Questions 1 and 2 are based on this passage.?

Arts

Samuel Johnson / patronage / publishing

尖酸刻薄又很窮的塞繆爾約翰遜

①In 1755,?British writer Samuel Johnson published an acerbic letter to Lord Chesterfield rebuking his patron for neglect and declining further support. ②Johnson’s rejection of his patron’s belated?assistance has often been identified as a key moment in the history of publishing, marking the end of the culture of patronage. ③However,?patronage had been in decline for 50 years, yet would survive, in attenuated form, for another 50.?④Indeed, Johnson was in 1762 awarded a pension by the Crown—a subtle form of sponsorship, tantamount to state patronage. ⑤The importance of Johnson’s letter is not so much historical as emotional it would become a touchstone for all who repudiated patrons and for all who?embraced the laws of the marketplace.

1755 年，英國作家塞繆爾·約翰遜（Samuel Johnson）向切斯特菲爾德勛爵（Lord Chesterfield）發(fā)表了一封尖刻的信，譴責勛爵忽視并拒絕進一步支持。約翰遜拒絕贊助人遲來的幫助通常被認為是出版史上的一個關鍵時刻，標志著贊助文化的終結(jié)。然而，贊助在過去50年間不斷減少，但在 50 年內(nèi)仍會以減弱的形式存在。事實上，約翰遜在 1762 年獲得了王室頒發(fā)的養(yǎng)老金——一種微妙的贊助形式，相當于國家贊助。 約翰遜這封信的重要性與其說是歷史意義，不如說是情感意義，它將成為所有拒絕贊助人和所有接受市場規(guī)律的人的標準。

1.?The author of the passage mentions Johnson’s 1762 pension award in order to?

功能題 目的題 中

AB

A. provide a specific example of patronage surviving into the second half of the eighteenth?century 符合4句中的subtle form

B. emphasize that patronage still helped support Johnson’s writing after his letter to?Chesterfield 符合4句

C. provide evidence for a general trend in the later half of the eighteenth century of private?patronage’s being replaced by state sponsorship 沒有general trend的證據(jù)

2.?Which of the following best describes the function of the highlighted phrase in the?context of the passage as a whole?

功能題 目的題 易

高亮句是個反向功能句，取反前一句內(nèi)容。

C

A. It points out the most obvious implications of Johnson’s letter to his patron. 相反/沒有implications的證據(jù)

B. It suggests a motivation for Johnson’s rejection of Chesterfield’s patronage. 沒有motivation的證據(jù)/相反

C. It provides information that qualifies the assertion that Johnson’s letter sharply defined the?end of a publishing era. 符合

D. It provides a possible defense for Chesterfield’s alleged neglect of Johnson. 相反/無關

E. It refutes?the notion that patrons are found primarily among the nobility. 沒有證據(jù)/無關

Questions 3 to 5 are based on this passage:

重復S01S3Q3-5

Most feminist labor historians believe that the emergence and rapid general adaptation of industrial unionism in the late 1930s was essential for the success of efforts to organize large numbers of women workers into unions. They argue that industrial unionism’s commitment to recruiting unskilled workers and its abandonment of racial and gender exclusiveness was more attractive to women workers (who, according to these scholars, were largely unskilled) than was the earlier exclusionary craft-union model. The successful organization of women garment workers in the 1910s does not undermine this dominant view, since the garment unions welcomed women workers of every skill level, prefiguring the industrial form of unionism. However, the fact that another organization, the very successful Women’s Trade Union League, effectively recruited in other industries using the then-prevalent craft-union approach—setting performance standards for members, offering them advanced training programs, and disciplining members who had substandard?job performance—is less easily explained.?

3.?The author of the passage is primarily concerned with

A. pointing out similarities and differences between two types women’s unionism

B. presenting evidence related to a belief about the unionization of women workers

C. giving a description of one particular model of unionization and its impact on women?workers

D. reconciling two disparate views of the early history of women’s labor unions

E. suggesting the reasons for the success of a particular effort to unionize women workers

4. The author of the passage discusses the Women’s Trade Union League most probably in?order to

A. support the point of view presented by feminist labor historians

B. suggest that the dominant view of industrial unionism is not entirely satisfactory

C. provide an example of the success of industrial unionism in organizing women workers?before the 1930s

D. explain the connection that feminist labor historians make between industrial unionism and?craft-union movement

E. illustrate the gender exclusivity of early attempts to organize women workers

5. The passage suggests that feminist labor historians argue that industrial unionism is an?approach that?

A. did not succeed when it was used as the basis for efforts to unionize skilled workers

B. has rarely been considered the single most important factor responsible for the successful?organization of large numbers of women workers

C. owed its emergence in the late 1930s and its subsequent spread primarily to the earlier craft?unions’ failure to organize women and minority workers

D. has been firmly committed to forcing employers to abandon exclusionary or discriminatory?hiring policies

E. tended to open union membership to worker who would probably not have been recruitable?by unions adopting the earlier craft-union model

Questions 6 is based on this passage:

Sciences

color / fire trucks / traffic accidents

黃色消防車

The traditional color of fire trucks is red, but in cities that have introduced yellow trucks into their fleets, the rate of traffic accidents per mile driven among these trucks has been far lower than the rate among red trucks. Some critics of the innovation have questioned whether?this difference should be attributed to color, given that the yellow trucks were generally newer than the red trucks with which they were compared. But this criticism can be dismissed. Certainly,?the mere difference in?accident rates is not decisive evidence.?The decisive fact is that the rates differed significantly only in the hours around dawn and dusk. At these hours, the visibility of yellow is known to be better than?that of red.

