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【簡(jiǎn)譯】法國(guó)宗教戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)（French Wars of Religion）

2022-07-24 14:59 作者:神尾智代 0人讀過(guò) | 我要投稿

問(wèn) 題與解答

什么是法國(guó)宗教戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)？

? ? ? ? ? ?答：法國(guó)宗教戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)（1562-1598）是法國(guó)天主教徒和新教徒之間的八次沖突；天主教后來(lái)成為主導(dǎo)宗教。

是什么引發(fā)了法國(guó)宗教戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)？

? ? ? ? ? 答：法國(guó)宗教戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)始于1562年的瓦西大屠殺，當(dāng)時(shí)天主教徒謀殺了新教的教友。

?是什么結(jié)束了法國(guó)宗教戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)？

? ? ? ? ? 答：法國(guó)亨利四世于1593年皈依天主教，并于1598年頒布《南特敕令》，從而結(jié)束了法國(guó)的宗教戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。

有多少人在法國(guó)宗教戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中死亡？

? ? ? ? ? 答：據(jù)估計(jì)，可能有多達(dá)400萬(wàn)人死于法國(guó)的宗教戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。

The French Wars of Religion (1562-1598) were a series of eight conflicts between Protestant and Catholic factions in France lasting 36 years and concluding with the Protestant King Henry IV (r. 1589-1610) converting to Catholicism in the interests of peace. Although Protestant forces won the final battles, Catholicism triumphed, and France remained a predominantly Catholic nation.

? ? ? ? ? 法國(guó)宗教戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)（1562-1598年）是法國(guó)新教和天主教派別之間的一系列沖突（八次），持續(xù)了36年，最后以新教國(guó)王亨利四世（1589-1610年）為了和平而皈依天主教結(jié)束。雖然新教部隊(duì)在最后的戰(zhàn)斗中獲勝，但天主教取得了勝利，法國(guó)仍然是一個(gè)以天主教為主的國(guó)家。

法國(guó)宗教戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的八個(gè)日期：

1st War: 1562-1563

2nd War: 1567-1568

3rd War: 1568-1570

4th War: 1572-1573

5th War: 1574-1576

6th War: 1576-1577

7th War: 1579-1580

8th War (War of the Three Henrys三亨利之戰(zhàn)): 1585-1589

Armed conflict continued through 1598 when it was concluded by the Edict of Nantes.

? ? ? ? ? 武裝沖突一直持續(xù)到1598年，當(dāng)時(shí)通過(guò)《南特敕令》而結(jié)束。

Tensions had been rising between Protestants and Catholics since 1534 but the religious and political situation worsened after Henry II (r. 1547-1559) died from an injury. His son, Francois II (Francis II, r. 1559-1560), crowned king at the age of 15, had been married to Mary, Queen of Scots (l. 1542-1587) who was the niece of Francis, Duke of Guise (l. 1519-1563) and his brother Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine (l. 1524-1574). Although Francis II was of age to rule on his own, his mother, Catherine de ‘Medici (l. 1519-1589) encouraged the Guise brothers to assume control as Francis II was inexperienced and sickly.

? ? ? ? ? 自1534年以來(lái)，新教徒和天主教徒之間的關(guān)系一直很緊張，但在亨利二世（r. 1547-1559）因傷去世后，宗教和政治局勢(shì)更加惡化。他的兒子弗朗索瓦二世（Francis II, r. 1559-1560）在15歲時(shí)加冕為國(guó)王，與蘇格蘭女王瑪麗（l. 1542-1587）結(jié)婚，后者是吉斯公爵弗朗索瓦（l. 1519-1563）及其兄弟洛林紅衣主教查理（l. 1524-1574）的侄女。雖然弗朗西斯二世已經(jīng)到了獨(dú)立統(tǒng)治的年齡，但他的母親凱瑟琳·德·美第奇（l. 1519-1589）鼓勵(lì)吉斯兄弟掌握政權(quán)，因?yàn)楦ダ饰魉苟廊狈?jīng)驗(yàn)，而且從小體弱多病。

The House of Guise, devoutly Catholic, then exercised the power behind the throne and were hostile to the efforts of the Huguenots (French Protestants) who were advancing their vision in France. In March 1560, a group of Huguenots tried to kidnap Francis II to remove him from the influence of the Guise brothers. The plot, known as the Amboise Conspiracy, was discovered and anyone thought to be involved, as well as over 1,000 other Huguenots, were executed. In retaliation, Huguenots began vandalizing Catholic churches and rising tensions led to the Massacre of Vassy in March of 1562, in which Catholics killed more Protestants, starting the first war.

