Ⅶ.內(nèi)戰(zhàn) The Civil Wars ?

1642 年 8 月 22 日，在諾丁漢附近的原野上，查爾斯國王在凝重的天空下豎起王室戰(zhàn)旗，號召所有支持者加入，第一次內(nèi)戰(zhàn)(1642-1646)爆發(fā)。那時只有一千多人聽命于他，他得到英格蘭和威爾士北部及西部的支持。另一方面，議會獲得英格蘭西南部和倫敦市的強(qiáng)有力支持。許多貴族紳士聚集在國王周圍，而議會軍由自由民、中產(chǎn)階級市民和手工藝人組成。牛津和劍橋大學(xué)及教會團(tuán)體站在國王一邊，而長老會派教 徒站在議會一邊。支持國王者被稱為"騎士派"，支持議會者因為留短頭發(fā)被稱為"圓顱派"。

On August 22, 1642 in a field near Nottingham King Charles raised his standard beneath a glowering sky, and bade all his supporters to join him. Thus the First Civil War (1642-46) began. At that time there were scarcely more than a thousand men at his Command. Charles gained the support of the north and west of the country and Wales. Parliament, on the other hand, derived its strongest support from south-east England and London. Many nobles and gentry gathered round the King, while the Parliamentary army was made up of yeoman farmers, middle-class townspeople, and artisans. The Universities of Oxford and Cambridge, the Church party, were on the side of the King, the Presbyterians on the side of the Parliament. The King’s men were called Cavaliers, and the supporters of Parliament were called Roundheads because of their short haircuts.

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在第一次主要戰(zhàn)斗中，查爾斯軍隊在埃塞克斯伯爵羅伯特·德福盧克斯的指揮下，在沃里克郡附近的埃及希爾(1642 年)阻止了議會軍的進(jìn)攻。這使查爾斯能在牛津建立指揮部。后來?；逝傻倪\(yùn)氣越來越差，局勢開始有利于議會派。國王的年輕侄子魯伯特親王在馬斯頓沼澤一役中(1644 年)敗給奧利弗·克倫威爾的" 鐵騎軍"，國王因此丟失北方陣地?？藗愅栔饕蚱湓隈R斯頓沼澤戰(zhàn)役中的勝利，當(dāng)上新模范軍總司令。

In the first major battle, Charles’ army held back Parliamentarian troops under Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex, at Edgehill near Warwick ( 1642) . This enabled Charles to establish headquarters at Oxford. Thereafter the fortunes of the Royalists began to decline and the tide turned in favour of

the Parliamentarians. Prince Rupert, the King’s young nephew, lost to Oliver Cromwell’s “ Ironsides” cavalry regiment at Marston Moor (1644). So the King lost the north. Largely responsible for victory at Marston Moor, Oliver Cromwell became lieutenant general of the New Model Army.

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1645 年 6 月 14 日，費(fèi)爾法克斯和克倫威爾在納斯比打敗皇室軍隊，到 1646 年秋季，議會已占領(lǐng)英格蘭大部分領(lǐng)土。查爾斯喬裝離開牛津，并于 1646 年 5 月 5 日向蘇格蘭軍隊投降。1647 年元月，蘇格蘭在紐卡斯?fàn)柊巡闋査菇唤o了議會專員委員會，得到 40 萬英鎊。?1647 年 2 月，議會把國王轉(zhuǎn)移到北安普敦郡的霍姆比宮。6 月，騎兵旗手威廉· 喬伊斯帶領(lǐng)一隊騎兵帶走國王并把他帶到紐馬克特。

"暴君、叛徒、殺人犯和人民敵人 "的處死令后，成了英國最有權(quán)勢的人。

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On?June 14, 1645, Fairfax and Cromwell destroyed the Royalist army at Nasby, and by autumn 1646 Parliament held most of England. Charles left Oxford in disguise and gave himself up to the Scottish army at Neward on May 5, 1646, In January, 1647, Charles was surrendered by the Scots to the Parliamentary Commissioners at Newcastle for a payment of ￡400,000. In February, 1647, parliament moved the King to Holmby House, Northants. In June, ‘william Joyce, a Cornet of

Horse, with a troop of horse, took possession of the King and brought him to Newmarked.

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1647 年 11 月國王逃離軍隊，逃到懷特島上的卡里斯布克城堡，與蘇格蘭人達(dá)成一筆交易。蘇格蘭人在查爾斯勸誘下，在漢密爾頓指揮下支持國王并入侵英格蘭，但在普里斯頓被克倫威爾擊敗(1648 年)。這是第二次內(nèi)戰(zhàn)的開始。1648 年 1 1 月 30 日，議會軍抓獲國王并 向倫敦進(jìn)發(fā)。查爾斯在一高級法庭受審，被判犯有對王國和議會發(fā)動戰(zhàn)爭之罪，被判死刑，并于 1649 年 1 月 30 日在白廳的宴會宮窗外的絞刑架上被絞死。奧利弗·克倫威爾簽發(fā)了了"暴君、叛徒、殺人犯和人民敵人 "的處死令后，成了英國最有權(quán)勢的人。

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In November, 1647, the King escaped from the Army to Carisbrook Castle, Isle of Wight, and made a deal with the Scots. Induced by Charles, the Scots rose in his favour under Hamilton, and invaded England, but were defeated by Cromwell at Preston (1548). This was the beginning of the Second Civil War. On November 30, 1648, the Army took possession of the King and advanced on London. Charles was tried by a High Court of Justice, found guilty of having levied war against his kingdom and the Parliament, condemned to death, and executed on a scaffold outside the windows of the Banqueting House at Whitehall on January 30, 1649. Oliver Cromwell, who had signed the death warrant of the royal “Tyrant, Traitor, Murderer and Public Enemy”, became the most powerful man in England.

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英國內(nèi)戰(zhàn)又稱為清教徒革命。因為國王的敵人主要是清教徒，而支持者主要是主教派成員和天主教徒。 這是議會和國王間的沖突，也是城市中產(chǎn)階級的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益與皇室傳統(tǒng)經(jīng)濟(jì)利益之間的沖突。城市中產(chǎn)階級 經(jīng)濟(jì)利益剛好與他們的宗教(清教)思想吻合。相應(yīng)地，皇室傳統(tǒng)的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益則與圣公會教的宗教信仰結(jié)合 在一起。英國內(nèi)戰(zhàn)不僅推翻了英國的封建制度，而且動搖了歐洲封建統(tǒng)治的基礎(chǔ)。英國內(nèi)戰(zhàn)通常被看作是現(xiàn)代世界史的開端。

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The English Civil War is also called the Puritan Revolution, Because the King’s opponents

were mainly Puritan, and his supporters chiefly Episcopalian and Catholic. It has been seen as a conflict between Parliametn and the King, but also as a conflict between the economic interests of the urban middle classes and the traditional economic interests of the Crown. The economic interests of the urban middle classes coincided with their religious ( Puritan) ideology while the Crown’s traditional economic interests correspondingly allied with Anglican religious belief. The English Civil War not only overthrew feudal system in England but also shook the foundation of the feudal rule in Europe. It is generally regarded as the beginning of modern world history.?