Questions 1 and 2 are based on this passage. ?

Arts/history

craft guilds / training / masters' widows

誰(shuí)說(shuō)女人不行家

①Historian Sheilagh Ogilvie challenges the view that training by European craft guilds from 1560 to1760 was necessary. ②Her main evidence, however, is based only on female employment in one guild. ③Like most?other guilds, the Wildberg weavers’ guild banned women from becoming masters; however, it exempted?masters’ widows. ④Indeed, widows accounted for 14 percent of all masters.?⑤Ogilvie claims that these “untrained” widows prove “the irrelevance of training.” ⑥But Wildberg master-widows were not untrained: for, as Ogilvie?notes elsewhere, wives and children worked with masters; their training may have been informal, but it existed?nonetheless. ⑦At least 80 percent of widows were married to masters for longer than the standard six-year?apprenticeship; an unknown proportion of the remainder had grown up in weaving families.?

歷史學(xué)家SO不認(rèn)為1560-1760間歐洲手工業(yè)行會(huì)提供的培訓(xùn)是必要的。然而，她主要的證據(jù)基于一個(gè)行會(huì)里的女性手工業(yè)者。和大部分其他行會(huì)一樣，W紡織行會(huì)禁止女性當(dāng)師傅，但是老師傅的遺孀卻不在禁止之列。實(shí)際上，14%的紡織師傅正是這些遺孀。O說(shuō)這些“未經(jīng)訓(xùn)練”的遺孀證明了訓(xùn)練無(wú)關(guān)緊要。但是這些遺孀并非未經(jīng)訓(xùn)練。因?yàn)橐舱鏞在其他地方發(fā)現(xiàn)的那樣，妻子小孩是和師傅一起工作的。他們得到的訓(xùn)練可能是非正式的（耳濡目染的），但的確存在。至少80%的遺孀嫁給老師傅的時(shí)間長(zhǎng)于一般6年的學(xué)徒期，剩下的有些就成長(zhǎng)于從事紡織業(yè)的家庭。

1. In context, the primary function of the final sentence of the passage is to?

功能題 目的題 易

最后一句給出了有說(shuō)服力的證據(jù)支持前一句觀點(diǎn)，用于反駁O的觀點(diǎn)。

A

A. provide evidence to undermine a central claim in Ogilvie’s argument 符合

B. summarize the most important aspects of the data Ogilvie cites to support her analysis 相反。這是和O的觀點(diǎn)相反的證據(jù)

C. illustrate how the Wildberg weavers’ guild differed from other craft guilds of the period 沒(méi)有differed證據(jù)。

D. quantify the amount of formal training typically received by Wildberg master weavers?錯(cuò)誤。問(wèn)信息功能，要找信息服務(wù)的對(duì)象，要從信息本身抽出來(lái)。

E. clarify an ambiguity in the status of mater-widows as guild members 沒(méi)有ambiguity的證據(jù)

2. The author’s evaluation of Ogilvie’s argument focuses primarily on Ogilvie’s?

細(xì)節(jié)題 中

作者評(píng)價(jià)O的論點(diǎn)主要關(guān)注在證據(jù)找的不對(duì)。

C

A. overgeneralization of a study of an atypical industry 對(duì)于一個(gè)非典型產(chǎn)業(yè)的過(guò)度概括。沒(méi)有atypical的證據(jù)

B. failure to differentiate between formal apprenticeship training and subsequent practical experience 沒(méi)有證據(jù)。無(wú)關(guān)建立學(xué)徒和訓(xùn)練直接的關(guān)系

C. assumption that certain guild members had no training 認(rèn)為一些行會(huì)成員沒(méi)受過(guò)訓(xùn)練。是的，O認(rèn)為那些遺孀是沒(méi)受過(guò)訓(xùn)練的。但是作者認(rèn)為是受過(guò)訓(xùn)練的，不過(guò)是耳濡目染式的非正式訓(xùn)練而已。

D. insufficient acknowledgement of certain exceptions to a guild’s rules 不太承認(rèn)一些行會(huì)規(guī)則的例外。相反。有一定的干擾。O正式看到這種女性師傅（例外）的存在，才認(rèn)為訓(xùn)練沒(méi)用。

E. attempt to impose an artificial uniformity on an extended period in history 想在一段歷史時(shí)期中強(qiáng)加一中一致性。沒(méi)有uniformity的證據(jù)

Questions 3 to 5 are based on this passage

Arts/sociology

television / medium / exposure

對(duì)于看電視的研究

①The two primary theoretical traditions that frame research about audience exposure to television carry?differential assumptions of how television viewers use the medium. ②The uses and gratifications approach conceptualizes the audience as active and goal directed when consuming media and offers an understanding of?how audience motivations, individual characteristics, and preferences link to media behavior. ③Findings?demonstrate considerable audience activity in decisions about whether to watch television, especially involving program—or program type—preferences. ④However, studies in this tradition empirically ignore that exposure?is not completely free of constraints. ⑤Structural or contextual factors, such as the audience member’s availability?and access to television or other media, the ability or willingness to pay for multichannel services, as well as?scheduling factors, impact use of television. ⑥Scholars who focus on these structural determinants use aggregate?data (usually secondary analyses supplied by Nielsen) to demonstrate consistent patterns of macrolevel audience?behavior.?⑦Findings from this approach usually have impressive predictive power and utility for explaining the?mass audience but are ill-suited to explain the underlying reasons for medium or program choice, including?individual motivations for selecting television in the first place.?

