【醫(yī)學(xué)英語】科研論文寫作技巧(一)
【前言】
很多人在學(xué)習(xí)醫(yī)學(xué)英語的過程往往有這樣的感受——學(xué)習(xí)論文寫作時更加偏重于方法論的層次,對于用詞和句型的潤色很少關(guān)注,但是醫(yī)學(xué)英語本身的教學(xué)過程中,盡管對于寫作的用詞和句型有所注重,但是難免散亂。為此,本文在“術(shù)”的層面,總結(jié)歸納了一些醫(yī)學(xué)英語寫作中較為常用的潤色技巧。
一、注意語言的不對稱性
比如,描述家族史:外祖母死于心臟病
常見錯誤
FAMILY Hx: Grandmother died of “stomach tumor” at age 37.
錯誤原因:grandmother語義具有對稱性,但是我們所想要表達(dá)的其實是對稱性的語義,為了科學(xué)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),應(yīng)該具體指出是祖母還是外祖母。(其實很多同學(xué)可能意識到了這種錯誤,但是苦于不知道如何表述)
(另外可以拓展延伸一下,語言,或者說單詞的背后蘊藏著文化,為什么西方人對于grandmother并不區(qū)分祖母和外祖母也是一個值得探討的議題)
較為準(zhǔn)確的寫法
FAMILY Hx: Grandmother, on the maternal side, died of “stomach tumor” at age 37.
二、科研文章中定性定量的思維——注意副詞的運用
(一)because的潤色
單單一個because難免顯得單調(diào),可以選擇加上一個副詞,對because進行潤色,例如:
Blood is heavier than water and about five times thicker, or more viscous, largely because of its formed elements.
此外,常用的還有:solely because; partly because…
(二)對于性質(zhì)定性定量的描述
Blood is slight alkaline, ?with a pH between 7.35 and 7.45.
slight人人都認(rèn)識,但是在寫作中卻未必會使用
本文在描述血液是弱堿性時,slight很好的起到了半定性的作用。
三、獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的應(yīng)用——巧妙引入概念
Erythrocyte normally account for about 45% of the total volumn of a blood sample, a percentage known as the hematocrit.
此處,相當(dāng)于獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)表伴隨狀況或補充說明的一種使用辦法,一般放在最后。
四、名詞做動詞,形容詞做動詞,描述更形象
個人認(rèn)為,在科研寫作中,名詞作動詞其本質(zhì)在于一種抽象的類比,即運用B類事物的本質(zhì)特點來表述A類事物的某個行為。這一點需要大量閱讀的積淀,也很難模仿。但是,我們作為非母語學(xué)習(xí)者,可以進行背誦和化用,這也是我們醫(yī)學(xué)生所擅長的。
ferry
Erythrocytes function primarily to ferry oxygen in blood to all cells of the body.
bump
Even while you are sleeping, your heart pumps 30 times its own weight (5L) each minute, which amouts to more than 14000 liters of blood in a day and 10 million liters in a year.
branch
As the aorta branches, and these arteries branch in turn, they become successively smaller and smaller.
【說文解字】Formed elements
The formed elements are?cells and cell fragments suspended in the plasma. The three classes of formed elements are the erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and the thrombocytes (platelets). Erythrocytes, or red blood cells, are the most numerous of the formed elements.
formed element在醫(yī)學(xué)英語中并不是指某某元素,而是特指紅細(xì)胞、白細(xì)胞、血小板三種血細(xì)胞。
all in all, formed elements are living blood cells.