? ? ? ? ? 虔誠(chéng)的天主教徒吉斯家族，在當(dāng)時(shí)控制著王位的權(quán)力，并對(duì)在法國(guó)推進(jìn)其愿景的胡格諾派（法國(guó)新教徒）的努力充滿敵意。1560年3月，一群胡格諾派教徒試圖綁架弗朗西斯二世，使他脫離吉斯兄弟的影響。這個(gè)被稱為安布瓦茲陰謀的做法被人告發(fā)，結(jié)果任何被認(rèn)為參與其中的人以及1000多名胡格諾教徒被處決了。作為報(bào)復(fù)，胡格諾派開(kāi)始破壞天主教堂，日益緊張的局勢(shì)導(dǎo)致了1562年3月的瓦西大屠殺，其中天主教徒殺死了更多的新教徒，這導(dǎo)致了第一次戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的爆發(fā)。

Conflict continued, with periods of armed peace between hostilities, until 1598 when King Henry IV, recognizing that France would never accept a Protestant king, converted to Catholicism (allegedly, with the famous line, “Paris is well worth a Mass”). His Edict of Nantes (1598), granting rights to Protestants in France while maintaining Catholic sovereignty, ended the French Wars of Religion (which had cost approximately 4 million lives) but did not address the underlying tensions which continued to erupt throughout the next century.

? ? ? ? ? 沖突持續(xù)不斷，但在敵對(duì)行動(dòng)之間有一些武裝和平時(shí)期；直到1598年，國(guó)王亨利四世認(rèn)識(shí)到法國(guó)永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)接受一個(gè)新教國(guó)王，于是皈依了天主教（據(jù)稱，他有一句著名的話："巴黎很值得做一次彌撒"）。他的《南特敕令》（1598年）在保持天主教主權(quán)的同時(shí)，給予法國(guó)新教徒權(quán)利，結(jié)束了法國(guó)的宗教戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)（大約400萬(wàn)人喪生），但并沒(méi)有解決在下一個(gè)世紀(jì)繼續(xù)爆發(fā)的潛在緊張局勢(shì)。

標(biāo) 語(yǔ) 牌與迫害事件

The Reformation launched by Martin Luther (l. 1483-1546) in 1517 had reached France by 1521 but was not as enthusiastically received as it had been in the Germanic territories of the Holy Roman Empire where Luther and his followers were at work. Francois I, a devout Catholic, became king in 1515 but refrained from persecuting Protestant activists mainly because of his sister, Marguerite de Navarre (l. 1492-1549), who was sympathetic to the cause and used her position as Queen of Navarre and influence over Francois I to protect them. Marguerite also intervened to reduce tensions by mediating between Catholics and Protestants to keep the peace.

? ? ? ? ? 馬丁·路德（1483-1546）于1517年發(fā)起的宗教改革，到1521年已經(jīng)傳到了法國(guó)，但卻沒(méi)有像路德及其追隨者在神圣羅馬帝國(guó)的日耳曼領(lǐng)土上那樣受到熱烈歡迎。虔誠(chéng)的天主教徒弗朗索瓦一世于1515年成為國(guó)王，但他沒(méi)有迫害新教活動(dòng)家，這主要是因?yàn)樗拿妹矛敻覃愄亍さ隆ぜ{瓦拉（1492-1549年）同情這一事業(yè)，并利用她作為納瓦拉女王的地位和對(duì)弗朗索瓦一世的影響力來(lái)保護(hù)他們。瑪格麗特還通過(guò)在天主教徒和新教徒之間進(jìn)行調(diào)停來(lái)維持和平，以緩解緊張的局勢(shì)。

Tensions between the two factions were present, but controlled, until October 17-18, 1534, when placards denouncing the Catholic Mass were publicly posted in Blois, Orleans, Paris, Rouen, and Tours – with one even appearing on the door of Francois I’s bedroom. Although this event, known as the Affair of the Placards, has been traditionally attributed to the Protestant Reformer Antoine Marcourt, some scholars believe it may have been organized by conservative Catholic authorities who had grown tired of Francois I’s leniency toward what they considered heresy and wanted to force him to act.