對(duì)于看電視的研究，兩個(gè)主要的理論傳統(tǒng)對(duì)觀眾如何使用電視進(jìn)行了不同的假設(shè)?！笆褂煤蜐M足”方式認(rèn)為觀眾是受眾在選擇消費(fèi)媒體時(shí)是主動(dòng)和目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向的，并提供了對(duì)受眾動(dòng)機(jī)、個(gè)人特征和偏好如何與媒體行為相聯(lián)系的理解。研究結(jié)果表明，很大一部分觀眾行為都在決定是否看電視，特別是電視節(jié)目或節(jié)目類型的偏好選擇。然而，這一傳統(tǒng)的研究忽略了看電視并不是完全不受限制的。?結(jié)構(gòu)性或情境性因素，如觀眾是否有機(jī)會(huì)收看電視或其他媒體，是否有能力或意愿為多頻道服務(wù)付費(fèi)，以及日程安排因素，都會(huì)影響電視的使用。關(guān)注這些結(jié)構(gòu)性決定因素的學(xué)者使用匯總數(shù)據(jù)(通常是尼爾森提供的二次分析)來(lái)證明宏觀層面觀眾行為的一致模式。這種方法的研究結(jié)果在解釋大眾觀眾時(shí)通常具有令人印象深刻的預(yù)測(cè)能力和效用，但卻不適合解釋媒介或節(jié)目選擇的潛在原因，包括最初選擇電視的個(gè)人動(dòng)機(jī)。

生詞摘錄：

gratification 滿足

3. The primary purpose of the passage is to ?

功能題?主旨題 易

文章主要在說(shuō)，關(guān)于人們看電視行為的兩種傳統(tǒng)研究方式各有不足。

B

A. identify a particular assumption shared by two theoretical models? 相反。并不shared，第一句就說(shuō)了不同。

B. delineate differences between two approaches to the study of a particular subject?描述研究某一特定主題的兩種方法之間的差異。符合

C. account for researchers’ preference for one theoretical approach over a competing approach 沒(méi)有preference的證據(jù)

D. evaluate the evidence used to support two different explanations for a particular phenomenon 并不是在評(píng)價(jià)證據(jù)。

E. explain how certain problems with a particular research method are addressed by an alternative?method 并沒(méi)有第二種方法解決第一種方法問(wèn)題的證據(jù)

4. Select the sentence in the passage that identifies a limitation to the uses and gratifications approach.?

功能題?句子選擇題 易

找第一個(gè)方法的不足。第4句中被忽視的內(nèi)容在第5句列出。

D

A. The two primary theoretical traditions that frame research about audience exposure to television carry ?differential assumptions of how television viewers use the medium. ?

B. The uses and gratifications approach conceptualizes the audience as active and goal directed when ?consuming media and offers an understanding of how audience motivations, individual characteristics, ?and preferences link to media behavior. ?

C. Findings demonstrate considerable audience activity in decisions about whether to watch television, ?especially involving program--or program type--preferences. ?

D. Structural or contextual factors, such as the audience member's availability and access to television or?other media, the ability or willingness to pay for multichannel services, as well as scheduling factors, ?impact use of television. ?

E. Scholars who focus on these structural determinants use aggregate data (usually secondary analyses ?supplied by Nielsen) to demonstrate consistent patterns of macro level audience behavior. ?

5. The author would most likely agree with which of the following claims about television viewers’ ?choices of particular programs??

態(tài)度題 難

A

根據(jù)第5句，作者認(rèn)為結(jié)構(gòu)性或情境性因素，如觀眾是否有機(jī)會(huì)收看電視或其他媒體，是否有能力或意愿為多頻道服務(wù)付費(fèi)，以及日程安排因素，都會(huì)影響電視的使用。

A. They involve factors that may not be sufficiently reflected in the uses and gratifications approach 符合

B. They are difficult to study because of the paucity of aggregate data about them 沒(méi)有paucity的證據(jù)

C. They are likely to be less reflective of people’s individual preferences than of structural or contextual?factors. 沒(méi)有這個(gè)比較的證據(jù)

D. They cannot be reliably predicted by researchers who use neither of the approaches discussed in the?passage. 沒(méi)有這一類研究者的證據(jù)。

E. They are largely determined by factors that cannot be studied empirically.? 沒(méi)有這些factors的證據(jù)。

Questions 6 is based on this passage

Arts/literature

poem / socially significant / English Romantic poetry

具有社會(huì)意義的英國(guó)浪漫主義詩(shī)歌

Editor: A poem cannot become socially significant unless it is read by people beyond the author’s?immediate circle. Since I intend to include in my anthology of English Romantic poetry only?those works that had become socially significant during their author’s lifetime, I am not?including poems or versions of poems that were never officially published.?

