TED演講者：Lindsey A. Sherrill / 林賽·A·謝里爾

演講標(biāo)題：Are you an ethical true crime fan? 4 questions to ask / 你是個(gè)有道德的真實(shí)犯罪愛(ài)好者嗎？有四個(gè)問(wèn)題要問(wèn)問(wèn)你

內(nèi)容概要：From the Salem witch trials to Jack the Ripper, humanity's historic fascination for true crime content can be traced back to the Middle Ages. But is it ethical to consume these real-life dramas in the way we do? Researcher Lindsey A. Sherrill shares four questions to ask yourself to be a mindful fan of this provocative cultural obsession -- so you can direct your attention away from the exploitative "ugly side" of true crime and to those that are doing useful work in the genre.

從塞勒姆女巫審判到開(kāi)膛手杰克，人們對(duì)真實(shí)犯罪內(nèi)容代代相傳的癡迷可以追溯到中世紀(jì)。但是，我們欣賞這些“真人秀”的方式是符合倫理的嗎？研究者林賽·A·謝里爾（Lindsey A. Sherrill）分享了四個(gè)問(wèn)題，請(qǐng)你問(wèn)問(wèn)自己，讓自己成為一個(gè)在這種刺激的文化癡迷下的有心愛(ài)好者，這樣你就可以不再關(guān)注真實(shí)犯罪的剝削“丑惡一面”，而是去關(guān)注那些在此類作品中做有益之事的人。

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【1】In 2015, the podcast entitled "Serial"

2015 年, 一檔名為 《連環(huán)》（Serial）的播客

【2】[and] docuseries like "Making a Murderer" and "The Staircase"

和紀(jì)錄片系列 《制造殺人犯》和《階梯之間》

【3】were the hottest topics in pop culture.

成為了炙手可熱的流行文化話題。

【4】I was late to the "Serial" obsession, but when I dipped my toe in a few months after its initial release,

我沒(méi)趕上《連環(huán)》熱, 但我在首播幾個(gè)月后試聽(tīng)了一下,

【5】I quickly dove headfirst into the exploding true crime world.

就一頭扎進(jìn)了勁爆的真實(shí)犯罪世界。

【6】I was obsessed.

我無(wú)法自拔。

【7】I have written a dissertation, articles, a book, and after countless hours consuming true crime, I'm still obsessed.

我寫(xiě)了一篇論文, 寫(xiě)了許多文章、一本書(shū), 就算在鉆研真實(shí)犯罪上花了無(wú)數(shù)時(shí)間, 我依舊無(wú)法自拔。

【8】As part of my research and my obsession, I attempted to quantify and categorize true crime podcasts, just one tiny piece of the exploding true crime world.

作為我研究的一部分和興趣所在, 我試著將真實(shí)犯罪播客量化、分類, 而播客只是勁爆的 真實(shí)犯罪世界中的滄海一粟。

【9】As of April 2022, I had identified nearly 5,000, and that number keeps growing.

截止 2022 年 4 月, 我已經(jīng)歸類了近 5000 件, 數(shù)字仍在增長(zhǎng)。

【10】Our obsession with true crime isn't new.

我們對(duì)真實(shí)犯罪的癡迷 不是什么新鮮事。

【11】While scholars generally credit Truman Capote's 1966 "In Cold Blood"

雖然學(xué)者通常將杜魯門.卡波特 1966 年的作品《冷血》

【12】as the birth of true crime media, it's easy to find examples that predate Capote by decades.

視為真實(shí)犯罪作品的鼻祖, 但是,早在卡波特的幾十年前 就已經(jīng)有了先例。

【13】Consider the "Transatlantic Terror" inspired by Jack the Ripper and H.H. Holmes in the 1880s and '90s, or how Elizabeth Short's 1947 murder inspired lurid media frenzy and the Black Dahlia lore.

比如 19 世紀(jì) 80 年代、90 年代 源自開(kāi)膛手杰克和 哈里.霍華德.賀姆斯（H.H. Holmes）的 《跨大西洋恐怖故事》, 1947 年伊麗莎白肖特 （Elizabeth Short）兇殺案 引發(fā)了恐怖作品狂潮 和黑色大麗花軼聞。

【14】It could even be argued that public executions in the Middle Ages, the witch trials, even the Inquisition, were early examples of true crime entertainment.

甚至可以說(shuō)中世紀(jì)的公開(kāi)處刑、 女巫審判,還有宗教裁判所 都是以真實(shí)犯罪為樂(lè)的早期案例。

【15】Then, as now, spectators would watch, fascinated and horrified at the intersections of good and evil, justice and injustice played out before them in grim spectacles.