? ? ? ? ? 兩派之間的緊張關(guān)系一直存在，但得到了有效控制，直到1534年10月17-18日，譴責(zé)天主教彌撒的標(biāo)語(yǔ)牌在布盧瓦、奧爾良、巴黎、魯昂和圖爾公開(kāi)張貼——其中一張甚至出現(xiàn)在弗朗索瓦一世的臥室門口。盡管這一事件被稱為 "標(biāo)語(yǔ)牌事件"，傳統(tǒng)上被認(rèn)為是新教改革者安托萬(wàn)·馬庫(kù)爾（Antoine Marcourt）所為，但一些學(xué)者認(rèn)為，它可能是由保守的天主教當(dāng)局組織的，他們已經(jīng)厭倦了弗朗索瓦一世對(duì)（他們認(rèn)為的）異端的寬大處理，想迫使他采取進(jìn)一步行動(dòng)。

Francois I did so by initiating the persecution of Protestants and ignoring his sister’s pleas for restraint. Many Protestants, including Reformer John Calvin (l. 1509-1564), left France at this time but those who remained were prohibited from gathering, preaching, or even casually discussing their views. Persecution under Francois I culminated in the Massacre of Merindol in 1545 in which thousands of the heretical sect of the Waldensians, who supported reform, were slaughtered and the survivors arrested and enslaved.

? ? ? ? ? 弗朗索瓦一世通過(guò)發(fā)起對(duì)新教徒的迫害，并無(wú)視他姐姐要求克制的請(qǐng)求，做到了這一點(diǎn)。許多新教徒，包括改革者約翰·加爾文（ 1509-1564），在這個(gè)時(shí)候離開(kāi)了法國(guó)，但那些留下來(lái)的人被禁止集會(huì)、布道，甚至是隨意討論他們的觀點(diǎn)。弗朗索瓦一世統(tǒng)治下的迫害在1545年的梅林多爾大屠殺中達(dá)到了頂峰，在這次屠殺中，數(shù)千名支持改革的異端教派瓦爾登塞人被屠殺，幸存者被逮捕并被奴役。

Francois I died in 1547 and was succeeded by his son Henry II who continued his policies. There was no restraining influence over Henry, as Marguerite de Navarre had been with Francois I, but his persecutions only drove Protestantism underground where it took hold and gained further support, even among members of the noble class such as Louis de Bourbon, Prince of Conde (l. 1530-1569) and Jeanne d’Albret (l. 1528-1572), daughter of Marguerite de Navarre, and Queen of Navarre after 1555.

? ? ? ? ? 弗朗索瓦一世于1547年去世，他的兒子亨利二世繼承了他的政策。亨利沒(méi)有像瑪格麗特·德·納瓦拉對(duì)弗朗索瓦一世那樣受到約束，但他的迫害只會(huì)使新教轉(zhuǎn)入地下，并在那里得到進(jìn)一步的支持，甚至在貴族階層的成員中，如康德親王路易·德·波旁（l. 1530-1569）和瑪格麗特·德·納瓦拉的女兒讓娜·阿爾布雷特（l. 1528-1572），以及1555年后的納瓦拉女王。

Henry II died in 1559 from an accident incurred in a jousting match and his son, Francois II, became king at the age of 15 but, as he was inexperienced and often ill, his mother, Catherine de Medici, asked the Guise brothers to assume control and instruct the young king. Francis and Charles of the House of Guise were already involved with the royal court since their sister, Mary of Guise (l. 1515-1560), had earlier arranged the marriage of her daughter, Mary, Queen of Scots, to Francois II. The Guise brothers quickly isolated the king from others at court, including Louis de Bourbon and the Admiral of France, Gaspard II de Coligny (l. 1519-1572) among others.

? ? ? ? ? 亨利二世于1559年死于一場(chǎng)比武比賽中發(fā)生的意外，他的兒子弗朗索瓦二世在15歲時(shí)成為了國(guó)王，但由于缺乏經(jīng)驗(yàn)，而且經(jīng)常生病，他的母親凱瑟琳·德·美第奇要求吉斯兄弟承擔(dān)起控制和指導(dǎo)年輕國(guó)王的任務(wù)。吉斯家族的弗朗西斯和查爾斯已經(jīng)與王室打成一片，因?yàn)樗麄兊慕憬慵沟默旣悾?515-1560）早些時(shí)候曾安排她的女兒蘇格蘭女王瑪麗與弗朗索瓦二世結(jié)婚。吉斯兄弟很快就將國(guó)王與宮廷中的其他人隔離開(kāi)來(lái)，包括路易·德·波旁和法國(guó)海軍上將加斯帕德·科利尼（Gaspard II de Coligny）（1519-1572）等人。

