【經(jīng)濟發(fā)展】羅斯福第4次爐邊談話 1933年10月22日
1933年10月22日，美國總統(tǒng)羅斯福向美國人民匯報新政進(jìn)展情況，回顧了1933年新政取得的成果，并鼓勵美國人民堅定信念。
It is three months since I have talked with the people of this country about our national problems; but during this period many things have happened, and I am glad to say that the major part of them have greatly helped the well-being of the average citizens.
距離上次我同美國人民談?wù)搰?，只過去3個月了；但是這短短3個月中，卻發(fā)生了許多事情，而我可以欣然告訴大家，大部分事情都促進(jìn)了普通美國公民的福祉利益。
Because, in every step which your Government is taking we are thinking in terms of the average of you -- in the old words, "the greatest good to the greatest number" -- we, as reasonable people, cannot expect to bring definite benefits to every person or to every occupation or business, or industry or agriculture. In the same way, no reasonable person can expect that in this short space of time, during which new machinery had to be not only put to work, but first set up, that every locality in every one of the 48 states of the country could share equally and simultaneously in the trend to better times.
因為，我們政府走的每一步，都考慮到了你們的平均情況——用一句話老話說，就是“讓最廣人民群眾的利益最大化”——我們是有理智的人，自然不可能指望我們能給每一個人、每一個崗位，亦或每一個商業(yè)企業(yè)、工業(yè)企業(yè)、農(nóng)業(yè)企業(yè)都帶來實在的收益。但是，我們單純憑借理智，也的確未能預(yù)料到現(xiàn)在的大好形勢，在這么短的時間里，我們的新機制一經(jīng)建立，就迅速投入運作，全美48個州的各地都共同乘此發(fā)展趨勢，奔向美好時代。
The whole picture, however -- the average of the whole territory from coast to coast -- the average of the whole population of 120,000,000 people -- shows to any person willing to look, facts and action of which you and I can be proud.
再從宏觀來看——縱觀我國從東海岸到西海岸的廣袤領(lǐng)土上的平均情況——縱觀我們?nèi)珖?.2億人口的平均情況——你我見此景象，都不由得為我們的作為深感自豪。
In the early spring of this year there were actually and proportionately more people out of work in this country than in any other nation in the world. Fair estimates showed 12 or 13 millions unemployed last March. Among those there were, of course, several millions who could be classed as normally unemployed -- people who worked occasionally when they felt like it, and others who preferred not to work at all. It seems, therefore, fair to say that there were about 10 millions of our citizens who earnestly, and in many cases hungrily, were seeking work and could not get it. Of these, in the short space of a few months, I am convinced that at least 4 millions have been given employment -- or, saying it another way, 40 percent of those seeking work have found it.
今年初春，我國失業(yè)人數(shù)位居世界各國榜首。據(jù)統(tǒng)計，今年3月，我國大約有1200萬—1300萬人失業(yè)。當(dāng)然了，這一數(shù)據(jù)包括了幾百萬不愿意工作、或僅看心情選擇工作時間的人，這些人一般也被歸類為失業(yè)者。因此，可以說，有近1000萬美國公民希望工作，甚至渴望工作，但卻沒有工作崗位。而在短短幾個月后，我相信，他們中已有400萬人找到了工作——也就是說，40%的求職者都得到了工作。
That does not mean, my friends, that I am satisfied, or that you are satisfied that our work is ended. We have a long way to go but we are on the way.
我的朋友們，我告知你們，不是說我已經(jīng)滿足，也不是說你們對我們完成工作感到滿意。雖然我們依舊有很長的路要走，但我們在不斷前進(jìn)。
How are we constructing the edifice of recovery -- the temple which, when completed, will no longer be a temple of money-changers or of beggars, but rather a temple dedicated to and maintained for a greater social justice, a greater welfare for America -- the habitation of a sound economic life? We are building, stone by stone, the columns which will support that habitation. Those columns are many in number and though, for a moment the progress of one column may disturb the progress on the pillar next to it, the work on all of them must proceed without let or hindrance.
我們?nèi)绾谓ㄔO(shè)復(fù)興之殿呢？這座殿堂建成之后，就不再是兌換商或乞丐的居住所，而是一座致力于維護社會平等、人民利益、美好生活的殿堂。我們正在一石一瓦地修筑這座大廈的支柱。我們要修建的支柱數(shù)量眾多，而且修建其中一個支柱還有可能會擾亂其他支柱的修建進(jìn)度，但是我們必須修建好全部的支柱。
We all know that immediate relief for the unemployed was the first essential of such a structure and that is why I speak first of the fact that three hundred thousand young men have been given employment and are being given employment all through this winter in the Civilian Conservation Corps Camps in almost every part of the Nation.
