學語法 - 造句

什么 + 怎么樣（subject + predicate）

句子的核心：動作（動詞）

① 可以獨立完成的動作

主語+不及物動詞

He sleeps.

② 有1個動作承受者

主語+單及物動詞+賓語

He likes you.

③ 有2個動作承受者

主語+雙及物動詞+間接賓語+直接賓語

He teaches you English.

④ 只有1個動作承受者（但需補充）

主語+復雜及物動詞+賓語+賓補

He considers you smart.

⑤ 非“動作”

(連)系動詞：賦予主語某些附加信息

He is tall.

He looks tall.

It smells nice (主補/表語).

He is in the room.

核心動詞：謂語動詞

① 可以獨立完成動作：不及物動詞

② 有1個賓語：單及物動詞

③ 有2個賓語：雙及物動詞

④ 1個賓語，但需補充信息：復雜及物動詞

⑤ 非“動作”：系動詞

基本句型

① 無需賓語

主語+不及物動詞

The rabbit slept.

② 1個賓語，無補充信息

主語+單及物動詞+賓語

The rabbit ate a carrot.

③ 2個賓語

主語+雙及物動詞+間接賓語+直接賓語

The rabbit gave the wolf a carrot.

④ 1個賓語+補充信息

主語+復雜及物動詞+賓語+賓補

The rabbit considered the carrot tasty.

⑤ 賦予信息

主語+系動詞+主補/表語

The rabbit is smart.

主謂 I drive.

主謂賓 I have a book.

主謂雙賓 I made you a cake.

主謂賓賓補 My mother calls me Juli.

主系表 I am a girl. / I am beautiful.

特殊句型：There be 存在句

表示某物存在于/不存在于某地

• 指單數(shù)/不可數(shù)/不定代詞：There is

There is one exception.

There is ice on the lake.

There is a lot of noise in the street.

There is something wrong.

Is there anybody at home?

• 指復數(shù)：There are

There are a lot of problems.

There are some people in the room.

* 非正式口語：復數(shù)也可以用 There is

There is some grapes in the fridge.

There is two police men out the door.

• There be 句型的其他形式

There exist(s) / remain(s) ...

There seem(s) to be ...

There exists nothing.

There remain several questions.

There seem to be a lot of problems.

There seems to be a problem.

我的緊身褲上有個洞

There is a hole in my tights. (there = a hole；代詞)

Can you pass me the salt there? (there: 那兒；副詞)

-There is nothing to do. I'm really bored.

-I got a brain teaser. Do you want to try?

-Why not?

-What is the longest word in the dictionary?

-Er ... Can I google it?

-No.

-Alright. I don't know.

-Smiles, because there is a mile between each 's'.

句子成分

① 主語

② 謂語動詞

③ 賓語

④ 補語（主補/賓補）

⑤ 定語（修飾主語/賓語）

⑥ 狀語（修飾謂語動詞）

⑦ 同位語（再把主語/賓語說一遍）

定語

The little white rabbit ate a large carrot.

The little white（定） rabbit（主） ate（謂） a large（定） carrot（賓）.

狀語

The rabbit ate quickly.

同位語

He, an English teacher, eats carrots.

句子類型

① 簡單句（simple sentences）

不能再拆的句子

② 并列句/復合句（compound sentences）

句子的簡單疊加

③ 復雜句（complex sentences）

句子套娃（主句+從句）

從句：將簡單句修改之后，用于充當主句的句子成分

作主語 ?? 主語從句

作賓語 ?? 賓語從句

作表語 ?? 表語從句

作同位語 ?? 同位語從句

作定語 ?? 定語從句

作狀語 ?? 狀語從句

主語 + 謂語動詞 + 賓語

The rabbit ate a carrot.

He saw something over there

同一類句子成分可能由不同的詞類來充當

詞性（詞類）

① 名詞：表人/物

It is a rabbit.

② 冠詞：冠在名詞前，說明人/物

It is a rabbit.

③ 代詞：替代人/物

I am a rabbit.

④ 形容詞：形容人/物

I am a smart person.

⑤ 數(shù)詞：表數(shù)量

I ate two carrots.