如今,觀眾觀看、 沉迷于、受驚于善惡邊緣、 正邪邊緣, 恐怖的景象在他們眼前上演。

【16】It seems there is something innate in us that is drawn to crimes or perceived crimes and the associated horrors.

似乎我們天生 會(huì)被犯罪或主觀犯罪 和由此引發(fā)的恐懼吸引。

【17】While I have always enjoyed both true crime and crime fiction, my real obsession took off with the zeitgeist.

雖然我一直很喜歡 真實(shí)犯罪和虛構(gòu)犯罪, 但我對(duì)此真正的興趣 隨這個(gè)時(shí)代而起。

【18】I'm a multitasker, so podcasts felt made for me.

我擅長(zhǎng)同時(shí)進(jìn)行多項(xiàng)任務(wù), 所以播客就是為我量身打造的。

【19】As I dove deeper down the "Serial" rabbit hole, I began to expand my attention to other true crime narratives, and I noticed a new pattern emerging.

隨著我在《連環(huán)》中越陷越深, 我開(kāi)始關(guān)注其他真實(shí)犯罪故事, 發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個(gè)新現(xiàn)象。

【20】While lots of creators were focused on entertainment, others were focused on criminal justice reform, on wrongful convictions, on bringing attention to long-cold, unsolved cases.

雖然很多創(chuàng)作者著重娛樂(lè)性, 但有的創(chuàng)作者會(huì)關(guān)注刑事司法改革、 冤假錯(cuò)案, 讓人們注意到被雪藏的懸案。

【21】I found this elating.

我欣喜若狂。

【22】So much so that I changed my whole research stream to devote my time to better understanding this particular type of true crime entertainment.

興奮到我把整個(gè)研究方向 轉(zhuǎn)向更好地理解 這一特定種類的真實(shí)犯罪作品。

【23】But when I would have conversations with other people about my obsession, especially people outside of true crime fandom, the same questions would emerge.

但是,當(dāng)我和別人聊起我的興趣時(shí), 尤其是真實(shí)犯罪愛(ài)好者圈外的人, 都會(huì)出現(xiàn)同一個(gè)問(wèn)題。

【24】Is this OK?

這能行嗎？

【25】Doesn't this feel icky?

不難受嗎？

【26】Are they laughing about murders?

他們是在開(kāi)兇案的玩笑嗎？

【27】I would shrug off those criticisms or instead point them towards what I thought of as the good stuff: to the creators and storytellers who were solving cases, finding new leads, drawing attention to long-cold cases and injustices.

對(duì)于這些質(zhì)疑,我會(huì)置之不理, 或者把我眼中的好事放在他們眼前: 給他們看這些創(chuàng)作者、故事作者, 這些人在解決案件、尋找新線索、 呼吁對(duì)懸案和不公正現(xiàn)象的關(guān)注。

【28】That's the good stuff.

這就是好事。

【29】But when I would let myself look at the ugly side of true crime, it was really, really ugly.

但當(dāng)我著眼于真實(shí)犯罪的丑惡面時(shí), 真是相當(dāng)、相當(dāng)丑惡。

【30】In 2018, I started interviewing storytellers, journalists, advocates who were involved in true crime storytelling.

2018 年,我開(kāi)始采訪 故事作者、記者、倡議者, 他們參與講述了真實(shí)犯罪的故事。

【31】I wanted to know how they personally navigated this dichotomy.

我想知道他們從個(gè)人角度 是如何處理這種分歧的。

【32】I asked them to define true crime and to talk about its reputation.

我讓他們定義真實(shí)犯罪, 談一談世人是如何看待它們的。

【33】Obviously, they would gush about the good stuff, but other words kept coming up.

顯然他們會(huì)滔滔不絕地 談?wù)摵玫囊幻? 但也頗有微詞。

【34】Exploitative, salacious, prurient, murder porn.

剝削、 色情、 淫蕩、 兇殺色情片。

【35】And just like the famous quote about traditional pornography, all of my interviewees told me that while they couldn't define bad true crime, they all knew it when they saw it.

如同對(duì)傳統(tǒng)黃片的眾口一詞, 所有受訪者都告訴我, 雖然他們無(wú)法定義 蹩腳的真實(shí)犯罪, 但他們只要看到就都知道了。

【36】So today I am here to offer those of you who, like me, might be a little obsessed, four questions to ask yourself about the real-world implications of your true crime consumption.