我們都知道，對失業(yè)者進(jìn)行即時救濟是修筑這座殿堂的首要材料，也正因此，我首先要告知大家的事是，已有30萬年輕人在全國各地的民間資源保護隊營地得到了工作，他們可以安然度過今年冬季。
So, too, we have, as you know, expended greater sums in cooperation with states and localities for work relief and home relief than ever before -- sums which during the coming winter cannot be lessened for the very simple reason that though several million people have gone back to work, the necessities of those who have not yet obtained work is more severe than at this time last year.
正如大家所知，我們?yōu)榇送髦莞魇姓归_合作，投入失業(yè)救濟和住房救濟的資金再創(chuàng)新高——這些資金沒有一分錢是多余的，原因很簡單，雖然已經(jīng)有上百萬人得到了工作，但是依然有不少失業(yè)者，比起去年此時，他們需要更多必需品來度過這個寒冬。
Then we come to the relief that is being given to those who are in danger of losing their farms or their homes. New machinery had to be set up for farm credit and for home credit in every one of the thirty-one hundred counties of the United States, and every day that passes is saving homes and farms to hundreds of families. I have publicly asked that foreclosures on farms and chattels and on homes be delayed until every mortgagor in the country shall have had full opportunity to take advantage of Federal credit. I make the further request which many of you know has already been made through the great Federal credit organizations that if there is any family in the United States about to lose its home or about to lose its chattels, that family should telegraph at once either to the Farm Credit Administration or the Home Owners Loan Corporation in Washington requesting their help.
然后是那部分有可能失去農(nóng)場或住房的人，我們再談?wù)剬λ麄兊木葷ぷ鳌Ｎ覀冊缫言谌?100個郡建立了新的農(nóng)業(yè)貸和房貸制度，這一制度在過去每一天都在幫助成百上千個家庭保有自己的農(nóng)場和住房。我曾公開要求，推遲廢除農(nóng)場、動產(chǎn)和住房的贖回權(quán)，等到全國所有抵押人都可以使用聯(lián)邦貸款時再做定奪。我重申各大聯(lián)邦貸款組織對大家的呼吁，如果美國有任何家庭即將失去住房和動產(chǎn)，那么請立刻致電位于華盛頓的農(nóng)業(yè)信貸管理局或房主貸款公司，并請求他們的幫助。
Two other great agencies are in full swing. The Reconstruction Finance Corporation continues to lend large sums to industry and finance with the definite objective of making easy the extending of credit to industry, commerce and finance.
另外，還有兩大組織也在全力開展工作。金融重建公司持續(xù)向工業(yè)和金融業(yè)提供大筆貸款，明確致力于解決工業(yè)、商業(yè)和金融業(yè)難以發(fā)放貸款的現(xiàn)狀。
The program of public works in three months has advanced to this point: Out of a total appropriated for public works of three billion three hundred million, one billion eight hundred million has already been allocated to Federal projects of all kinds and literally in every part of the United States and work on these is starting forward. In addition, three hundred millions have been allocated to public works to be carried out by states, municipalities and private organizations, such as those undertaking slum clearance. The balance of the public works money, nearly all of it intended for state or local projects, waits only on the presentation of proper projects by the states and localities themselves. Washington has the money and is waiting for the proper projects to which to allot it.
三個月的公共工程發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀為：我們總計給公共工程撥款約33億美元，其中有18億美元被分配到了全國各地的聯(lián)邦工程，目前這些工程正在穩(wěn)步進(jìn)行。此此之外，這些資金還有3億美元用于各州政府、各市政府以及私人組織開展的公共工程，比如貧民窟拆除工作。余下的撥款，基本會全部用于各州和各地方項目，只待各地提出相關(guān)建設(shè)性項目。目前這筆資金位于華盛頓，等著有合適的項目出現(xiàn)。
Another pillar in the making is the Agricultural Adjustment Administration. I have been amazed by the extraordinary degree of cooperation given to the Government by the cotton farmers in the South, the wheat farmers of the West, the tobacco farmers of the Southeast, and I am confident that the corn-hog farmers of the Middle West will come through in the same magnificent fashion. The problem we seek to solve had been steadily getting worse for twenty years, but during the last six months we have made more rapid progress than any nation has ever made in a like period of time. It is true that in July farm commodity prices had been pushed up higher than they are today, but that push came in part from pure speculation by people who could not tell you the difference between wheat and rye, by people who had never seen cotton growing, by people who did not know that hogs were fed on corn -- people who have no real interest in the farmer and his problems.
