passage2

注解：標題為紅色，翻譯為藍色，分析為綠色。

? ? ? ??A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly, courteous, and helpful most Americans were to them.【第15題】?To be fair, this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians, and should best be considered North American. There are, of course, exceptions. Small-minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment.

? ? ? ? For a long period of time and in many parts of the country,a traveler was a welcome break in an otherwise?dull existence. Dullness and loneliness were common problems of the families who generally lived distant from onel another. Strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world.【第17題】

? ? ? ? The harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality. Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement. It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the settlers. It reflected the harshness of daily life: if you didn't take in the stranger and take care of him, there was no one else who would. And someday, remember, you might be in the same situation.

? ? ? ? ?Today there are many charitable organizations which specialize in helping the weary traveler. Yet, the old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US【第18題】, especially in the smaller cities and towns awayfrom the busy tourist trails."I was just traveling through, got talking with this American, and pretty soon he invited me home for dinner-amazing."Such observations reported by visitors to the US are not uncommon, but are not always understood properly. The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition.

? ? ? ? As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social interrelationships.【第16題】 And, of course, speaking a language does not necessarily mean that someone understands social and cultural patterns. Visitors who fail to "translate"cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions. For example, when an American uses the word "friend", the cultural implications of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitor's language and culture. It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between courteous convention and individual interest. Yet, being friendly is a virtue that many Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers.

一、文章結(jié)構(gòu)分析

? ? ? 這是一篇介紹并分析美國人友善好客這一文化現(xiàn)象的文章。本文從結(jié)構(gòu)上講，一個比較明顯的特點是比較論證手法，第二段和第三段從歷史角度探討美國人友好的成因，而第四段對現(xiàn)在美國人的友好進行描述。第二個特點是主題句并不總在段落的開始部分（如本文第一段和第四段），因此考生在尋找主題句時需要注意yet等轉(zhuǎn)折連詞的使用，這些詞后面引導的句子往往才是主題句所在。

? ? ?第一段：指出美國人友好、禮貌、樂于助人的現(xiàn)象，最后一句交待了文章的寫作目的，即這種現(xiàn)象值得評論。

? ? ?第二段、第三段：從歷史角度探討產(chǎn)生這一現(xiàn)象的原因：一是旅行者因為打破了當?shù)氐某翋灦軞g迎；二是拓荒地區(qū)的殘酷現(xiàn)實。該部分主要采用說理論證手法。

? ? ?第四段：第二句為主題句，說明這一現(xiàn)象在今日的美國仍然盛行，該段使用了引證法。

? ? ?最后第五段：從文化的角度探討整個美國民族表現(xiàn)出來的友善好客現(xiàn)象。

15.In the eyes of visitors from the outside world.

[A]rude taxi drivers are rarely seen in the US

[B]small-minded officials deserve a serious comment

[C]Canadians are not so friendly as their neighbors

[D]most Americans are ready to offer help

15.在外來的參觀者的眼里，

［A］粗魯?shù)某鲎廛囁緳C在美國很罕見

［B］心胸狹窄的官員應該被認真評論

［C］加拿大人不如鄰國人民友善

［D］大多數(shù)美國人樂于助人

16.It could be inferred from the last paragraph that.

[A] culture exercises an influence over social interrelationship

[B]courteous convention and individual interest are interrelated

[C]various virtues manifest themselves exclusively among friends

[D]social interrelationships equal the complex set of cultural conventions

16.從文章最后一段可以推出

［A］文化影響社會關系

［B］禮貌的習慣和個人興趣互相影響

［C］各種美德僅僅表現(xiàn)在朋友關系

［D］社會關系等于一系列復雜的文化習俗

17.Families in frontier settlements used to entertain strangers.

[A]to improve their hard life

[B]in view of their long-distance travel

[C]to add some flavor to their own daily life

[D]out of a charitable impulse

17.住在邊遠地區(qū)的家庭過去常常款待旅游者是

［A］為了改善艱苦的生活

［B］考慮到他們的長途跋涉

［C］為自己的日常生活增添情趣

［D］出于行善的一時沖動

18.The tradition of hospitality to strangers.