今天我來(lái)到這里, 想給我的同道中人, 那些有點(diǎn)上頭的愛(ài)好者, 送上四個(gè)問(wèn)題,請(qǐng)你們問(wèn)問(wèn)自己 你們?cè)谛蕾p真實(shí)犯罪的同時(shí) 它們又有什么現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。

【37】I've based these questions from talking to people involved in the storytelling, but also listening to people who have been affected by their tragic connections to these stories.

這些問(wèn)題基于 我與故事敘述者的談話, 也基于聆聽(tīng)那些不幸受到 這些故事影響的受害者的聲音。

【38】It is my hope that by becoming more mindful consumers of true crime media, we can direct our attention, our resources, our dollars towards the people doing the good work.

我希望如果我們可以成為對(duì)真實(shí)犯罪作品更上心的觀眾, 我們就可以把關(guān)注、資源、金錢 投在做好事的人身上。

【39】So question number one, ask yourself: "Why am I interested in this?"

第一個(gè)問(wèn)題,問(wèn)問(wèn)自己: “我為什么會(huì)對(duì)這個(gè)感興趣？”

【40】There's no right answer to this question.

這個(gè)問(wèn)題沒(méi)有正確答案。

【41】Multiple studies have shown that true crime fans, particularly women, are drawn to the sense of community.

許多研究表明真實(shí)犯罪的愛(ài)好者, 尤其是女性, 都是被歸屬感所吸引的。

【42】So many of us have been ourselves survivors or know other survivors and victims of assault, harassment, even murder.

我們中的很多人都是幸存者, 或認(rèn)識(shí)其他遭受過(guò)襲擊、騷擾、甚至是謀殺的幸存者和受害者。

【43】Hearing the stories of others can be healing.

聆聽(tīng)他人的故事很治愈。

【44】We can feel empowered to fight back and feel less alone.

我們有了反擊的力量, 不再如此孤單。

【45】On the other hand, sometimes interest in a true crime story is driven by horror or titillation or morbid curiosity.

另一個(gè)方面, 對(duì)真實(shí)犯罪的興趣有時(shí) 是由恐懼、刺激或者 病態(tài)的好奇心驅(qū)使的。

【46】While those feelings are natural and they're valid, if that's the only reason that you're interested in a story, it might be time to find something new.

雖然這些感覺(jué)是正常的, 也是合理的, 但如果這只是你對(duì) 某個(gè)故事感興趣的唯一原因, 那你是時(shí)候去找點(diǎn)別的興趣了。

【47】Question number two: "How does this make me feel?"

第二個(gè)問(wèn)題: “這讓我有何感受？”

【48】True crime fans know that true crime is rarely a feel-good story.

真實(shí)犯罪愛(ài)好者都知道真實(shí)犯罪 不太可能是個(gè)令人舒適的故事。

【49】And yet, we still seek out that content.

但我們還是會(huì)執(zhí)著于追尋這些內(nèi)容。

【50】For some people, the excitement and the motivation are in learning about a new topic.

對(duì)于有些人來(lái)說(shuō), 刺激和動(dòng)力在于了解新話題。

【51】For others, there's what media psychologists call a "eudaimonic motivation."

對(duì)于其他人來(lái)說(shuō), 媒體心理學(xué)家稱之為 “自我實(shí)現(xiàn)動(dòng)機(jī)”。

【52】That is, we are interested for reasons beyond pleasure or hedonic motivations.

即我們會(huì)出于一些 超越娛樂(lè)或享樂(lè)的動(dòng)機(jī)。

【53】For example, in my own listening, I've known myself to finish a victim's story not because it was well told or even necessarily interesting to me, but because I felt like I owed attention to this person's tragedy, especially in the case of victims

比如,在我自己聽(tīng)播客的時(shí)候, 我通常會(huì)聽(tīng)完受害者的故事, 不是因?yàn)橹v得有多好, 甚至不是因?yàn)槲矣X(jué)得很有趣, 而是因?yàn)槲矣X(jué)得我早該 重視這個(gè)人遭遇的不幸, 尤其是在受害者

【54】who are less likely to receive coverage in mainstream press like Black men or Indigenous girls.

不太有機(jī)會(huì) 被主流媒體報(bào)道的情況下, 比如黑人或土著女孩。

【55】On the other hand, sometimes the interest is driven because it's exciting, because the story is thrilling, it's well-produced, it's filled with fascinating characters.