這一殿堂的另一支柱，是正在組建的農(nóng)業(yè)調(diào)整署。南部的棉農(nóng)、西部的小麥農(nóng)和東南部的煙草農(nóng)同政府的合作效果拔群，使我都感到十分驚訝，我相信美國中西部的以玉米飼養(yǎng)生豬的農(nóng)民，也可通過此方式脫離困境。過去20年中，經(jīng)濟問題不斷惡化，我們一直尋求解決經(jīng)濟問題的辦法，但僅在過去的6個月中，我們?nèi)〉玫囊鄢删瓦h(yuǎn)超任何處于經(jīng)濟危機的國家。雖然農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的物價在7月份比現(xiàn)在還要高，但是那次物價上升在很大程度上，是因為有些人分不清小麥和黑麥的區(qū)別，他們從沒見過棉花生長，也不知道農(nóng)民是用玉米喂豬，而單純進(jìn)行投機行為所造成的——這些投機者并非真正關(guān)心農(nóng)民的利益和困境。
In spite, however, of the speculative reaction from the speculative advance, it seems to be well established that during the course of the year 1933 the farmers of the United States will receive 33 percent more dollars for what they have produced than they received in the year 1932. Put in another way, they will receive $400 in 1933, where they received $300 the year before. That, remember, is for the average of the country, for I have reports that some sections are not any better off than they were a year ago. This applies among the major products, especially to cattle raising and the dairy industry. We are going after those problems as fast as we can.
雖然他們的投機行為對調(diào)查有所影響，但我們可以基本證實，美國農(nóng)民在1933年的收入相較1932年提高了33%。換為具體數(shù)據(jù)，美國農(nóng)民在去年的收入是300美元，而1933年則增加了400美元。但要記住，這一數(shù)據(jù)是全國平均水平，因為我也接到了相關(guān)報告，稱有些地區(qū)的情況相較去年并無好轉(zhuǎn)。這種情況出現(xiàn)在主要農(nóng)產(chǎn)業(yè)，尤其是畜牛和乳制品行業(yè)。我們正爭取最快速度解決這些問題。
I do not hesitate to say, in the simplest, clearest language of which I am capable, that although the prices of many products of the farm have gone up and although many farm families are better off than they were last year, I am not satisfied either with the amount or the extent of the rise, and that it is definitely a part of our policy to increase the rise and to extend it to those products which have as yet felt no benefit. If we cannot do this one way we will do it another. Do it, we will.
我完全可以用簡單、最明確的話語告訴大家，雖然比起去年，農(nóng)產(chǎn)品價格有所回漲，雖然許多農(nóng)民家庭情況有所改善，但是我并不滿意，無論是農(nóng)業(yè)復(fù)蘇速度還是復(fù)蘇規(guī)模，我都不滿意，所以我們新政的明確目標(biāo)，就是加快農(nóng)業(yè)復(fù)蘇速度，并讓政策惠及更多農(nóng)產(chǎn)品。如果一種方式失敗了，我們大不了再換一種。無論如何，我們都要實現(xiàn)農(nóng)業(yè)復(fù)蘇。
Standing beside the pillar of the farm -- the A.A.A. -- is the pillar of industry --the N.R.A. Its object is to put industry and business workers into employment and to increase their purchasing power through increased wages.
農(nóng)業(yè)復(fù)興的堅強后盾是農(nóng)業(yè)調(diào)整署——工業(yè)復(fù)興的堅實后盾則是《全國復(fù)興法》。復(fù)興法致力于讓工業(yè)和商業(yè)的工人重返崗位，提高他們的工資，提升他們的購買力。
It has abolished child labor. It has eliminated the sweat shop. It has ended sixty cents a week paid in some mills and eighty cents a week paid in some mines. The measure of the growth of this pillar lies in the total figures of reemployment which I have already given you and in the fact that reemployment is continuing and not stopping.?The secret of N.R.A. is cooperation. That cooperation has been voluntarily given through the signing of the blanket codes and through the signing of specific codes which already include all of the greater industries of the Nation.