消防車的傳統(tǒng)顏色是紅色，但在已經(jīng)將黃色卡車引入車隊的城市中，這些卡車每英里行駛的交通事故率遠低于紅色卡車。 對于這項創(chuàng)新舉措的批評者質(zhì)疑這種差異是否應該歸因于顏色，因為黃色卡車通常比與之比較的紅色卡車更新。 但這種批評可以被駁回。 顯然，單純的事故率差異并不是決定性的證據(jù)。決定性的事實是，事故率僅在黎明和黃昏前后的幾個小時內(nèi)有顯著差異。 在這些時間，黃色的能見度比紅色要好。

6. In the argument given, the two highlighted portions play which of the following roles??

邏輯單題 邏輯支持 中

第一句黑體是沒被取反的理由，后一句黑體是個讓步。

E

A. The first is a statement of the position the argument as a whole opposes; the second is a?statement of the position it defends. 相反

B. The first is a claim that the argument as a whole calls into question; the second denies the?rationale presented by some critics of that claim. 相反

C. The first is a claim that the argument as whole calls into question; the second points out an?error of reasoning made by defenders of that claim. 相反

D. The first is the position defended in the argument; the second is an intermediate conclusion?drawn to support that position. 后半句不對

E. The first is the position defended in the argument the second concedes a point critics of that?position. 符合

Questions 7 and 8 are based on this passage:

Sciences/astronomy

life beyond Earth / Europa

地外生命的可能?

The discovery of subsurface life on Earth, surviving independently from surface life, refutes the belief that biological processes require not only liquid water but sunlight as well, thus greatly enhancing the possibility of life beyond Earth.?Take Jupiter’s moon Europa.?Space probes show a body covered with a thick layer of ice. As Europa orbits its planet, however, it flexes due to the gravitational tug-of-war between it, its sister moons, and Jupiter. Through friction, this flexing produces heat in the moon’s interior capable of melting ice. Indeed, observations suggest liquid water exists beneath Europa’s icy crust. Photosynthetic life is impossible there because sunlight is?completely absent, but life such as the microbes that flourish deep within Earth may still be possible.

地球深處生命的發(fā)現(xiàn)，推翻了生命必須同時具備陽光和水的觀點，同時也給地外生命的存在提供了可能性。比如木衛(wèi)二——歐羅巴。空間探測器表明，歐羅巴是一個覆蓋著厚厚冰層的星體。但是當它圍繞木星旋轉(zhuǎn)的時候，會受到來自周圍衛(wèi)星、木星的引力的拉扯而壓縮。這種不斷的壓縮帶來的摩擦產(chǎn)生的熱量足以融化星體內(nèi)部的冰。我們也的確在歐羅巴的冰殼之下發(fā)現(xiàn)了液態(tài)水的存在。雖然那里光合生命不能存在，但是類似地球深處微生物的生命有可能存在。?

Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.

7. Life on Europa in the form suggested in the passage would be dependent on?

細節(jié)題 推斷題 易

BC

A. the protection Europa’s icy crust gives against the harmful components of sunlight 沒有證據(jù)

B. the existence of water on Europa 符合

C. the motion of Europa around Jupiter 符合

8. The highlighted sentence serves to introduce

功能題。目的題。中

句子功能看句間關系。歐羅巴是為上一句的信息舉出一個可能出現(xiàn)生命的地外環(huán)境。

B

A. an instance that allows a hypothesis to be tested? 干擾項。是個例子不錯，但是不能驗證理論。

B. speculation grounded in empirical discovery? 這個speculation是最后一句的觀點。

C. a deduction from a newly advanced hypothesis 沒有newly advanced的證據(jù)

D. a large-scale effect of an apparently insignificant contingency 一個明顯不重要的可能事件的大范圍影響。沒有effect的證據(jù)

E. the derivation of a contradiction to refute a claim 反駁一個觀點的矛盾的起源。沒有derivation的證據(jù)?

Questions 9 - 10 are based on this passage:

重復S06S1Q1-2

Bowles et al. posit a positive relationship between Scandinavian settlement locations during the period of Viking expansion, beginning in the 8th?century, and availability of bog iron at these?locations. They cite Erickson’s 1961 map that plots locations of major settlements in relation to?known areas where bog iron could have been extracted. Two settlements in particular, Telemark and?Bergslagen, were near numerous pockets of available bog iron. The map shows a lack of settlements?where evidence for bog iron deposits is lacking. Trondheim is the only settlement of a noticeable?distance from any deposit. It may be that our knowledge is incomplete regarding the location of bog iron deposits at that time, or Trondheim may have been used to gather?other resources.

9. The author mentions "other resources" primarily in order to

A. acknowledge that bog iron was only one of many resources required by Viking settlements

B. provide an interpretation of a particular ambiguity in Eriksson’s map of Viking settlements

C. offer a possible explanation for differences in the ways in which various Viking settlement?exploited natural resources

D. challenge a particular assumption about the resemblance of Trondheim to Telemark and?Bergslagen

E. introduce a possible explanation for a discrepancy between the evidence provided by?Eriksson’s map and the view put forth by Bowles et al.

10. The author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which of the following?assertions about Trondeheim?

A. It was likely established as a settlement before the Viking began to use bog iron.

B. It could possibly have resembled Telemark and Bergslagen in its proximity to bog iron?deposits.

C. It was more distant from other population centers than were Telemark and Bergslagen

D. Its inhabitants likely had access to a wider range of natural resources than did those who?lived in Telemark and Bergslagen.

E. Its location may have prevented it from becoming as important a settlement as were those?nearer to bog iron deposits.