昂布瓦茲陰謀和瓦西大屠殺

This situation led to the Amboise Conspiracy of 1560 in which a group of Protestants planned to kidnap Francois II to remove him from the Guise’s influence. The plot was discovered and all those suspected of taking part in it were arrested and executed. Louis de Bourbon was among these and was slated for execution when Francois II died. His brother, Charles IX (r. 1560-1574) took the throne and his mother assumed direct control over him, sidelining the House of Guise and freeing Louis de Bourbon. In December 1560, Jeanne d’Albret publicly declared in favor of the Reformation, converting to Calvinism and in 1561, Catherine de Medici appointed her Catholic husband Antoine de Bourbon (l. 1518-1562, brother of Louis) Lieutenant General of France.

? ? ? ? ? 這種情況導(dǎo)致了1560年的安布瓦茲陰謀，一群新教徒計(jì)劃綁架弗朗索瓦二世，使他脫離吉斯家族的影響。陰謀被發(fā)現(xiàn)后，所有涉嫌參與陰謀的人都被逮捕和處決。路易·德·波旁也在其中，當(dāng)弗朗索瓦二世去世時(shí)，他也被預(yù)定為處決對(duì)象。他的弟弟查理九世（1560-1574年）登上了王位，他的母親直接控制了他，讓吉斯家族靠邊站，并釋放了路易·波旁。1560年12月，貞德公開(kāi)宣布支持宗教改革，改信加爾文教；1561年，凱瑟琳·德·美第奇任命她的天主教丈夫安托萬(wàn)·德·波旁（1518-1562，路易的兄弟）為法國(guó)中將。

Jeanne d’Albret outlawed Catholicism in Navarre while her husband was now responsible for controlling the simmering tensions between the traditional faith of France and what was seen as the heretical movement of the Protestants. The tension this caused in their marriage mirrored that of the country generally at this time which erupted in March 1562 in the Massacre of Vassy. Francis, Duke of Guise, was en route to Paris and near to the village of Vassy when he heard church bells ringing at a time when no Catholic Mass would be called. He sent his men to disperse what he recognized as a Protestant service and, when they met resistance, the massacre began leaving at least 50 Protestant worshippers dead. This event is considered the beginning of the French Wars of Religion.

? ? ? ? ? 貞德在納瓦拉宣布天主教為非法的，而她的丈夫現(xiàn)在負(fù)責(zé)控制法國(guó)的傳統(tǒng)信仰和被視為異端的新教徒運(yùn)動(dòng)之間一觸即發(fā)的矛盾。這在他們的婚姻中造成的緊張關(guān)系反映了當(dāng)時(shí)全國(guó)的緊張關(guān)系，這種緊張關(guān)系在1562年3月的瓦西大屠殺中爆發(fā)了。吉斯公爵弗朗西斯在前往巴黎的途中，在靠近瓦西村的地方聽(tīng)到教堂的鐘聲，而此時(shí)天主教徒不會(huì)做彌撒。他派人去驅(qū)散他認(rèn)為是新教的儀式，當(dāng)他們遇到抵抗時(shí)，大屠殺開(kāi)始了，至少有50名新教禮拜者死亡。這一事件被認(rèn)為是法國(guó)宗教戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的開(kāi)始。

1563 - 1570 年的前三次戰(zhàn) 爭(zhēng)

Both factions quickly blamed the other for the killings in propaganda campaigns which only fueled tensions. Louis de Bourbon seized Orleans in April 1562, declaring it now a Protestant city, and this encouraged other Huguenot leaders elsewhere to do the same. The first war raged for almost a year, during which Antoine de Bourbon was killed at Rouen and Francis, Duke of Guise was assassinated. The war was ended in March 1563 by the Edict of Amboise, brokered by Catherine de Medici and supported by Jeanne d’Albret, but the underlying causes of the conflict were not addressed.