該法案同時廢除了童工制。還終結(jié)了血汗工廠。在工廠勞作一周只賺得60美分、在礦井摸爬一周只賺得80美分的日子一去不復(fù)返了。判斷這一后盾是否堅實的依據(jù)，便是我剛剛告訴大家的持續(xù)不斷的再就業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)?！度珖鴱?fù)興法》成功的秘訣，是大家的配合。這種配合，就是大家自愿簽署全國各大行業(yè)的具體管理法規(guī)。
In the vast majority of cases, in the vast majority of localities -- the N.R.A. has been given support in unstinted measure. We know that there are chiselers. At the bottom of every case of criticism and obstruction we have found some selfish interest, some private axe to grind.
在絕大多數(shù)情況和地區(qū)——《全國復(fù)興法》都得到了大力支持。但我們也知道，有少部分人會使用不法手段。每次復(fù)興法受到批評和阻撓，我們都能在其背后發(fā)現(xiàn)少量自私自利、唯利是圖之輩。
Ninety percent of complaints come from misconception. For example, it has been said that N.R.A. has failed to raise the price of wheat and corn and hogs; that N.R.A. has not loaned enough money for local public works. Of course, N.R.A. has nothing whatsoever to do with the price of farm products, nor with public works. It has to do only with industrial organization for economic planning to wipe out unfair practices and to create reemployment. Even in the field of business and industry, N. R. A. does not apply to the rural communities or to towns of under twenty-five hundred population, except in so far as those towns contain factories or chain stores which come under a specific code.
90%對復(fù)興法的批判聲都源自誤解。比如說，有些人批評復(fù)興法不能提升小麥、玉米和生豬的價格；復(fù)興法不能為當(dāng)?shù)毓补こ虛艹龀渥愕慕杩睢?fù)興法當(dāng)然辦不到上述要求，因為它和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品價格和公共工程根本不是一回事。它只涉及工業(yè)機構(gòu)，負(fù)責(zé)規(guī)劃經(jīng)濟，打擊不當(dāng)競爭，幫助人們再就業(yè)。哪怕只論商業(yè)和工業(yè)領(lǐng)域，復(fù)興法也無力顧及人農(nóng)村和人口不足2500人的小鎮(zhèn)，除非這些小鎮(zhèn)內(nèi)有符合復(fù)興法要求的工廠或連鎖店。
It is also true that among the chiselers, to whom I have referred, there are not only the big chiselers but also petty chiselers who seek to make undue profit on untrue statements. Let me cite to you the example of the salesman in a store in a large Eastern city who tried to justify the increase in the price of a cotton shirt from one dollar and a half to two dollars and a half by saying to the customer that it was due to the cotton processing tax. Actually in that shirt there was about one pound of cotton and the processing tax amounted to four and a quarter cents on that pound of cotton.
我剛才提到的不法之徒中，不僅有違法犯罪的重犯，也有些人只搞小動作，他們通過欺騙撒謊，謀取一些不正當(dāng)?shù)南夘^小利。我給大家舉個例子，在美國東部的某個大城市里有一個推銷員，他把價格僅值1美元的棉襯衫漲價到2.5美元，并欺騙顧客說漲價是因為棉花加工的額外費用。但事實上，棉襯衫里的1磅棉花，其加工費用只有1.25美元。
At this point it is only fair that I should give credit to the sixty or seventy million people who live in the cities and larger towns of the Nation for their understanding and their willingness to go along with the payment of even these small processing taxes, though they know full well that the proportion of the processing taxes on cotton goods and on food products paid for by city dwellers goes one hundred per cent towards increasing the agricultural income of the farm dwellers of the land.
說到這個，我不得不贊揚美國六七千萬的城鎮(zhèn)居民，他們理解并愿意支付這些額外的加工費用，雖然他們知道這些棉花和食品加工費用會全部用于增加本國農(nóng)民的收入，但我還是得贊揚他們的善良理解。
The last pillar of which I speak is that of the money of the country in the banks of the country. There are two simple facts.
然后，我再談一談美國復(fù)興的最后一大支柱，那就是美國的各大銀行中存放的財產(chǎn)。先說兩個基本事實。
First, the Federal Government is about to spend one billion dollars as an immediate loan on the frozen or non-liquid assets of all banks closed since January 1, 1933, giving a liberal appraisal to those assets. This money will be in the hands of the depositors as quickly as it is humanly possible to get it out.
