Aphasia——The disorder that makes you lose your words

失語(yǔ)癥——讓你失去言語(yǔ)的紊亂

來(lái)源視頻

Language is an essential part of our lives that we often take for granted.

With it, we can communicate our thoughts and feelings,

lose ourselves in novels,

send text messages,

and greet friends.

It's hard to imagine being unable to turn thoughts into words.

語(yǔ)言是生活中非?；镜牟糠?，我們經(jīng)常會(huì)覺(jué)得它的存在是理所應(yīng)當(dāng)?shù)?/p>

有了它，我們可以交流我們的思想和感情

沉浸在書(shū)本里

發(fā)送短信

向朋友打招呼

很難想象當(dāng)我們不能把想法變成語(yǔ)言時(shí)會(huì)是怎么樣。

But if the delicate web of language networks in your brain

became disrupted by stroke, illness, or trauma,

you could find yourself truly at a loss for words.

This disorder, called aphasia, can impair all aspects of communication.

但是如果大腦中脆弱的語(yǔ)言網(wǎng)絡(luò)

被中風(fēng)，疾病，或者外傷所損壞了

你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)自己真的啞口無(wú)言

這種叫做失語(yǔ)癥的病癥，可以阻礙所有的交流方式

People who have aphasia remain as intelligent as ever.

They know what they want to say,

but can't always get their words to come out correctly.

They may unintentionally use substitutions called paraphasias,

switching related words, like saying "dog" for "cat,"

or words that sound similar, such as "house" for "horse."

Sometimes, their words may even be unrecognizable.

失語(yǔ)癥患者患病后智商不變

他們知道自己想說(shuō)什么

但是不能每次都準(zhǔn)確無(wú)誤的說(shuō)出

他們可能會(huì)不經(jīng)意的用錯(cuò)詞語(yǔ)

像用“狗”代替“貓” 一樣用相關(guān)聯(lián)的詞替換

或者是聽(tīng)上去相似的詞 例如“house“說(shuō)成"horse”

有些時(shí)候他們說(shuō)的詞語(yǔ)甚至不被認(rèn)知

There are several types of aphasia grouped into two categories:

fluent, or receptive, aphasia

and non-fluent, or expressive, aphasia.

People with fluent aphasia may have normal vocal inflection

but use words that lack meaning.

They have difficulty comprehending the speech of others

and are frequently unable to recognize their own speech errors.

失語(yǔ)癥被分為幾種，歸屬于兩大類

流暢的，或者善于傾聽(tīng)的失語(yǔ)癥

和不流暢的，表達(dá)類的失語(yǔ)癥

患有流暢失語(yǔ)癥的人有正常的語(yǔ)調(diào)變化

但是用的詞沒(méi)有任何意義

他們無(wú)法理解別人在說(shuō)什么

也經(jīng)常時(shí)常無(wú)法找出自己語(yǔ)句里的錯(cuò)誤

People with non-fluent aphasia, on the other hand,

may have good comprehension

but will experience long hesitations between words and make grammatical errors.

We all have that tip-of-the-tongue feeling from time to time

when we can't think of a word,

but having aphasia can make it hard to name simple, everyday objects.

Even reading and writing can be difficult and frustrating.

So how does this language loss hAppen?

另一方面，非流暢型失語(yǔ)癥患者

或許有好的理解能力

但是會(huì)說(shuō)話時(shí)出現(xiàn)長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的停頓以及語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤。

我們都有過(guò)那種話到嘴邊

卻找不到適合的詞的感覺(jué)。

但是患有失語(yǔ)癥意味著連簡(jiǎn)單的日常生活用品都無(wú)法表達(dá)

連閱讀和寫(xiě)作都會(huì)變得困難和沮喪

那么這個(gè)失語(yǔ)癥是怎么發(fā)生的呢？

The human brain has two hemispheres.

In most people, the left hemisphere governs language.

We know this because in 1861,

the physician Paul Broca studied a patient

who lost the ability to use all ?but a single word, "tan."

During a postmortem study of that patient's brain,

Broca discovered a large lesion in the left hemisphere

now known as Broca's area.

人的大腦里有兩個(gè)半球

我們知道大部分人的左腦負(fù)責(zé)語(yǔ)言

這要?dú)w功于1861年

一位叫做保羅布洛卡的內(nèi)科醫(yī)生的研究

他的研究的病患只能說(shuō)一個(gè)詞 tan

通過(guò)對(duì)他的大腦的尸檢

布洛卡發(fā)現(xiàn)了患者左腦有一大塊區(qū)域受到了損傷

現(xiàn)在這一區(qū)域被稱為布洛卡區(qū)

Scientists today believe that Broca's area is responsible in part for naming objects

and coordinating the muscles involved in speech.

Behind Broca's area is Wernicke's area near the auditory cortex.

That's where the brain attaches meaning to speech sounds.

Damage to Wernicke's area impairs the brain's ability to comprehend language.