Scholar: As you surely know, English Romanticism was characterized by fast-traveling secrets and wide but clandestine distributions of manuscripts. ?

主編：一首詩(shī)只有超越作者的圈子而被更多的人讀到才具有社會(huì)意義。由于我打算在我的英國(guó)浪漫主義詩(shī)歌選集中只包括那些在作者一生中具有社會(huì)意義的作品，我不會(huì)選錄那些從未正式出版的詩(shī)歌及其相關(guān)版本。 ?

學(xué)者：你肯定知道，英國(guó)浪漫主義的特點(diǎn)是快速傳播的秘密和廣泛而秘密地分發(fā)手稿。 ?

6. The point the scholar makes in responding to the editor does which of the following??

邏輯單題 邏輯反對(duì) 中

學(xué)者指出有些作品很有社會(huì)意義，但是可能私下傳播，并未出版。

C

A. Forestalls an objection that could plausibly be made to the editor’s argument 預(yù)先阻止了對(duì)編輯的論點(diǎn)提出的貌似合理的反對(duì)意見(jiàn)。相反。學(xué)者就是來(lái)懟主編的。

B. Cites as historical evidence something that, if true, indicates that few works of English Romantic?poetry are likely to meet the editor’s criterion for social significance 找出一些歷史證據(jù)，如果是真的話，那么幾乎沒(méi)有能滿足主編標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的作品。這個(gè)選項(xiàng)還挺干擾的，但是few是沒(méi)有證據(jù)的。

C. Raises the possibility that some unpublished English Romantic poetry could be included in the?anthology without defeating the editor’s intention 不違背主編的計(jì)劃，但是一些沒(méi)出版的也可以進(jìn)詩(shī)集。符合。

D. Questions that need to publish a certain category of literature by showing that it is already widely read 通過(guò)說(shuō)這類作品已經(jīng)被廣泛閱讀來(lái)質(zhì)疑出版該類文學(xué)的需求。沒(méi)有need的證據(jù)

E. Draws a distinction between widely read poetry and socially significant poetry 沒(méi)有distinction的證據(jù)

生詞摘錄：

clandestine 私下的，偷偷摸摸的

Questions 7 and 8 are based on this passage

Arts/archaeology

graphic / codex / pictographs?

中美洲的象形文字符號(hào)體系

①The graphic element of Mesoamerican codex writing appears as figural representations, icons and symbols that signify thought, ideas, and imagery rather than visible speech. ②Although ancient Mexicans designated some symbols to voice specific words, their larger graphic system did not correspond directly with spoken language. ③Because the symbols did not replicate any single linguistic system, speakers of various languages could translate the pictographs into their own respective tongues. ④Readers evaluated a combination of naturalistic images, pictorial conventions, and abstract symbols recorded within an organized structure. ⑤By knowing the basic conventions and the meanings of the symbols and recognizing their general arrangement, readers interpreted the pictographic messages. ⑥Precise reading orders are not always set, however; thus, different readings and interpretations remain possible.

中美洲古籍中的圖形元素看起來(lái)是代表思想、觀點(diǎn)、意象而非文字的象征性圖標(biāo)和符號(hào)。盡管古墨西哥人設(shè)計(jì)了一些符號(hào)來(lái)表達(dá)特定的詞匯，他們的圖形系統(tǒng)卻并不直接和口頭語(yǔ)言匹配。因?yàn)榉?hào)并不復(fù)制任何一種單一的語(yǔ)言體系，使用不同語(yǔ)言的人可以把這種圖像文字翻譯成各自的語(yǔ)言。閱讀者評(píng)估這些結(jié)構(gòu)化的自然圖形、圖像和抽象符號(hào)的組合。人們通過(guò)一些基本的共識(shí)、符號(hào)的含義和符號(hào)的擺列來(lái)解讀這些象形文字傳遞的信息。然而，沒(méi)有什么特定的閱讀順序，因此，不同的閱讀方式也會(huì)帶來(lái)不同的解讀。

生詞摘錄：

graphic 視覺(jué)的，圖形的，生動(dòng)的

Mesoamerican 中美洲

codex 古籍

figural 象征的

7. According to the passage, which of the following is true regarding the symbols of the Mesoamerican codex graphic system?