[A]tends to be superficial and artificial

[B] is generally well kept up in the United States

[C] is always understood properly

[D]has something to do with the busy tourist trails

18.這種對陌生人友善的傳統(tǒng)

［A］往往是表面的、虛偽的

［B］一般來說，在美國得以廣泛地保持

［C］總是能夠被正確理解

［D］與一些旅游熱線有關

二、核心詞匯與超綱詞匯

（1）artificial（a.）人工的，人造的；人為的，矯揉造作的

（2）charitable（a.）仁愛的，慈善的；charity（n.）慈善團體，仁慈，施舍

（3）courteous（a.）禮貌的，殷勤的；courtesy（n.）謙恭有禮，有禮貌的舉止或言辭

（4）frontier（n.）國境，邊境；邊遠地區(qū)，邊疆

（5）harsh（a.）惡劣的，粗糙的，難聽的，嚴酷的

（6）hospitality（n.）好客，殷勤，款待；hospitable（a.）好客的，殷勤的

（7）impulse（n.）沖動，驅(qū)使，推動，刺激；（v.）推動

（8）small-minded（a.）心胸狹隘的

（9）specialize（v.）（in）專門從事

（10）superficial（a.）表面的，膚淺的，淺薄的

三、閱讀答案：D A C B

四、全文翻譯：

? ? ? ?去過美國的人回來總是說大多數(shù)美國人對他們是多么友善、好客、樂于助人。公正的說，人們對加拿人也經(jīng)常作出有這樣的評論，因而，這應當被認為是北美的普遍現(xiàn)象。當然也有例外。在美國，心胸狹隘的官員，舉止粗魯?shù)恼写秃翢o禮貌的出租車司機也并非罕見。盡管有不如人意的地方，但因為熱情好客是人們常常作出的評論，所以值得討論一番。(長難句①)

? ? ? ?過去很長一段時間，在美國很多地方，旅行者的到來總是頗受觀迎，因為他們打破了當?shù)鼐用癯翋瀱握{(diào)的生活。無聊、孤獨是一般相互之間距離很遠的家庭普遍存在的問題。陌生人和旅行者不僅轉(zhuǎn)折了人們的注意力，他們還帶來了外面世界的消息。

? ? ? ?拓荒地區(qū)的嚴酷生活現(xiàn)實也促成了這一好客的傳統(tǒng)的形成。單獨旅行時，如果挨餓、受傷或生病，通常只能向最近的小屋或村落求助。對旅行者來說，這不是一個選擇的問題；而對當?shù)鼐用駚碚f也，這也并非是行善的一時沖動。（佳句①）它反映了日常生活的嚴酷現(xiàn)實：如果你不收留陌生人，那他便無處求助了。請記住，有一天你也可能處于相同的境遇。

? ? ? ?如今，有了很多的慈善組織專門幫助疲憊的旅行者。不過，熱情接待陌生人的傳統(tǒng)在美國仍然很盛行，尤其是在遠離旅游熱線的小城鎮(zhèn)?！拔抑皇锹愤^，和這個美國人聊了聊。很快，他就請我到他家吃飯——這真令人驚奇?！比ミ^美國的旅客的這種談論很普遍，但并非都能被正確理解。很多美國人不經(jīng)意表現(xiàn)的友好不應被看作是表面或虛假的應酬，而應該看成是文化傳統(tǒng)的歷史發(fā)展結(jié)果。（佳句②）

? ? ? ?同任何發(fā)達國家一樣，一系列復雜的文化符號、設想和習俗構(gòu)成了美國所有社會關系的基礎。(長難句②)當然，會講一種語言并不意味著就理解其社會和其文化模式。不能正確“詮釋”文化含義的旅行者往往得出錯誤的結(jié)論。例如，美國人所說的“朋友”一詞，其文化含義可能與旅行者語言和文化中的“朋友”大相徑庭。要想正確區(qū)分禮貌是出于文化習俗還是個人興趣，單憑一次公共汽車上的邂逅是遠遠不夠的。（長難句③）不過，友好是很多美國人推崇的美德，也是希望從鄰居和陌生人那得到的。