? ? ? ? ? 兩派都迅速將殺戮歸咎于對(duì)方，其宣傳活動(dòng)只會(huì)加劇緊張局勢(shì)。1562年4月，路易·德·波旁占領(lǐng)了奧爾良，宣布它現(xiàn)在是一個(gè)新教城市，這鼓勵(lì)了其他地方的胡格諾派領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人也這樣做。第一場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)持續(xù)了將近一年，在此期間，安托萬(wàn)·德·波旁在魯昂被殺，吉斯公爵弗朗西斯被暗殺。1563年3月，在凱瑟琳·德·美第奇的斡旋和讓娜·德·阿爾布雷特的支持下，安布瓦茲詔書(shū)結(jié)束了戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，但沖突的根本原因并沒(méi)有得到解決。

Both factions remained armed and hostile to each other between 1563-1567, only working together to drive the English (who had been invited by the Huguenots to help them) out of the port of Le Havre. The second war broke out in 1567 due to the Huguenot fears of Catholic reprisals against them for the first war and, although a peace was concluded in March 1568, it did not last long, and the third war was launched that summer. Battles and various atrocities continued throughout 1569 with many killed on both sides, including Louis de Bourbon, prince of Conde, who was executed after surrendering at the Battle of Jarnac in March 1569.

? ? ? ? ? 在1563-1567年間，兩派都保持著武裝并相互敵視，只是在將英國(guó)人（受胡格諾派邀請(qǐng)幫助他們）趕出勒阿弗爾港時(shí)才有所合作。由于胡格諾派擔(dān)心天主教對(duì)第一次戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)進(jìn)行報(bào)復(fù)，第二次戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)于1567年爆發(fā)了；雖然1568年3月達(dá)成了和平協(xié)議，但并沒(méi)有持續(xù)多久，第三次戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)于當(dāng)年夏天爆發(fā)。整個(gè)1569年，戰(zhàn)斗和各種暴行持續(xù)不斷，雙方都有很多人被殺，包括康德王子路易·德·波旁，他在1569年3月的雅爾納克戰(zhàn)役中投降后被處決。

In the third war, Jeanne d’Albret, who had helped finance the first two, was actively leading the Huguenot forces as spiritual figurehead, propagandist, and financier. She again enlisted the aid of Protestant Queen Elizabeth I of England (r. 1558-1603) in the cause and, with the help of Admiral de Coligny, made the city of La Rochelle a Huguenot stronghold. Neither faction could decisively defeat the other and the war dragged on until August 1570.

? ? ? ? ? 在第三次戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中，曾資助過(guò)前兩次戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的讓娜·阿爾布雷特（Jeanne d'Albret）作為精神領(lǐng)袖、宣傳員和資助者，積極領(lǐng)導(dǎo)胡格諾派軍隊(duì)。她再次爭(zhēng)取新教的英國(guó)女王伊麗莎白一世（Elizabeth I）（1558-1603年）的援助，并在海軍上將德·卡里尼的幫助下，將拉羅謝爾市變成了胡格諾派的據(jù)點(diǎn)。兩派都沒(méi)能決定性地?fù)魯?duì)方，戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)一直拖到1570年8月。

Hostilities ended with the Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, negotiated by d’Albret and Catherine de Medici, in 1570 and, in a gesture of reconciliation of the two factions, the women agreed their children – d’Albret’s Protestant son Henry of Navarre (later King Henry IV of France, l. 1553-1610 and de Medici’s Catholic daughter Margaret of Valois (l. 1553-1615) should marry. The marriage was set for August 1572 but d’Albret would never see it, dying of natural causes in June 1572.

? ? ? ? ? 1570年，由阿爾布雷和凱瑟琳·德·美第奇談判達(dá)成的《圣日耳曼-昂萊和約》結(jié)束了敵對(duì)狀態(tài)，作為兩派和解的一種姿態(tài)，兩位女士同意他們的孩子——阿爾布雷的新教兒子納瓦拉的亨利（后來(lái)的法國(guó)國(guó)王亨利四世，1553-1610年）和德·美第奇的天主教女兒瓦盧斯的瑪格麗特（1553-1615年）結(jié)婚。這場(chǎng)婚禮定于1572年8月舉行，但阿爾布雷特沒(méi)有看到它，他于1572年6月自然死亡。

圣巴塞洛繆日大屠殺和第四次戰(zhàn) 爭(zhēng)?: 1572 - 1573年

The wedding of Henry and Margaret drew large crowds, Protestant and Catholic, to Paris in August and tensions were running high already when, on 22 August 1572, Admiral de Coligny was shot in the street by an unknown assailant. De Coligny was only wounded and was brought to his apartments for care but Henry I, Duke of Guise (l. 1550-1588, son of Francis, Duke of Guise), argued for a preemptive strike against Protestants before they could begin reprisals for de Coligny.

