Questions 1 and 2 are based on this passage.?

Arts/archaeology

graphic / codex / pictographs?

中美洲的象形文字符號體系

①The graphic element of Mesoamerican codex writing appears as figural representations, icons and symbols that signify thought, ideas, and imagery rather than visible speech. ②Although ancient Mexicans designated some symbols to voice specific words, their larger graphic system did not correspond directly with spoken language. ③Because the symbols did not replicate any single linguistic system, speakers of various languages could translate the pictographs into their own respective tongues. ④Readers evaluated a combination of naturalistic images, pictorial conventions, and abstract symbols recorded within an organized structure. ⑤By knowing the basic conventions and the meanings of the symbols and recognizing their general arrangement, readers interpreted the pictographic messages. ⑥Precise reading orders are not always set, however; thus, different readings and?interpretations remain possible.

中美洲古籍中的圖形元素看起來是代表思想、觀點、意象而非文字的象征性圖標和符號。盡管古墨西哥人設(shè)計了一些符號來表達特定的詞匯，他們的圖形系統(tǒng)卻并不直接和口頭語言匹配。因為符號并不復制任何一種單一的語言體系，使用不同語言的人可以把這種圖像文字翻譯成各自的語言。閱讀者評估這些結(jié)構(gòu)化的自然圖形、圖像和抽象符號的組合。人們通過一些基本的共識、符號的含義和符號的擺列來解讀這些象形文字傳遞的信息。然而，沒有什么特定的閱讀順序，因此，不同的閱讀方式也會帶來不同的解讀。

生詞摘錄：

graphic 視覺的，圖形的，生動的

Mesoamerican 中美洲

codex 古籍

figural 象征的

1. According to the passage, which of the following is true regarding the symbols of the Mesoamerican codex graphic system?

細節(jié)題 中

B

A. Some of the symbols represent multiple concepts. 沒有multiple的證據(jù)

B. Some of the symbols correspond with particular words. 符合第二句信息

C. Most of the symbols originate from a single spoken language. 相反。與第三句信息不符。

D. The symbols were primarily made up of abstract images. 沒有primarily的證據(jù)

E. The individual symbols were hard to translate because their arrangement varied. 相反。不是因為組合多樣而難翻譯，而是讀法不固定所以理解也不固定。

Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.

2. It can be inferred from the passage that the nature of the Mesoamerican codex graphic system?enabled which of the following?

細節(jié)題 推斷題 中

AB

A. The sharing of the system among speakers of different languages 符合第五句信息。

B. The visible representation of different language systems 符合第三句信息

C. The changing of the system’s conventions by speakers of different languages 沒有changing的證據(jù)

Questions 3 to 5 are based on this passage

Arts/history

Ming period / maritime ban?

明朝禁海令的原因

①During the Early and Middle Ming periods in China (1368-1522), most private maritime enterprise was outlawed as piracy by the imperial government. ②The result was armed conflict between private traders and government forces as well as a gap in the supply of Chinese export wares into the overseas market during the Early Ming period. ③It is tempting to envision the tension between the private traders and the imperial government during the Early and Middle Ming periods as a conflict between?two ideologies: an entrepreneurial spirit versus an agrarian society's conservative Confucian cosmology that despised commerce and material indulgence. ?④A careful examination of the historical events within the empires however, reveals that this binary view would be an oversimplification, since the tension likely created factions within the Ming bureaucracy. ?⑤For instance Governor Zhu Wan's handed crackdown on Shuangyu Island (the hub of middle Ming period international piracy) seems to have damaged the commercial interests of so many powerful players in the Ming bureaucracy that they were able to impeach him (after which he committed suicide). ⑥Archaeological evidence indicates that there was a flood of Chinese black-and-white porcelain to the overseas market after 1488. ?⑦In contrast, an account written by Cui Bo, a Korean scholar official who was shipwrecked on the coast of Ningbo reveals no signs of a relaxation of the maritime ban at the level of coastal defense. ?⑧One can conjecture that?those responsible for enforcing the maritime ban probably benefited from turning a blind eye to illicit trade?under their jurisdiction.?