第一，聯(lián)邦政府將即刻撥款10億美元，代替1933年1月1日以來關(guān)閉的銀行中存有的凍結(jié)或非流動資產(chǎn)，并對這些資產(chǎn)進(jìn)行大致評估。我們會盡快將這筆錢交到銀行客戶手中。
Secondly, the Government Bank Deposit Insurance on all accounts up to $2500 goes into effect on January first. We are now engaged in seeing to it that on or before that date the banking capital structure will be built up by the Government to the point that the banks will be in sound condition when the insurance goes into effect.
第二，聯(lián)邦銀行存款險將于1月1日對所有客戶生效。政府目前在保證銀行資本制度能在1月1日建成，或提前建成，這樣該保險生效時，聯(lián)邦銀行才會處于健全狀態(tài)。
Finally, I repeat what I have said on many occasions, that ever since last March the definite policy of the Government has been to restore commodity price levels. The object has been the attainment of such a level as will enable agriculture and industry once more to give work to the unemployed. It has been to make possible the payment of public and private debts more nearly at the price level at which they were incurred.?It has been gradually to restore a balance in the price structure so that farmers may exchange their products for the products of industry on a fairer exchange basis. It has been and is also the purpose to prevent prices from rising beyond the point necessary to attain these ends. The permanent welfare and security of every class of our people ultimately depends on our attainment of these purposes.
最后，我再次強調(diào)我此前反復(fù)強調(diào)的話，自今年3月以來，政府都明確致力于拉升物價水平。直至物價水平能夠使得工業(yè)農(nóng)業(yè)復(fù)蘇，為失業(yè)者提供工作崗位。政府已經(jīng)幾乎將公私債務(wù)的償付金額拉回大蕭條前的水平。政府在一步步重建物價體系，讓農(nóng)民能以更合理的價格用農(nóng)產(chǎn)品交換工業(yè)品。我們過去和現(xiàn)在的任務(wù)，都是要防止物價上升矯枉過正。我們的任務(wù)，事關(guān)全國所有階層人民的長久幸福安全。
Obviously, and because hundreds of different kinds of crops and industrial occupations in the huge territory that makes up this Nation are involved, we cannot reach the goal in only a few months. We may take one year or two years or three years.
但我國領(lǐng)土廣袤，農(nóng)作物和工廠類別多種多樣，所以我們不可能僅用幾個月時間就完成這一任務(wù)。這可能要耗費一年，兩年甚至三年。
No one who considers the plain facts of our situation believes that commodity prices, especially agricultural prices, are high enough yet.
仔細(xì)觀察現(xiàn)狀，我國的物價，尤其是農(nóng)產(chǎn)品物價依然不夠高。
Some people are putting the cart before the horse. They want a permanent revaluation of the dollar first. It is the Government's policy to restore the price level first. I would not know, and no one else could tell, just what the permanent valuation of the dollar will be. To guess at a permanent gold valuation now would certainly require later changes caused by later facts.
有些人卻本末倒置。他們希望政府能首先讓美元長期升值。但政府的任務(wù)是要首先拉升物價水平。我不知道，也沒人說得出，美元的長期價值會是多少。美金的長期價值，肯定會受未來事件的影響隨機而變。
When we have restored the price level, we shall seek to establish and maintain a dollar which will not change its purchasing and debt paying power during the succeeding generation. I said that in my message to the American delegation in London last July. And I say it now once more.
等我們穩(wěn)定好物價水平后，我們才會開始重建并穩(wěn)定美元的購買力以及償還力，以保證其價值波動不會影響到下一代人。7月份，我在公開向前往倫敦的美國代表講話時說過一點。我現(xiàn)在再強調(diào)一遍。
Because of conditions in this country and because of events beyond our control in other parts of the world, it becomes increasingly important to develop and apply the further measures which may be necessary from time to time to control the gold value of our own dollar at home.
考慮到我國現(xiàn)狀，加之世界其他國家的事態(tài)發(fā)展超乎我們管控，所以我們必須制定并采取進(jìn)一步措施，保證國內(nèi)黃金與美元的兌換率，以備不時之需，這一行動的緊迫性與日俱增。
Our dollar is now altogether too greatly influenced by the accidents of international trade, by the internal policies of other nations and by political disturbance in other continents. Therefore the United States must take firmly in its own hands the control of the gold value of our dollar. This is necessary in order to prevent dollar disturbances from swinging us away from our ultimate goal, namely, the continued recovery of our commodity prices.
