猶太裔國際象棋名將
Wilhelm Steinitz (1886-1894)
Emanuel Lasker (1894-1921)
Mikhail Botvinnik (1948-1957, 1958-1960, 1961-1963)
Vasily Smyslov [1]?(1957-1958)
Mikhail Tal (1960-1961)
Robert (Bobby) Fischer?[2]?(1972-1975)
Garry Kasparov?[3]?(1985-1993)
NOTES
* There is a listing for Alexander Khalifman in the Russian Jewish Encyclopedia (see?http://www.jewishgen.org/Belarus/rje_k.htm).? Although Anatoly Karpov is generally described as being of purely Russian ethnicity, according to GM Lev Alburt, he is not without "some Jewish grandparents" (see "The Perilous World of Soviet Chess" in the January 1986 issue of?The World and I).
[1]. Jewish mother, non-Jewish father.? It should be noted that there is considerable?controversy over this claim.??It should also be noted that in the late 1970s, when Viktor?Korchnoi defected from the USSR and leveled?charges of rampant anti-Semitism in the Soviet chess establishment,?Soviet government newspapers,?in an apparent effort to counter those charges, published lists of Soviet Jewish chess luminaries whose successful careers, it was claimed,?proved the absence?of?any?such bias.? Those lists of Jewish, or partly Jewish,?players?included Vasily?Smyslov.??(They did not?include Boris Spassky.)?
[2]. According to recently unsealed FBI files and other independent archival materials, Bobby Fischer's biological father was not the German physicist Hans-Gerhardt Fischer, as previously supposed, but rather the Hungarian-Jewish engineer and fluid dynamicist Paul Nemenyi, making both of his parents Jewish.??See "Life is not a Board Game," by?Peter Nicholas and Clea Benson,?The Philadelphia Inquirer, 8 February, 2003.??Additional information can be found in?Bobby Fischer Goes to?War: How the Soviets Lost the Most Extraordinary Chess Match of All Time, by David Edmonds and John Eidinow (HarperCollins, New York, 2004, pp. 313-321).??This reference, incidentally, states (p. 39) that Boris Spassky told its authors that there is "no truth" to the widely reported claim that his mother was Jewish.
[3].?Jewish father, non-Jewish mother.
以下是世界亞軍級
Johannes Zuckertort (1886)
Isidor Gunsberg (1891)
Wilhelm Steinitz (1894)
Wilhelm Steinitz (1897)
Siegbert Tarrasch (1908)
David Janowski (1910)
Emanuel Lasker (1921)
Vasily Smyslov 1 (1948)
David Bronstein (1951)
Vasily Smyslov (1954)
Mikhail Botvinnik (1957)
Vasily Smyslov (1958)
Mikhail Botvinnik (1960)
Mikhail Tal (1961)
Mikhail Botvinnik (1963)
Robert (Bobby) Fischer? (1975)
Viktor Korchnoi (1978)
Viktor Korchnoi (1981)
Garry Kasparov? (1984)
Boris Gelfand (2007)
Boris Gelfand (2012)
Ian Nepomniachtchi (2021， 2023……)