中國明代早期和中期的海運被視為違法的海盜行為。導致的結(jié)果就是政府和民間的武裝沖突以及明代早期海上貨物出口的缺失。政府和民間的沖突主要是由于兩種意識形態(tài)之間的沖突：重農(nóng)輕商。但是對歷史事件的仔細研究后發(fā)現(xiàn)，這種觀點過于簡化，因為這種沖突可能產(chǎn)生了不同的官僚派系。比如當時明朝大臣朱紈打雙嶼島就觸碰了各方利益，導致最后被彈劾身死?？脊抛C據(jù)表明1488年之后有一批瓷器流出海外。與此相反，一位在寧波口岸沉船的韓國官員的一份記錄中并未發(fā)現(xiàn)取消禁海令的信號。可以推測，盡管有禁海令存在，有人仍然可以通過在自己管轄范圍內(nèi)放任非法海運從而獲利。

3. The primary purpose of the passage is to

功能題 主旨題 中

文章對于明朝禁海令現(xiàn)象進行了討論。

B

A. describe the tension between two ideologies 描述兩種意識形態(tài)間的沖突。并不是僅僅描述了沖突，不是說明文。

B. analyze the nature of a historical antagonism?分析一種歷史上對立現(xiàn)象的本質(zhì)。符合

C. question the relevance of certain evidence 質(zhì)疑特定證據(jù)的相關(guān)性。不對。

D. reveal the inconsistencies of a popular theory 表明一個大眾理論的不合理。干擾項，沒有popular的證據(jù)

E. defend the importance of historical research 為一個歷史研究辯護。相反。是一篇駁論文，不是立論文。

4. The author mentions “two ideologies” primarily in order to

功能題 目的題 中

信息目的找服務(wù)的對象。文中提出這兩種意識形態(tài)是為了給出解釋，但是后來又被認為是oversimplification

D

A. contrast the popular beliefs of a particular time period in Chinese history 信息本身是做了對比，但是不是這個信息的目的。

B. identify the main source of tension between two groups of people 后來發(fā)現(xiàn)并不是main source

C. describe the economic and geopolitical context of a historical event 很接近正確答案，但是這仍然是信息本身，而非目的。

D. mention a plausible but ultimately inadequate explanation for a phenomenon 符合文章論證過程

E. refute a widely held view about the consequences of a conflict 不是在反駁某個觀點。

5. Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?

結(jié)構(gòu)題 易

文章先描述了明朝的禁?，F(xiàn)象，給出一個解釋，然后討論了這個解釋的不足。

D

A. A conflict is described and some of its ramifications are explored. 不符。

B. A hypothesis is proposed and the credibility of the evidence typically used to support it is questioned. 相反。文中舉的朱紈的例子是用來支持反對觀點的。

C. A phenomenon is considered and the accounts of the historical events surrounding it are discussed. 討論一個現(xiàn)象，然后描述和這個現(xiàn)象的相關(guān)史實。這個選項里只有事實，沒有觀點。

D. A view is presented and an argument that suggests its deficiency is given. 符合

E. A controversy is explained and the strengths and weaknesses of both sides are considered. 沒有優(yōu)劣勢的證據(jù)

生詞摘錄：

porcelain 瓷器

antagonism 敵對，敵意

ramification 影響，后果

Question 6 is based on this passage.

Sciences/biology

seeds / coats / germinate

人工種植下薄殼種子更有優(yōu)勢

Seeds of wild plants generally have thick coats that allow them to survive in the ground until the next growing season. But with domesticated plants, seeds are not sown until the growing season begins. Accordingly, within a given domesticated species, plants with thinner-coated seeds which germinate more quickly are advantaged, since quicker germination enables a plant to shade out its slower neighbor, thereby increasing its?likelihood of surviving to harvest and contributing seeds to the next planting.