? ? ? ? ? 亨利和瑪格麗特的婚禮在8月吸引了大批新教徒和天主教徒來(lái)到巴黎，1572年8月22日，海軍上將德·卡里尼在街上被一名身份不明的襲擊者射殺，局勢(shì)變得非常緊張。德·卡里尼只是受了傷，被帶到他的公寓接受治療，但吉斯公爵亨利一世（1550-1588年，吉斯公爵弗朗西斯之子）主張?jiān)谛陆掏介_(kāi)始報(bào)復(fù)德·卡里尼之前，對(duì)他們進(jìn)行先發(fā)制人的打擊。

On 24 August, Henry I’s supporters broke into de Coligny’s apartments, killed him, and threw his body out of a window, launching the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre which raged for the next five days and, elsewhere, for months, resulting in the deaths of thousands of Protestants and the fourth war. This conflict was concluded with the Edict of Boulogne in 1573 which granted immunity to Protestants for past “crimes against the state” but severely restricted their freedom of religious expression.

? ? ? ? ? 8月24日，亨利一世的支持者闖入德·卡里基納的公寓，將他殺死，并將他的尸體扔出窗外，發(fā)起了圣巴托洛繆日大屠殺，這場(chǎng)屠殺持續(xù)了五天，在其他地方則持續(xù)了數(shù)月，導(dǎo)致成千上萬(wàn)的新教徒死亡和第四次戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。這場(chǎng)沖突以1573年的《布洛涅敕令》結(jié)束，該敕令對(duì)新教徒過(guò)去的 "反國(guó)家罪 "給予豁免，但嚴(yán)格限制他們的宗教表達(dá)自由。

第五次至第七次戰(zhàn) 爭(zhēng)：1574 - 1580年

Charles IX’s brother Henry, Duke of Anjou (the future Henry III of France, l. 1551-1589) had been elected King of Poland-Lithuania in 1573 but, when Charles IX died in 1574, returned to France and was crowned king. By this time, his younger brother, Francois, Duke of Anjou and Alencon (l. 1555-1584), had secretly sided with the Huguenots and, in 1575, joined the forces of Henry I de Bourbon (l. 1552-1588, son of Louis de Bourbon) and Henry of Navarre in the south. France was now divided between Catholic-controlled territories in the north and Protestants in the south with the Catholic faction drawing support from the pope in Rome and Phillip II of Spain and the Protestants supported by England, Germanic Protestants, and some Swiss cantons.

? ? ? ? ? ?查理九世的弟弟安茹公爵亨利（未來(lái)的法國(guó)亨利三世，約1551-1589年）在1573年被選為波蘭-立陶宛國(guó)王，但當(dāng)查理九世在1574年去世后，他回到法國(guó)并被加冕為國(guó)王。此時(shí)，他的弟弟，安茹和阿朗松公爵弗朗索瓦（1555-1584年），已經(jīng)秘密地站到了胡格諾派一邊，并在1575年加入了亨利一世·波旁（1552-1588年，路易·波旁之子）和納瓦拉的亨利在南方的勢(shì)力。法國(guó)現(xiàn)在分為北部的天主教控制區(qū)和南部的新教徒控制區(qū)，天主教派得到羅馬教皇和西班牙菲利普二世的支持，新教徒則得到英國(guó)、日耳曼新教徒和一些瑞士州的支持。

The fifth war lasted a year and was ended by the Edict of Beaulieu which restored religious rights to Protestants but angered the Catholics, especially Henry I, Duke of Guise, who felt it made too many concessions to “heretics”. Henry I formed the Catholic League, a coalition of powerful nobles supported by Phillip II of Spain, and started the sixth war in 1576 which ended with the Treaty of Bergerac (1577) that reversed the Edict of Beaulieu and again alienated the Protestants.

? ? ? ? ? 第五次戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)持續(xù)了一年，以《博利厄法令》結(jié)束，該法令恢復(fù)了新教徒的宗教權(quán)利，但激怒了天主教徒，特別是吉斯公爵亨利一世，他認(rèn)為該法令對(duì) "異教徒"做出了太多讓步。亨利一世組建了天主教聯(lián)盟，這是一個(gè)由西班牙菲利普二世支持的強(qiáng)大貴族組成的聯(lián)盟，并在1576年發(fā)動(dòng)了第六次戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)以《貝爾熱拉克條約》（1577年）結(jié)束，該條約推翻了《博利厄詔書(shū)》，并再次疏遠(yuǎn)了新教徒。

