Participles

分詞

Participles are used to create complex verb forms, to express ideas such as "I will have read" or "The wine has been drunk".?

分詞通常用來創(chuàng)造復(fù)雜的動(dòng)詞形式，用來表達(dá)例如“我將會(huì)閱讀”或者是“這杯酒已經(jīng)被喝過”。

Participles are formed from verbs. There are two categories of participles: active and passive. Each category has present, future and past tenses.

分詞由動(dòng)詞變成，通常有兩種類別：主動(dòng)和被動(dòng)。兩種類別都由現(xiàn)在時(shí)，將來時(shí)和過去時(shí)（三個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)）

Notice that the vowels "i", "a" and "o" are the same ones used for past, present and future verb endings.

注意，元音“i”，“a”和“o”也是可以作為過去時(shí)，現(xiàn)在時(shí)和將來時(shí)的詞尾

In this skill we focus on the active participles.

在本節(jié)課中，我們主要講的是主動(dòng)分詞。

Active participles

主動(dòng)分詞

The present active participle is used for the English -ing ending: doing, seeing, believing, etc. Unlike English, though, the active participle in Esperanto also has past and future variants:

在英語中，現(xiàn)在時(shí)的主動(dòng)分詞是以-ing作為結(jié)尾的，例如：doing，seeing。Believing等。不像英語，世界語的主動(dòng)分詞也有過去和將來的變位：

For example:

例如：

Participles are like adjectives

分詞和形容詞類似

Participles end in?-a?like adjectives. In fact, they are used in the same way as adjectives, which means that they agree in number and case with the noun that they belong to:

以 -a 結(jié)尾的分詞和形容詞類似。事實(shí)上，它們的使用方式也和形容詞一個(gè)dio樣，這意味著它們要和它們所修飾的目標(biāo)的數(shù)要保持一致。

Mi estas skribanta.?= I am (in the process of) writing.（我正在寫字）

Ni estas skribantaj.?= We are (in the process of) writing.（我們正在寫字）

Mi vidis kurantan viron.?= I saw a man (in the process of) running / I saw a running man

（我看到一個(gè)正在跑步的男人）

More about active participles

更多關(guān)于分詞的內(nèi)容

Participles can be combined with past, present and future tenses of?esti?:

分詞能夠和esti 的過去時(shí)、現(xiàn)在時(shí)以及將來時(shí)組合

Examples with an active participle:?

分詞的例子：

Li estas leganta la libron?
He is (in the process of) reading the book.

他在閱讀一本書

Li estos leginta la libron.?

(literally: He will be having read the book)

（字面意思：He will be having read the book）

?He will have read the book.?

他將會(huì)閱讀這本書

Li estas leginta la libron.?
(literally: He is having read the book.)?

（字面意思：He is having read the book.）

He has read (has finished reading) the book.?
他已經(jīng)讀完這本書

Li estis leginta la libron.?
(literally: He was having read the book)?

（字面意思：He was having read the book）

He had read the book.

他讀過這本書

[Note: the "literal" translations above are presented as an aid to understanding and using participles;

[注意：那些帶有字面意思注釋的句子翻譯是輔助你去理解和使用分詞的

they are not colloquial English and are not acceptable translations of Esperanto sentences in this course].

它們并不會(huì)在英語口語里出現(xiàn)，也不會(huì)被本節(jié)課的翻譯習(xí)題接納為正確的答案。]

Active participles +?-o?ending

以-o結(jié)尾的主動(dòng)分詞

An?o-ending on a participle generally signifies a person:

分詞以-o結(jié)尾通常表示特定的一個(gè)人

la leganto?- the reader （領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人）
la skribanto?- the writer （作者）
la gvidonto?- the future guide （未來的領(lǐng)隊(duì)）

Devintus, Povintus

devintus?=?estus devinta?= should have?

povintus?=?estus povinta?= could have

devintus = estus devinta = 本應(yīng)該

povintus = estus povinta = 本能夠

原文：www.duolingo.cn/skill/eo/Participles-1/tips-and-notes

翻譯：vanilo