當(dāng)前，我們的美元會極大地受到國際貿(mào)易突發(fā)事件、他國的對外政策和其他大陸的政治動蕩影響。因此，美元黃金兌換率的決定權(quán)，必須牢牢掌握在我們自己手里。如果不希望美元出現(xiàn)波動，給我們恢復(fù)物價的任務(wù)造成額外阻力，那么這一行動便不可或缺。
As a further effective means to this end, I am going to establish a Government market for gold in the United States. Therefore, under the clearly defined authority of existing law, I am authorizing the Reconstruction Finance Corporation to buy gold newly mined in the United States at prices to be determined from time to time after consultation with the Secretary of the Treasury and the President. Whenever necessary to the end in view, we shall also buy or sell gold in the world market.
My aim in taking this step is to establish and maintain continuous control. This is a policy and not an expedient. It is not to be used merely to offset a temporary fall in prices. We are thus continuing to move towards a managed currency.
為實現(xiàn)該目的，我會將美國的黃金交易市場控制權(quán)交給聯(lián)邦政府。因此，我行使當(dāng)前法律明確授予我的權(quán)力，授權(quán)金融重建公司，在同美國財政部長和總統(tǒng)商議后，可以定期以固定價格購買新開采的黃金。如果有必要的話，我們也會在國際市場買賣黃金。我這么做，是為了能建立并長期控制美元黃金匯率。這是我們的政策，不是臨時的應(yīng)急之策。這一政策的作用不僅限于阻止物價暫時下跌。我們還可以借其建立能夠控制的貨幣制度。
You will recall the dire predictions made last spring by those who did not agree with our common policies of raising prices by direct means. What actually happened stood out in sharp contrast with those predictions. Government credit is high, prices have risen in part. Doubtless prophets of evil still exist in our midst. But Government credit will be maintained and a sound currency will accompany a rise in the American commodity price level.
大家回想起今年春天，當(dāng)時許多人不同意政府出臺全國政策，用直接手段拉升物價，他們說這么做的后果不堪設(shè)想。而我們?nèi)〉玫膶嶋H成效，卻狠狠回?fù)袅怂麄兊念A(yù)測。政府信貸狀況良好，部分商品物價回升。毫無疑問，我們中依舊不乏這些悲觀的預(yù)言家。但他們改變不了，政府信貸穩(wěn)定，美國物價回升和貨幣體系即將健全的事實。
I have told you tonight the story of our steady but sure work in building our common recovery. In my promises to you both before and after March 4th, I made two things plain: First, that I pledged no miracles and, second, that I would do my best.
今晚，我向大家匯報了我們的復(fù)興工作正穩(wěn)中向好地進(jìn)行著。我在3月4日前后向大家作出的承諾時，始終堅持著兩點：一，承諾要務(wù)實可行，二，我要竭盡全力，無愧于心。
I thank you for your patience and your faith. Our troubles will not be over tomorrow, but we are on our way and we are headed in the right direction.
感謝大家的耐心和信任。雖然我們明天依舊無法擺脫困境，但是我們正在向著正確的方向不斷前進(jìn)。
聲明：本人僅按照原文翻譯內(nèi)容，演講內(nèi)容不代表本人觀點。此專欄僅供歷史和英語交流學(xué)習(xí)使用，任何讀者皆可引用本人的譯本。
希望來學(xué)習(xí)英語的觀眾明白：我覺得這些專欄的主要精華在于英語原文，而并非我的譯本，我的譯本很大程度上只是供來學(xué)習(xí)歷史的觀眾使用的。本人的英語水平一般，翻譯得并不會多么精彩，只能在你看不懂時來幫助你了解這些演講內(nèi)容最基本的意思，而且翻譯時難免會出現(xiàn)差錯，切勿直接完全以我的譯本為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。如發(fā)現(xiàn)有翻譯錯誤或者歧義內(nèi)容，歡迎指正。
希望來學(xué)習(xí)歷史的觀眾明白：任何歷史人物都有一定的局限性，隨著時代發(fā)展，很多觀點看法可能已經(jīng)不再適用今天的世界，西方的觀點也不一定適用于我們。通過了解這些演講，僅可給我們提供一個更全面了解過去和世界的渠道。我們可以從優(yōu)秀的歷史、當(dāng)代人物身上學(xué)到很多，但是請保持獨立思考，理性看待演講內(nèi)容，切勿全信或?qū)⑵浞顬檎胬怼?/strong>
