散文網(wǎng) » 科技 »人文歷史 » 【簡(jiǎn)譯】亞斯奇蘭（Yaxchilan，發(fā)音為 [?a?t?i?lan]）

【簡(jiǎn)譯】亞斯奇蘭（Yaxchilan，發(fā)音為 [?a?t?i?lan]）

2022-08-31 19:54 作者:神尾智代 0人讀過(guò) | 我要投稿

Yaxchilan, located on the banks of the Usumacinta River in the Yucatán peninsula of Mexico, was an important Late Classic Maya centre. The Maya dated the founding of their city to 320 CE, but Yaxchilan flourished between c. 580 and c. 800 CE, benefitting from commerce via the Usumacinta River and trading in copal resin and dyes processed from Brazil wood. Remains of stone pilings suggest the site once had a bridge or toll gate. Impressive in both architecture and sculpture, the site displays evidence of warfare before its collapse in the 9th century CE.

? ? ? ? ? 亞斯奇蘭位于墨西哥尤卡坦半島的烏蘇馬辛塔河畔，是瑪雅古典晚期的重要中心之一?，斞湃藢⑵涑鞘械慕r(shí)間定在公元320年，亞斯奇蘭在公元580年至800年之間非常繁榮，這受益于通過(guò)烏蘇馬辛塔河上的商業(yè)活動(dòng)，以及用巴西木材加工的椰殼樹(shù)脂和染料貿(mào)易。殘存的石樁表明該遺址曾經(jīng)有一座橋。該遺址在建筑和雕塑方面都給人留下了深刻的印象，公元9世紀(jì)該城崩塌，該遺址向我們展現(xiàn)了這里曾發(fā)生戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的痕跡。

Unfortunately, the buildings of Yaxchilan have suffered from damage and erosion by floods over the centuries. However, further from the river are several small hills on the west and east sides upon which platforms and terraces were constructed. Much of the surviving architecture is in the Petén style, as seen at sites such as Tikal, and contact between the two sites is established through royal inter-marriages. In addition, narrow multiple entrances and ornate roof combs remind of Palenque.

? ? ? ? ? 不幸的是，幾個(gè)世紀(jì)以來(lái)，亞斯奇蘭的建筑遭受了洪水的破壞和侵蝕。然而，在離河邊更遠(yuǎn)的地方，有幾座小山，人們?cè)谶@些山上建造了平臺(tái)和梯田?，F(xiàn)存的大部分建筑都是Petén風(fēng)格，就像在蒂卡爾等遺址看到的那樣，兩個(gè)遺址之間的聯(lián)系是通過(guò)皇室間的通婚建立的。此外，狹窄的多個(gè)入口和華麗的屋頂讓人想起帕倫克。

One of the most impressive Petén-style buildings is the symmetrical Structure 33, built c. 750 CE, which is approached by a double platform with staircases and whose comb is supported by interior buttressing. The structure was built in honour of the mid-8th century CE Yaxchilan ruler Bird-Jaguar (ruled 752-768 CE) whose likeness appeared in stucco decorations in the centre of the building's roof comb. In front of the building is a carved stalactite which represents a sacred cave. Bird-Jaguar went on to expand Yaxchilan and constructed no fewer than eleven more buildings and 33 monuments.

? ? ? ? ? 最令人印象深刻的Petén式建筑之一是對(duì)稱(chēng)的33號(hào)遺址，該遺址大約建于公元750年，由一個(gè)帶樓梯的雙平臺(tái)連接，其屋頂由內(nèi)部支撐物支撐。該建筑是為了紀(jì)念公元8世紀(jì)中葉的亞克西蘭統(tǒng)治者Bird-Jaguar（公元752-768年在位）而建造的，他的肖像出現(xiàn)在建筑屋頂中心的灰泥裝飾上。在建筑的前面有一個(gè)雕刻的鐘乳石，代表著一個(gè)神圣的洞穴。Bird-Jaguar繼續(xù)擴(kuò)建亞斯奇蘭，又建造了不少于11座建筑和33座紀(jì)念碑。

Yaxchilan is also noteworthy for its sculpture, both on free standing stelae and on buildings, especially lintels where the scenes can only be seen from directly below. Early figures are depicted from the front and are relatively unremarkable, but from the mid-8th century CE figures are rendered in profile and designs become more dynamic, often framed by Maya glyphs. Stela 11 shows two standing figures in costume on the front, probably signifying the accession of the ruler Bird-Jaguar alongside his father and, in a quite different style, the reverse side again shows Bird-Jaguar, this time represented as the god Chahk, attacking three kneeling victims with his sceptre.

? ? ? ? ? 亞斯奇蘭的雕塑也值得一提，無(wú)論是在獨(dú)立的石碑上還是在建筑上，特別是在只能從正下方看到場(chǎng)景的門(mén)楣上。早期的人物是以正面視角描繪的，相對(duì)來(lái)說(shuō)并不引人注目；但從公元8世紀(jì)中葉開(kāi)始，人物的輪廓被描繪出來(lái)，設(shè)計(jì)變得更加生動(dòng)，雕刻通常由瑪雅石刻構(gòu)成。第11號(hào)石碑的正面顯示了兩個(gè)穿著服裝的站立人物，可能意味著統(tǒng)治者Bird-Jaguar與他的父親一起登基，而背面則以一種完全不同的風(fēng)格再次展示了Bird-Jaguar，這次是代表Chahk神，用他的權(quán)杖攻擊三個(gè)跪著的受害者。

Scenes on limestone lintels, carved in high relief, typically portray rituals such as a worshipper drawing blood from his tongue in the presence of a priest and Bird-Jaguar standing over a kneeling captive. Another vivid scene, from Temple 23, shows a giant double-headed snake creature from the mouths of which emerge a warrior and the war and rain god Tlaloc, who both tower over a kneeling worshipper, identified as Lady Xok', wife of the Yaxchilan ruler Shield-Jaguar (r. 681-742 CE), who sees the monster in a blood-letting induced vision. This scene, as indicated by the glyphs, occurred on 23rd October 681 CE, the accession of Itzamnaaj Bahlam II, 'Shield Jaguar the Great'. Traces of red, greens, and yellows indicate that the panels were once brightly painted. These violent scenes are amongst the earliest to show such graphic episodes of religious life and conquest, although they would later become common in the art of the Toltec and Aztec civilizations.

? ? ? ? ? 石灰?guī)r門(mén)楣上的場(chǎng)景，以高浮雕的形式，典型地描繪了一些儀式，如一個(gè)崇拜者在祭司面前抽出舌頭上的血，Bird-Jaguar站在一個(gè)跪著的俘虜身上。另一個(gè)生動(dòng)的場(chǎng)景來(lái)自第23號(hào)神廟，展示了一個(gè)巨大的雙頭蛇形生物，從它的嘴里冒出一個(gè)戰(zhàn)士和戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)與雨神特拉洛克，他們都站在一個(gè)跪著的崇拜者身上，被確認(rèn)為亞克西蘭統(tǒng)治者Shield-Jaguar（公元681-742年）的妻子X(jué)ok'，她在放血的幻覺(jué)中看到這個(gè)怪物。正如石刻所顯示的那樣，這一幕發(fā)生在公元681年10月23日，即Itzamnaaj Bahlam II "Shield Jaguar大帝"登基的日子。紅色、綠色和黃色的痕跡表明，這些畫(huà)板曾經(jīng)被涂得很亮。這些暴力場(chǎng)面是最早展示宗教生活和征服的生動(dòng)場(chǎng)面之一，盡管它們后來(lái)在托爾特克和阿茲特克文明的藝術(shù)中變得很常見(jiàn)。