野生植物通常有厚厚的外殼保護，使種子可以存活到下一個生長季。但是人工種植下，種子直到下個生長季才會播種。因此，一個特定的人工種植品種，種子的外殼如果薄一些，就能比其他種子更容易發(fā)芽，從而更容易存活并產(chǎn)生新的種子。

6. The information given, if accurate, provides the strongest justification for which of the following?claims?

邏輯單題 邏輯支持 難

事實=原因=論據(jù)=薄殼種子更容易發(fā)芽

觀點=結(jié)果=論點=薄殼種子有生存優(yōu)勢

本質(zhì)是個推斷題。

D

A. In the wild, a plant gains no reproductive advantage if its seeds germinate before the seeds of other?plants. 在野外，種子如果早發(fā)芽沒有繁殖優(yōu)勢。

B. The relative thickness of the coat of the seeds of two species of domesticated plants reliably indicates?which of the plants will grow more quickly. 外殼薄一點生長也快一點。干擾項，跟生長快不快沒有關(guān)系，不要加論證框架以外的信息。

C. A wild plant such as Chiltepin, whose seeds have extremely thick coats that ensure that they survive the digestive systems of animals, will be at disadvantage compared to a wild plant whose seed coats?protect only against cold. 殼厚不怕動物吃，但是不御寒。

D. The cache of Chenopodium seeds found at 3,500-year-old cave dwelling, whose coats are significantly thinner than those of Chenopodium known to have grown wild then, supports the hypothesis that the?plant had been domesticated by that time. 一個3500年前的薄殼種子表明那時候有人工種植。用一個新的證據(jù)支持在一個人工種植的情況下，種子就是比野生的薄?？梢则炞C。

E. The one of two seeds of the same domesticated species has a thicker coat than the other is evidence?that the seed with the thicker coat came from a plant grown in the colder climate. 殼的薄厚與氣溫高低建立關(guān)系。推不出來。

Questions 7 and 8 are based on this passage

Arts/literature

women writer / historical writing?

19世紀前的女性歷史寫作

①Isobel Grundy rightly argues that in researching pre-nineteenth-century women’s?historical writing, scholars must define history broadly and include?historical fiction, biography, court memoirs, and family history. ②Grundy also believes that these writings provide “a history of a whole female culture,” while embodying a pre-nineteenth-century “feminine” relationship to history. ③On this point, I am skeptical, as I do not believe there was a characteristic women's relationship to history. ④Instead, my research suggests that pre-nineteenth-century British women writers engagement with historical discourse depended on such things as their political commitments and class affiliations and their perceptions of developing historical genres and markets.⑤We must give sufficient attention to the myriad individual authors and texts before generalizing widely about women?writers' engagements with history.?

IG說，要研究19世紀前的女性歷史著作，首先要給歷史一個大體上的定義，并且把歷史小說、傳記、法庭記錄和家族歷史包括進來。G還說，這些作品提供了一個完整女性文化的歷史，體現(xiàn)了19世紀前女性與歷史的關(guān)聯(lián)。但是對此我表示懷疑，我并不認為這里存在什么典型的關(guān)聯(lián)。相反，我的研究表明，19世紀前的英國女性作家的歷史論述依賴于她們的政治立場和階級歸屬，以及她們對于發(fā)展歷史體裁和市場的看法。在籠統(tǒng)概括女性歷史寫作之前，我們必須給予大量作者和作品足夠的關(guān)注。

生詞摘錄：

affiliation 聯(lián)系，從屬，歸屬

7. The passage implies that its author would agree with which of the following statements about?"historical fiction, biography, court memoirs, and family history”??

態(tài)度題 易

IG說了兩點，作者不同意的是第二點。

C

A. These genres had their origins primarily among pre-nineteenth-century British women writers. 這些體裁的來源主要是19世紀前英國女性作家。沒有證據(jù)

B. These genres were probably more reflective of women's views in pre-nineteenth-century Britain than?they were in later periods. 沒有比較的證據(jù)。

C. These genres can help scholars develop a comprehensive view of British women’s historical writing. 符合

D. These genres have generally been regarded by scholars as more reliable sources of information about?pre-nineteenth-century women than have other genres of historical writing. 沒有比較的證據(jù)。

E. These genres are remarkably homogeneous in the way they represent the lives of pre-nineteenth-century women in Britain. 沒有homogeneous的證據(jù)

8. Which of the following describes a difference between the author and Grundy regarding British?women writers engagement with historical discourse??