⑥ 副詞：修飾動詞/形容詞等

I ate two carrots quickly.

⑦ 介詞：表示和其他詞的關系

I ate two carrots with chopsticks.

⑧ 嘆詞：表感嘆

Ah, the carrot is tasty!

⑨ 連詞：連接詞和句

I ate two carrots and a potato, because I was hungry.

⑩ 動詞

句子成分不等于詞類

謂語動詞的“三大本領”

① 動作時間（tense）

現(xiàn)在/過去/將來/過去將來

② 動作狀態(tài)（aspect）

一般/完成/進行/完成進行

③ 語氣（表示動作假設/情感等）（mood）

虛擬/陳述/祈使

①+② = 時間+狀態(tài) = 時態(tài)*16

虛擬語氣：If I were a boy ...

陳述語氣：I ate an apple and ...

祈使語氣：Sit down, please.

謂語動詞發(fā)揮作用往往還要借助于助動詞

吃過了：have eaten

正在吃：is eating

被吃：is eaten

有能力吃：can eat

有可能吃：might eat

有義務吃：must eat

不吃：do not eat

助動詞往往還具有其他身份

非謂語動詞

動詞在句子中充當謂語 ?? 謂語動詞

充當其他句子成分 ?? 非謂語動詞

??非謂語動詞幾乎可以取代所有的從句，從而簡化句子；

??非謂語動詞不再具有表示動作時間、狀態(tài)、語態(tài)、語氣的功能， 喪失了謂語動詞的“三大本領”

非謂語動詞在句子中的不同形式

① 動詞不定式

② 現(xiàn)在分詞

③ 動名詞

④ 過去分詞

動詞是英語語法的核心

動詞的分類

五類謂語動詞

① 可以獨立完成動作：不及物動詞

② 有1個賓語：單及物動詞

③ 有2個賓語：雙及物動詞

④ 1個賓語，但需補充信息：復雜及物動詞

⑤ 非“動作”：系動詞

及物

需要帶物品/人物；

動作有對象（賓語）

實義動詞（行為動詞）

按動作承受者劃分：

• 及物動詞
• 完全及物動詞（不需要賓補）
• 不完全及物動詞（需要賓補）
• 認定動詞（consider）
• 使役動詞（make）
• 任命動詞（elect）
• ......
• 不及物動詞

按狀態(tài)動作劃分：

• 動作動詞（eat）
• 狀態(tài)動詞（have/feel/own/believe）

系動詞：連系主語和主補（表語），實際意義不強

（不及物/狀態(tài)動詞）

助動詞：可輔助構成謂語動詞

情態(tài)動詞：往往被視為助動詞的一種

非謂語動詞/非限定性動詞

一個簡單句只能有一個謂語動詞，表達 “時體氣”（Tense/Aspect/Mood）等概念，而句子中的其他動詞則必須以非謂語動詞的形式出現(xiàn)，無法表達“時體氣”。

動詞時態(tài)

時態(tài)：時間+狀態(tài)

時間

過去 過去將來 現(xiàn)在 將來

?? 過去將來一般出現(xiàn)在從句中

狀態(tài)

一般狀態(tài)：無具體說明的一般情況

進行狀態(tài)：正在進行 “正在吃”

完成狀態(tài)：已經(jīng)完成 “吃掉了”

完成進行狀態(tài)：先前開始且仍在繼續(xù)

時間&狀態(tài)的可能組合

現(xiàn)在/過去/將來/過去將來 進行時

現(xiàn)在/過去/將來/過去將來 完成時

現(xiàn)在/過去/將來/過去將來 完成進行時

現(xiàn)在/過去/將來/過去將來 一般時

英語時態(tài)的難點

① 時與態(tài)的雜糅

② 動詞的時態(tài)變位/人稱變位

③ 助動詞/助動詞的變位

④ 與其他語法概念混合（情態(tài)動詞/否定/被動）

一般現(xiàn)在時

（默認的并未特別指出的動作狀態(tài)）

形式

+ 動詞原形

+ 動詞原形 + s（主語為第三人稱單數(shù)）

用法

① 表達事實/真理

② 表達習慣/重復的動作

③ 表示預計會發(fā)生的事

現(xiàn)在進行時

助動詞be的變位 + 動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞（-ing）

be

1. 連系動詞
2. 助動詞，構成時態(tài)