細(xì)節(jié)題 中

B

A. Some of the symbols represent multiple concepts. 沒(méi)有multiple的證據(jù)

B. Some of the symbols correspond with particular words. 符合第二句信息

C. Most of the symbols originate from a single spoken language. 相反。與第三句信息不符。

D. The symbols were primarily made up of abstract images. 沒(méi)有primarily的證據(jù)

E. The individual symbols were hard to translate because their arrangement varied. 相反。不是因?yàn)榻M合多樣而難翻譯，而是讀法不固定所以理解也不固定。

Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.

8. It can be inferred from the passage that the nature of the Mesoamerican codex graphic system enabled which of the following?

細(xì)節(jié)題 推斷題 中

AB

A. The sharing of the system among speakers of different languages 符合第五句信息。

B. The visible representation of different language systems 符合第三句信息

C. The changing of the system’s conventions by speakers of different languages 沒(méi)有changing的證據(jù)?

Questions 9 and 10 are based on this passage

Sciences/biology

migartory songbirds / Pleistocene glaciation?

歐洲的鳥(niǎo)比北美的鳥(niǎo)適應(yīng)性更強(qiáng)

①I(mǎi)mportant historical differences between Europe and North America may explain why many European?migratory songbirds, in contrast to North American migratory songbirds, thrive in forest habitats fragmented?by human activity.?②First, the Pleistocene glaciations may have been more severe in Europe than in North?America. ③Virtually all Europe’s forests were erased during the most recent Ice Age.?④Any European songbirds dependent upon large, intact blocks of forest were unlikely to survive. ⑤In the southern part of North America, however, some forests managed to persist through the coldest times, to the advantage of some forest-dwelling?songbirds. ⑥Second, European Forests were being abused by humans for thousands of years before the North?American forests were. ⑦Consequently, European birds have had more time to adapt to a human-dominated?landscape.?

歐洲和北美之間的重要?dú)v史差異可能解釋了為什么許多歐洲鳴禽候鳥(niǎo)，與北美鳴禽候鳥(niǎo)相比，在被人類活動(dòng)破壞的森林棲息地茁壯成長(zhǎng)。?首先，更新世時(shí)期歐洲的冰川作用可能比北美更為嚴(yán)重。幾乎所有的歐洲森林都在最近的冰河時(shí)代消失了。任何依賴于大而完整的森林的歐洲鳴禽都不可能存活。然而，在北美南部，一些森林設(shè)法熬過(guò)了最寒冷的時(shí)期，這對(duì)一些棲息在森林里的鳴禽有利。?第二，歐洲森林被人類濫用的歷史比北美森林早幾千年。因此，歐洲鳥(niǎo)類有更多的時(shí)間來(lái)適應(yīng)人類主導(dǎo)的環(huán)境。??

9. According to the passage, which of the following is true about today’s European migratory?songbirds??

細(xì)節(jié)題 中

文中第一點(diǎn)理由的言下之意是，現(xiàn)在的歐洲鳥(niǎo)都能適應(yīng)fragmented habitat。

A

A. They generally are not dependent on large, intact blocks of forest. 符合

B. They generally are less sensitive to cold temperatures than are North American songbirds. 沒(méi)有適應(yīng)溫度比較的證據(jù)

C. They tend to be unevenly distributed across Europe because of differences in habitat. 沒(méi)有distributed的證據(jù)

D. Most would be unlikely to survive additional fragmentation of their preferred habitat. 沒(méi)有證據(jù)或者相反。

E. Most represent species that evolved after the Pleistocene glaciations. 沒(méi)有證據(jù)。只是要大森林的鳥(niǎo)沒(méi)活下來(lái)，還有其他不需要大森林的鳥(niǎo)呢。

10. In the author’s argument, the observation made in the highlighted portion of the passage primarily serves to?

功能題 目的題 易

高亮的第三句是個(gè)事實(shí)，支持第一個(gè)理由。

B

A. identify a factor that helps explain why Europe’s songbird population is significantly smaller than?North America’s 相反。歐洲鳥(niǎo)比北美鳥(niǎo)活的更好。

B. help explain a distinctive characteristic of European songbirds 符合

C. shed light on why there is less habitat available for songbirds in Europe than for songbirds in North?America? 沒(méi)有證據(jù)。并沒(méi)有比較棲息地的多少。

D. point to a reason why European songbirds have had more time to adapt to a human-dominated landscape than have North American birds. 無(wú)關(guān)。這是第二個(gè)理由。

E. emphasize the long duration of the Pleistocene glaciations in North America relative to the Pleistocene glaciations in Europe 沒(méi)有兩個(gè)地方冰川持續(xù)時(shí)間的證據(jù)。原文只說(shuō)了更嚴(yán)重。