)特朗普當(dāng)選、法國(guó)馬克龍當(dāng)選，無(wú)疑會(huì)對(duì)全球經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)生影響。歸根結(jié)底，專為散播猜忌、困惑情緒，并利用國(guó)家、民族、種族和宗教緊張局勢(shì)，加劇已有社會(huì)文化隔離而設(shè)計(jì)的任何活動(dòng)，都必然會(huì)對(duì)各個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)體產(chǎn)生深遠(yuǎn)影響。

The direct and indirect costs of information that is false, misleading, or manipulated are hard to quantify and tend to pertain to how polluted information is affecting democracies. Surprisingly, little discussion focuses on how it is influencing economies. Three recent major world events affected by misinformation — the Brexit vote and the elections of Donald Trump and Emmanuel Macron — certainly have global economic consequences. After all, any campaign designed specifically to sow mistrust and confusion — and to sharpen existing sociocultural divisions using nationalistic, ethnic, racial, and religious tensions — surely reverberates across economies.

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以上文字選自《哈佛商業(yè)評(píng)論》中文版2018年10月刊《如何對(duì)抗虛假信息》

克萊爾·沃德爾（CLAIRE WARDLE）丨文

馬冰侖?丨編輯?