現(xiàn)在完成時

助動詞have的變位 + 動詞的過去分詞（-ed）

have

1. 實義動詞
2. 助動詞，構成時態(tài)

過去分詞不規(guī)則變化：www.YingYuTu.com/bgz

現(xiàn)在完成進行時

have的變位 + been + 動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞

一般過去時

形式

動詞過去式

通常：+ed

不規(guī)則變化：www.YingYuTu.com/bgz

過去進行時

助動詞be的變位（was/were） + 動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞（-ing）

現(xiàn)在完成時：動作完成了嗎？

一般過去時：動作有沒有發(fā)生？

過去進行時：

形容詞的作用

① 放在名詞前，作定語，修飾名詞

The new teacher doesn't like me.

② 在句子里當表語

She is beautiful.

③ 在句子中作賓補

Let's paint it blue.

You make me nervous.

形容詞的位置

① 多個形容詞放在名詞前，修飾名詞

一般情況：

表達觀點、態(tài)度的 adj. ? 描述事實的 adj. ? 類別

a silly fat cat

a wonderful old house

a green wine bottle

a new car factory

描述事實的 adj.

詞序并不是完全固定的，通常按照大小、年齡、形狀、顏色、來源、材料排列

a small round black leather handbag

② 兩個或以上形容詞放在名詞前面，修飾名詞

形容詞之間通常用逗號；

an expensive, ill-planned, wasteful project

形容詞之間通常用逗號，短 adj. 之間有時省略逗號；

a tall, dark, handsome cowboy

a tall dark handsome cowboy

形容詞之間不太用 and 的例外；

a blue and green coat 某物的不同部分

hot and cold drinks 某物的不同種類

a social and political problem

③ 形容詞放在句子中當表語

兩個或以上的形容詞之間，通常在最后一個 adj. 前有 and

He is tall, dark and handsome.

This coat looks warm, classic and expensive.

④ 形容詞放在句子中當賓補

順序位于賓語后面

I'll get the car ready.

Let's paint the kitchen yellow.

副詞的類型

① 表示時間

② 表示某事發(fā)生或完成的方式

③ 表示地點

④ 表示程度

⑤ 連接短語/句子

副詞的位置

連接副詞放在句首

However, not everybody agreed.

Next, I want to say something about the future.

Suddenly, the door opened.

時間副詞放在句首、句尾

Soon everything will be different.

I couldn't go shopping yesterday so I'll have to go today.

Did you see the game on TV last night?

Put the butter in the fridge at once.

地點副詞放在句尾

What are you doing here?

She is sitting at the end of the garden.

A group of reporters were waiting nearby.

Here comes your bus.

方式副詞放在句尾

She speaks English well.

She ate quickly.

He shook his head slowly.

I slowly began to feel better again.（弱化副詞）

程度副詞放在句中

*助動詞/情態(tài)動詞之后；實義動詞之前

句中是哪里？

① 副詞在謂語前面

I often go to school at 8:00 am.

② 副詞在謂語中間（助動詞/情態(tài)動詞后）

She has never written to me.

You can almost see the sea.

He was definitely trying to get into the house.

③ 副詞在系動詞后面

She is always kind to me.

I look really stupid in front of my friends.

多個副詞順序

方式＞地點＞時間

Tom played well in the match on Saturday.

However, she starts off slowly at the beginning.

副詞和否定在一起時

強調(diào)否定，副詞放在否定前面：

I certainly do not agree.

I really don't like her.

不強調(diào)，放在否定后面：

I do not often have headaches.

I don't really like her.

介詞

連接單詞，顯示關系：時間、空間、邏輯等

I'll meet you in the cafe opposite the cinema.

Give that to me.

The bus stops right in front of our house.

The shop is open every day except for Sunday.

① 介詞結構（短語）

They first met at a party.

It's a machine for making ice cream.

We were really surprised at what they wrote.