Protestant resentment, and both factions continuing to condemn each other as “heretics”, sparked the seventh war in 1579. These hostilities ended with the Treaty of Fleix in November 1580 negotiated between Henry III of France and Francois, Duke of Anjou and Alencon. Francois left France shortly afterwards at the invitation of the Dutch Protestant leader William the Silent (l. 1533-1584) to become monarch of the Netherlands and throw off the rule of Catholic Spain there. Francois arrived in the Netherlands in 1582, was given control of significant territories, but wanted more and so invaded Antwerp in early 1583. His troops were ambushed and slaughtered, and he returned to France in disgrace where he died in June 1584.

? ? ? ? ? 新教徒的怨恨，以及兩派繼續(xù)譴責(zé)對(duì)方為 "異端"，引發(fā)了1579年的第七次戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。1580年11月，法國(guó)亨利三世與安茹和阿朗松公爵弗朗索瓦通過(guò)談判達(dá)成了《弗萊克斯條約》，這些敵對(duì)行動(dòng)因此結(jié)束。此后不久，弗朗索瓦應(yīng)荷蘭新教領(lǐng)袖沉默者威廉（1533-1584年）的邀請(qǐng)離開(kāi)法國(guó)，成為荷蘭的君主，擺脫天主教西班牙在那里的統(tǒng)治。弗朗索瓦于1582年抵達(dá)荷蘭，獲得了對(duì)重要領(lǐng)土的控制權(quán)，但他想要更多，因此在1583年初入侵安特衛(wèi)普。他的軍隊(duì)遭到了伏擊和屠殺，他黯然返回法國(guó)，并于1584年6月去世。

?三亨利之戰(zhàn)：1585 - 1589

Henry III had no son and so Francois had been next in line for the throne. After his death, this honor went to Henry of Navarre who was considered unacceptable as a Calvinist. Henri I de Guise and his Catholic League, with the support of Catholic Spain, forced Henry III to nullify Henry of Navarre’s legitimate claim as his heir and issue the edict in 1585 demanding that all Huguenots convert back to Catholicism or leave the country within six months. The Catholic faction still held most of the territory in the north while the Protestants held the south.

? ? ? ? ? 亨利三世沒(méi)有兒子，所以弗朗索瓦一直是王位的下一個(gè)繼承人。在他死后，這一榮譽(yù)落到了納瓦拉的亨利身上，他被認(rèn)為是不可接受的加爾文主義者。亨利一世德·吉斯和他的天主教聯(lián)盟在天主教西班牙的支持下，迫使亨利三世取消納瓦拉的亨利作為其繼承人的合法要求，并在1585年發(fā)布詔書(shū)，要求所有胡格諾教徒改回天主教或在六個(gè)月內(nèi)離開(kāi)該國(guó)。天主教派仍然占據(jù)著北部的大部分領(lǐng)土，而新教徒則占據(jù)著南部。

? ? ? ? ? Armed conflict began in 1585 but escalated in 1587 (sometimes cited as the beginning of the eighth war) and, by 1588, Henri I de Guise had successfully turned Paris against Henry III for his failure to defeat the Protestants and unite France as a Catholic nation. Henry I, popular among the majority of Catholics in Paris, let the rumor spread that Henry III was trying to kill him and in May 1588 (the Day of the Barricades) Parisians revolted against Henry III, barricading the streets of the city to protect de Guise. Henry III fled to Blois and his mother, Catherine de Medici, negotiated a peace with de Guise and the Catholic League.

? ? ? ? ?武裝沖突始于1585年，但在1587年升級(jí)（有時(shí)被稱為第八次戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的開(kāi)始），到1588年，亨利一世德·吉斯成功地使巴黎反對(duì)亨利三世，因?yàn)樗茨軗魯⌒陆掏讲⒎▏?guó)統(tǒng)一為天主教國(guó)家。亨利一世在巴黎大多數(shù)天主教徒中很受歡迎，他讓亨利三世想殺他的謠言傳開(kāi)了，1588年5月（街壘日）巴黎人起義反對(duì)亨利三世，在城市的街道上設(shè)置街壘以保護(hù)德·吉斯。亨利三世逃到了布洛瓦，他的母親凱瑟琳·德·美第奇與德·吉斯和天主教聯(lián)盟談判達(dá)成了和平協(xié)議。

In September 1588, Henry III called for a meeting at Blois where he had Henry I de Guise and his uncle the cardinal assassinated. The Catholic League was now taken over by Charles I, Duke of Mayenne (l. 1554-1611, the younger brother of Henry I de Guise), who denounced the king as a Protestant sympathizer and called for his execution. Henry III, with nowhere else to turn, joined forces with Henry of Navarre who began marching from the south toward Paris. In July 1589, Henry III was assassinated by a Dominican friar, Jacques Clement, who was following the directives of the Catholic League. As he lay dying, Henry III named Henry of Navarre his successor. The War of the Three Henrys was concluded, with only one left standing, but armed conflict continued.