Aphasia is caused by injury to one or both of these specialized language areas.

現(xiàn)在，科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)布洛卡區(qū)負(fù)責(zé)給物體取名字

并且協(xié)調(diào)說(shuō)話用的肌肉

在布洛卡區(qū)的后面是威爾尼克區(qū) 靠近聽(tīng)覺(jué)皮質(zhì)

這里是大腦把意思和聲音所聯(lián)系起來(lái)的地方

威爾尼克區(qū)受傷會(huì)干涉到大腦理解語(yǔ)言的能力

失語(yǔ)癥就是由于二者之一或全部受損產(chǎn)生的

Fortunately, there are other areas of the brain

which support these language centers

and can assist with communication.

Even brain areas that control movement are connected to language.

FMRI studies found that when we hear action words, like "run" or "dance,"

parts of the brain responsible for movement light up

as if the body was actually running or dancing.

幸運(yùn)的是 大腦里還有別的地方

支持著這兩個(gè)中心區(qū)域

同時(shí)可以幫助交流

甚至有些控制運(yùn)動(dòng)的大腦區(qū)域都和語(yǔ)言有聯(lián)系

功能性磁共振成像發(fā)現(xiàn)了當(dāng)我們聽(tīng)到動(dòng)作詞 例如“跑”或“跳”

大腦中負(fù)責(zé)控制運(yùn)動(dòng)的部分會(huì)亮起來(lái)

好像身體真的在跑步或者跳舞一樣

Our other hemisphere contributes to language, too,

enhancing the rhythm and intonation of our speech.

These non-language areas sometimes assist people with aphasia

when communication is difficult.

我們右腦半球也對(duì)語(yǔ)言有貢獻(xiàn)

它加強(qiáng)我們講話時(shí)的節(jié)奏和聲調(diào)

當(dāng)交流十分困難的時(shí)候

這些非語(yǔ)言區(qū)域有時(shí)也會(huì)幫助失語(yǔ)癥患者

So how common is aphasia?

Approximately 1?million people in the U.S. alone have it,

with an estimated 80,000?new cases per year.

About one-third of stroke survivors suffer from aphasia

making it more prevalent ?than Parkinson's disease

or multiple sclerosis,

yet less widely known.

那失語(yǔ)癥有多常見(jiàn)呢？

在美國(guó)，大約有一百萬(wàn)人患有這種疾病

估計(jì)每年還會(huì)新增八萬(wàn)名病患

中風(fēng)活下來(lái)的人里面大約有三分之一被失語(yǔ)癥所折磨

這讓它比帕金森綜合癥和多發(fā)性硬化癥更加普遍

但是知道的人卻更少

There is one rare form of aphasia called primary progressive aphasia, or PPA,

which is not caused by stroke or brain injury,

but is actually a form of dementia

in which language loss ?is the first symptom.

The goal in treating PPA is to maintain language function for as long as possible

before other symptoms of dementia eventually occur.

有一種罕見(jiàn)的失語(yǔ)癥叫做原發(fā)性進(jìn)行性失語(yǔ)癥 簡(jiǎn)稱PPA

它不是由中風(fēng)或者大腦受損引起的

而實(shí)際上是失智癥的一種表現(xiàn)

語(yǔ)言能力退化是失智癥的第一癥狀

治療PPA的目的是讓患者在其他癥狀最終出現(xiàn)之前

盡量長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的保持語(yǔ)言能力

However, when aphasia is acquired from a stroke or brain trauma,

language improvement may be achieved through speech therapy.

Our brain's ability to repair itself, known as brain plasticity,

permits areas surrounding a brain lesion

to take over some functions during the recovery process.

Scientists have been conducting experiments using new forms of technology,

which they believe may encourage brain plasticity in people with aphasia.

如果失語(yǔ)癥是由大腦受損或中風(fēng)引起的

語(yǔ)言治療或許可以提高語(yǔ)言能力

我們的大腦有自我修復(fù)的能力 被稱之為大腦的可塑性

在大腦受傷區(qū)域自我修復(fù)的過(guò)程中

這使得它周圍的部分行使部分功能

科學(xué)家們?cè)谟眯碌募夹g(shù)開(kāi)展實(shí)驗(yàn)

希望達(dá)到增強(qiáng)失語(yǔ)癥患者大腦可塑性的目標(biāo)

Meanwhile, many people with aphasia remain isolated,

afraid that others won't understand them or give them extra time to speak.

By offering them the time and flexibility to communicate in whatever way they can,

you can help open the door ?to language again,

moving beyond the limitations of aphasia.

現(xiàn)在 許多失語(yǔ)癥患者依然與世隔絕

他們怕別人不理解他們?cè)谡f(shuō)什么 或者不給他們多一點(diǎn)時(shí)間去表達(dá)

通過(guò)付出一些時(shí)間，用他們可以做到的方式靈活的交流

你可以幫助他們重新打開(kāi)語(yǔ)言的大門

超越失語(yǔ)癥的限制