They left the party just before us.

名詞/動詞/形容詞/副詞 + 介詞 + 名詞/動詞 ing/句子

Allen is very good at languages.

I'm not good at cooking.

看固定搭配

根據(jù)介詞本身的意思

地點：above, beside, on, behind, in, in front of, below, over, under;

out, between, around, along, across, down, up;

to, away from, past, into, onto, off, at, beneath, beyond, by, inside, near, opposite, through, toward,

underneath, against, among

時間：after, around, at, before, between, during, from, on, until, in, since, for, within

方向：at, for, on, to, in, into, onto, between

方式：by, on, in, like, with

at 時間點；年齡；一段時間

He starts work at 10 am, and finishes at 6:30 pm.

Many children leave school at 16.

They leave the front-door light on at night.

on 日期；（包括復數(shù)）

We meet on Tuesday.

We moved into this house on 25 October 1987.

The office is closed on Fridays.

The children stayed at their grandmother's on Friday night.

in 一天中的某段時間；月；年；季節(jié)；長段時間

I'll come and see you in the morning for a cup of coffee, okay?

We usually go camping in July.

The house was built in 1835.

The church was built in the 13th century.

The garden is wonderful in the spring when all the flowers come out.

The baby kept crying in the night / evening.

I got a card from my sister this morning.

I hope to go to Europe next summer.

We never go away at the New Year.

On New Year's Day, the whole family gets together.

I always work best in the morning.

It happened on a beautiful summer's evening.

It's not safe to travel at night.

I was awake in the night, thinking about all the things that have happened.

You'll see the school on your left.

I don't like it when the cat jumps onto my lap.

You don't have to shout at me.

The older girls used to throw stones at me.

I'll send it by email.

Tom should be on the six o'clock train.

Her parents always talk to her in German.

Don't look at me like that.

I don't like tea with milk.

*一個特別的介詞 to

用作介詞

Does he want to come to the park with us?

I look forward to hearing from you.

用作不定式

I need to leave early today.

We tried to explain.

This delicious dessert is easy to make.

*介詞結構做表語

The apple is on the table.

I am from China.

The sun rises.

The sun rises in the morning.

The sun rises in the east in the morning.

The lady in a red coat is walking down the street and coming toward me at this moment.

副詞、介詞結構常常在句中作狀語

of - 介詞中的難點

介詞 + 名詞/動名詞/句子

① 表示所有格

A of B → B的A 名詞類

The color of his tie matches his suit.

Can't you throw out that old bike of Tom's?

? a song by Jay Chou (周杰倫的一首歌)

The policeman is a friend of mine.

She's a friend of my father('s).

I met another boyfriend of Lucy's yesterday.

My work is no business of yours.

The door of the building is open.

's 用于人、動物、組織、國家

② 表示數(shù)量

a cup of coffee

a bunch of bananas 一串

several bags of sugar

millions of dollars

two kilos of salt

Some of my best friends are computer scientists.

Most of the new workers in the country are from Turkey.

All of us are hoping for good news.

③ 固定搭配

He's always been frightened of spiders.

Have you ever heard of the poet T.S. Eliot?

He died of a heart attack.

④ 難點（根據(jù)語境判斷）

The 2003 invasion of Iraq (by America) lasted from 20th March to 1st May 2003.

The financial investment of the company is buying real estate. 該公司的金融投資是買房產(chǎn)。

The financial investment of the company cost most of my money. 對這家公司的金融投資花掉了我大部分錢。(Investing in the company cost most of my moeny.)

1、五大基本句型的否定

don't / doesn't / didn't / hasn't / haven't / hadn't

①主謂賓??

用not 否掉謂語－形成助動詞

②主謂

用not 否掉謂語

③主謂雙賓

用not 否掉謂語

④主謂賓賓補

用not 否掉謂語

⑤主系表

???am的否定— am not

???is的否定—’s not 和 isn’t

???are的否定—are not 和 aren’t

???there be的否定

2、not at all — 一種強調(diào): 完全不

3、not 和no的使用

no＋名詞；not用于其它

4、否定副詞—＊否定詞在句首，引發(fā)倒裝。