另一方面, 有些時(shí)候興趣來(lái)源于 故事很刺激, 故事驚心動(dòng)魄, 精心編纂,充滿了迷人的角色。

【56】While those hedonic motivations are not inherently problematic, again, if that's the only reason you're interested in a story, it might be time to reevaluate that consumption.

雖然這種追求享樂(lè)的動(dòng)機(jī) 本身沒(méi)什么問(wèn)題, 但如果這是你對(duì)故事 感興趣的唯一原因, 你就該重新評(píng)估一下這種愛(ài)好了。

【57】Question number three, and this is a big one: "How might the people involved in this story feel?"

第三個(gè)問(wèn)題, 也是個(gè)重要的問(wèn)題: “這個(gè)故事涉及的人會(huì)有什么感受？”

【58】This can be a complicated question.

這可能是個(gè)復(fù)雜的問(wèn)題。

【59】Take, for example, the ubiquitous "Serial" case.

比如《連環(huán)》中的著名案件。

【60】Advocates for Adnan Syed, the man that many believe is a victim of wrongful conviction, have written books, produced documentaries and recorded hours and hours of podcast about the case.

阿德南.賽義德（Adnan Syed）, 許多人認(rèn)為他是錯(cuò)案的受害者, 他的支持者們就此案寫(xiě)了書(shū), 制作了紀(jì)錄片, 錄制了數(shù)小時(shí)的播客。

【61】They frame their arguments in that they are searching justice not only for Adnan, but also for Hae Min Lee, the young girl whose death is at the center of the story.

他們聲稱 他們不只是在為阿德南聲張正義, 也是在為李海敏 （Hae Min Lee）聲張正義, 故事圍繞著這位年輕女孩的死亡展開(kāi)。

【62】And yet, while these are noble causes, Hae's family is famously absent from the narratives.

雖然有這些冠冕堂皇的理由, 眾所周知,在這些故事中 并沒(méi)有李海敏家人的蹤影。

【63】And they've issued statements saying that there are deep wounds that this remediation of her story opens.

他們發(fā)表了聲明稱重溫她的故事 揭開(kāi)了他們深深的傷疤。

【64】Does that make telling Hae's story inherently unethical?

那說(shuō)出李海敏的故事 本身就是不道德的嗎？

【65】Not necessarily.

未必。

【66】True crime storytelling, much like traditional journalism, delves into painful subjects.

真實(shí)犯罪的敘事, 與傳統(tǒng)新聞工作十分類似, 會(huì)挖掘令人痛苦的內(nèi)容。

【67】Sometimes that means private citizens' public lives - or private citizens' lives become public information.

有時(shí)是平民百姓人生的公開(kāi)一面, 或者是將平民百姓的人生公之于眾。

【68】Sometimes that means wounds are reopened.

有時(shí)是揭開(kāi)傷疤。

【69】Criminologist Elizabeth Yardley has written extensively about the ethics of crime storytelling.

犯罪學(xué)家伊麗莎白.亞德利 （Elizabeth Yardley） 就犯罪敘事的倫理 撰寫(xiě)了許多文章。

【70】She urges true crime fans to remember, in the words of a Reddit post made by Hae Min Lee's brother, "To us, it's real life."

她敦促真實(shí)犯罪愛(ài)好者記住, 這句來(lái)自李海敏兄弟的 Reddit 帖文中的話: “對(duì)我們來(lái)說(shuō),這就是現(xiàn)實(shí)生活。”

【71】Lee has criticized "Serial" producers for leaving his family out of these narratives.

李先生斥責(zé)《連環(huán)》的制作組 將他的家人排除在敘事之外。

【72】In that Reddit post, he goes on to say, "To you, it's another murder mystery, a crime drama, an episode of CSI.

在那條 Reddit 帖文中, 緊接著他說(shuō)道: “對(duì)你來(lái)說(shuō),這只是 另一個(gè)兇殺謎團(tuán)、 一部犯罪劇、《犯罪現(xiàn)場(chǎng)調(diào)查》 （CSI）中的一集。

【73】You weren't there to see your mom crying every night.

你不會(huì)看到你母親夜夜流淚。

【74】Shame on you.

真可恥。

【75】I hope that what happens to us never happens to you and you have to have your story blasted to five million listeners."

但愿你不會(huì)遇到 發(fā)生在我們身上的事, 也不會(huì)有五百萬(wàn)聽(tīng)眾 對(duì)你的故事指指點(diǎn)點(diǎn)。”

【76】When discovering new true crime narratives, ask yourself, are the people in this story being hurt?