細節(jié)題 易

主要區(qū)別就在第三句。

C

A. The author thinks the engagement was determined primarily in response to developing literary markets;?Grundy thinks it had little to do with such markets. 無關(guān)

B. The author believes the engagement is reflected in numerous genres; Grundy thinks that one genre is?specifically feminine. 相反。G也認為要把更多體裁包括進來。

C. The author emphasizes the heterogeneity of factors that influenced the engagement; Grundy suggests that the engagement was unified by one particular factor. 符合

D. The author thinks the engagement was limited to women in certain social classes; Grundy thinks it?was common to all classes. 沒有證據(jù)

E. The author believes the engagement was just beginning in the late 1700s; Grundy thinks it reached its?peak then. 沒有時間的證據(jù)

Questions 9 and 10 are based on this passage

Sciences / astronomy

lunar cataclysm / spherule / radiometric dating

月球災難的確切時間難以確定

①Scientists have long debated the exact timing of the lunar cataclysm, a period approximately 4 billion years ago when Earth and the Moon were pummeled with asteroids. ②A clue to this puzzle may come from spherules, millimeter-sized droplets of molten rock formed after an asteroid collides explosively with a planet. ③Upon impact, the asteroid vaporizes both itself and the target rock, producing a vapor plume that condenses into spherules. ④These form a layer preserved in rock, whose age can be estimated using radiometric dating. ⑤Scientists know of fourteen of these spherule layers scattered across Earth, but none dates to the theorized lunar cataclysm time period.?⑥Four layers, however, are from between 3.47 and 3.24 billion years?ago indicating?perhaps a slow decline in collisions.

大概40億年前，地球和月球被小行星撞擊，這段時期被稱作月球災難?？茖W家們一直在爭論月球災難的準確時間。小行星撞擊行星后融化的巖石形成的毫米級的小球體也許可以提供答案。撞擊之下，小行星和被撞擊的巖石同時氣化，形成蒸汽團，凝結(jié)成小球體。這些在巖石里形成的一層小球體可以通過放射性估算年齡。科學家們在地球各處發(fā)現(xiàn)了14個小球?qū)樱菦]有一個跟月球災難的理論時間吻合。然而，在34億7千萬年到32億4千萬年間的四層表明了撞擊的緩慢減少。

生詞摘錄：

cataclysm 災難?

spherule 小球體

9. The primary purpose of the passage is to?

功能題 主旨題 易

文章想通過小球體來確定月球災難的時間，但是仍然不能確定。

D

A. challenge a basic assumption underlying a theory 沒有assumption的證據(jù)

B. analyze a flaw in a novel approach to a problem 沒有flaw的證據(jù)

C. describe different processes that could have produced the same phenomenon 沒有different processes的證據(jù)

D. explain how a class of data might be useful for answering a question 符合

E. outline a theory that may reconcile conflicting interpretations of a phenomenon 沒有conflicting interpretations的證據(jù)

Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.

10. Which of the following might plausibly account for the finding in the highlighted sentence??

有點類似邏輯里的解釋題。解釋高亮句中的發(fā)現(xiàn)（為什么不符合理論時間）

②③句說明，如果撞擊會形成小球?qū)?。那現(xiàn)在發(fā)現(xiàn)的不符合，說明要么符合的還沒發(fā)現(xiàn)，要么符合的被損壞。最后兩句是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。雖然發(fā)現(xiàn)的不符合，但是確實有些能夠表明那個時期撞擊已經(jīng)在減退了。言下之意是，這個時期之前應該才是撞擊高峰期。

AB

A. Spherule layers older than 3.47 billion years exist, but they have not been discovered yet. 存在比34億7千萬年更早的小球?qū)?，但是還沒有被發(fā)現(xiàn)?？赡艿模驗槔碚撋显虑驗碾y在40億年前。

B. Spherule layers older than 3.47 billion years once existed, but they have since been destroyed.有可能存在，但是被破壞了。也有可能。

C. Fewer asteroids collided with Earth than with the Moon during the lunar cataclysm. 少不少不影響形成小球?qū)印?/p>