? ? ? ? ? 1588年9月，亨利三世在布盧瓦召開(kāi)會(huì)議，他在會(huì)上暗殺了亨利一世·吉斯和他的叔叔紅衣主教。天主教聯(lián)盟現(xiàn)在由馬耶納公爵查理一世（1554-1611年，亨利一世·吉斯的弟弟）接管，他譴責(zé)國(guó)王是新教的同情者并要求處決他。亨利三世無(wú)路可走，與納瓦拉的亨利聯(lián)合起來(lái)，后者開(kāi)始從南方向巴黎進(jìn)軍。1589年7月，亨利三世被一個(gè)多米尼加修士雅克·克萊門特暗殺，他是按照天主教聯(lián)盟的指示行事的。亨利三世在臨死前，任命納瓦拉的亨利為他的繼承人。三個(gè)亨利的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)結(jié)束了，但武裝沖突仍在繼續(xù)。

總? ? ?結(jié)

Henry of Navarre was now legally Henry IV, King of France, but had no control over the northern and eastern parts of his kingdom. Between 1589-1593 he won a series of decisive battles against the forces of the Catholic League but could not take Paris which was heavily fortified against him. Recognizing that France would not accept a Protestant monarch, and understanding he could better advance the cause as king than by continuing the slaughter, he converted to Catholicism in 1593 and was crowned king in 1594.

? ? ? ? ? 納瓦拉的亨利現(xiàn)在在法律上是亨利四世，即法國(guó)國(guó)王，但對(duì)其王國(guó)的北部和東部地區(qū)沒(méi)有控制權(quán)。1589-1593年間，他贏得了一系列對(duì)天主教聯(lián)盟勢(shì)力的決定性戰(zhàn)役，但卻無(wú)法攻下對(duì)他有重兵把守的巴黎。他認(rèn)識(shí)到法國(guó)不會(huì)接受一個(gè)新教君主，并了解到他作為國(guó)王比繼續(xù)屠殺更能推動(dòng)這一事業(yè)，于是在1593年皈依了天主教，并于1594年加冕為國(guó)王。

In 1598 he issued the Edict of Nantes, formally ending the French Wars of Religion by mandating freedom of religion for both Protestants and Catholics, although Protestants were limited to practicing their faith in restricted regions and all outside of Paris. The Edict of Nantes ended the open conflict between the factions but, like all the other treaties and edicts issued since 1563, could do nothing to change people’s hearts and the factions continued hostilities, on a quieter, more personal scale, afterwards.

? ? ? ? ? 1598年，他頒布了《南特敕令》，正式結(jié)束了法國(guó)的宗教戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。赦令規(guī)定新教徒和天主教徒都享有宗教自由，但新教徒只能在限定的地區(qū)和巴黎以外的所有地方進(jìn)行信仰活動(dòng)。南特敕令結(jié)束了各派別之間的公開(kāi)沖突，但與1563年以來(lái)頒布的所有其他條約和敕令一樣，無(wú)法改變?nèi)藗兊膬?nèi)心，各派別之后繼續(xù)在更安靜、更個(gè)人化的范圍內(nèi)進(jìn)行敵對(duì)。

Henry IV was assassinated in 1610 by a Catholic zealot who felt he had betrayed the true faith and religious tensions would continue throughout the next century. The failure of the two factions to come to a mutual understanding contributed to France’s 1635 entry into the Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648), one of the most devastating conflicts in European history.

? ? ? ? ? 亨利四世于1610年被一個(gè)天主教狂熱者暗殺，他認(rèn)為皇帝背叛了真正的信仰，宗教緊張局勢(shì)將持續(xù)到下一個(gè)世紀(jì)。兩派未能達(dá)成相互諒解，導(dǎo)致法國(guó)于1635年加入三十年戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)（1618-1648），這是歐洲歷史上最具破壞性的沖突之一。