搜索其他真實(shí)犯罪故事的時(shí)候, 問(wèn)問(wèn)你自己, 故事中的人物有沒(méi)有受到傷害？

【77】And if so, is there a justifiable reason to inflict that harm?

如果受到了傷害, 那這種傷害是否是正當(dāng)?shù)模?/p>

【78】Can some good come from retelling the story?

重述這個(gè)故事有什么好處嗎？

【79】Or is it just for entertainment?

還是只是娛樂(lè)？

【80】If the answer is the latter, again, may be time to find something new.

如果答案是后者,同樣地, 你就該找點(diǎn)別的了。

【81】And finally, my last question to ask yourself to make you more aware of the real-world impacts of your true crime consumption is this: "Am I motivated to act?"

最后, 最后一個(gè)要問(wèn)你自己的問(wèn)題, 讓你更了解 你消費(fèi)真實(shí)犯罪的現(xiàn)實(shí)影響, “我有沒(méi)有因此受到鼓舞, 愿意采取行動(dòng)？”

【82】In my experience, my favorites, the things I consider the really good stuff, things like "In The Dark"

就我自己的經(jīng)歷而言, 我最喜歡的作品, 我認(rèn)為它們真是好東西, 比如《暗中》（In the Dark）、

【83】and "Truth and Justice" and the inimitable "Undisclosed" podcast, they leave listeners with a mission.

《真相與正義》和獨(dú)樹(shù)一幟的播客《保密》 它們都為聽(tīng)眾留下了任務(wù)。

【84】To donate, to contact a member of Congress, to work within our own communities for healing, for ourselves and for others.

捐款、聯(lián)系議員、 加入我們的康復(fù)社區(qū), 為自己,也為他人。

【85】On the other hand, most of the true crime that I find really questionable leaves me feeling helpless or afraid.

另一方面, 有很多我認(rèn)為有問(wèn)題的真實(shí)犯罪 都讓我感到無(wú)助、害怕。

【86】It focuses too much on the horrors or the injustices and not enough on healing or solutions.

它們過(guò)度關(guān)注恐怖效果或惡劣行為, 卻缺乏慰藉或解決方案。

【87】There's a world of difference between a creator who plays a 911 call to horrify his audience with anguished screams, and the one who plays a call in hopes that someone will hear a clue, maybe a passing truck or rushing water that helps find where a missing victim disappeared.

播放一通報(bào)警電話,用痛苦的尖叫聲嚇觀眾的創(chuàng)作者, 和滿懷希望撥通報(bào)警電話的人之間 有著天壤之別, 他/她希望有人能聽(tīng)出暗示, 也許是飛馳而過(guò)的卡車或者流水聲, 這通電話就是找到一名 失蹤受害者的救命稻草。

【88】The ethical creators will draw these lines around their motivations.

有道德的創(chuàng)作者 會(huì)明確界定他們的動(dòng)機(jī)。

【89】They will remind their listeners that looking through court transcripts could be helpful but harassing victims, family members or suspects online is not.

他們會(huì)提醒聽(tīng)眾, 翻閱庭審記錄可能有用, 但在線騷擾受害者及其家屬 或嫌疑人無(wú)濟(jì)于事。

【90】While these four questions: how does this make me feel; why am I interested in this; how might the people involved feel; and does this motivate me to act; cannot alone create a world of less exploitative, more ethical true crime, our individual consumption has impacts.

雖然這四個(gè)問(wèn)題: 這讓我有何感受; 我為什么會(huì)對(duì)此感興趣; 牽涉其中的人有何感受; 它有沒(méi)有鼓勵(lì)我采取行動(dòng); 僅憑這四個(gè)問(wèn)題無(wú)法建立一個(gè) 真實(shí)犯罪不那么剝削、 更符合倫理的世界, 但是,我們個(gè)人 對(duì)真實(shí)犯罪的消費(fèi)會(huì)產(chǎn)生影響。

【91】It is my hope that by directing our attention to the people doing the good stuff, that we can turn our time and our dollars and our resources, we can use that ourselves as murderinos, as fans, and amplify the potential for good in our true crime obsession.

我希望, 讓人們更關(guān)注做好事的人, 我們就可以改變我們消耗時(shí)間、 金錢和資源的方式, 作為兇殺案愛(ài)好者、粉絲的我們, 可以更好地發(fā)揮出我們對(duì) 真實(shí)犯罪的興趣中的行善潛力。