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【簡(jiǎn)譯】古羅馬人的日常生活

2022-09-02 11:59 作者:神尾智代 0人讀過(guò) | 我要投稿

From the early days of the Roman Republic through the volatile reigns of such ignoble emperors as Caligula, Nero, and Commodus, the Roman Empire continued to expand, stretching its borders to encompass the entire Mediterranean Sea as well as expanding northward to Gaul and Britain. History records the exploits of the heroes as well as the tirades of the emperors. Despite the sometimes-shameful deeds of the imperial office, the empire was built on the backs of its citizens - the unsung people who lived a relatively quiet existence, and who are often ignored by history. Rome was a cosmopolitan city with Greeks, Syrians, Jews, North Africans, Spaniards, Gauls, and Britons, and like any society, the average Roman citizen awoke each morning, labored, relaxed, and ate, and while his or her daily life could often be hectic, he or she would always survive.

? ? ? ? ? 從羅馬共和國(guó)的早期到卡利古拉、尼祿和康茂德等皇帝的動(dòng)蕩統(tǒng)治，羅馬帝國(guó)不斷擴(kuò)張，其邊界延伸到了整個(gè)地中海，并向北擴(kuò)展到高盧和不列顛。歷史記錄了英雄們的功績(jī)以及帝王們的事跡。盡管皇室有時(shí)會(huì)有一些可恥的行為，但帝國(guó)是建立在其公民背上的——那些默默無(wú)聞的人，他們的生活相對(duì)平靜，而且常常被歷史所忽視。羅馬是一個(gè)擁有希臘人、敘利亞人、猶太人、北非人、西班牙人、高盧人和不列顛人的國(guó)際大都市，與任何社會(huì)一樣，普通羅馬公民每天早晨醒來(lái)，勞動(dòng)，放松，吃飯，雖然他或她的日常生活可能很忙碌，但他或她總是會(huì)努力生存下去。

人口流動(dòng)

Outside the cities, in the towns and on the small farms, people lived a much simpler life - dependent almost entirely on their own labor. The daily life of the average city dweller, however, was a lot different and most often routine. The urban areas of the empire - whether it was Rome, Pompeii, Antioch, or Carthage - were magnets to many people who left smaller towns and farms seeking a better way of life. However, the unfulfilled promise of jobs forced countless people to live in the poorer parts of the city. The jobs they sought were often not there, resulting in an epidemic of homeless inhabitants. The work that was available to these new émigrés, however, was difficult to obtain. Slaves performed almost all of the menial jobs as well as many of the professions such as teachers, doctors, surgeons, and architects. Most of the freedmen worked at various trades, for example, as bakers, fishmongers, or carpenters. Occasionally, poor women would serve the affluent as hairdressers, midwives, or dressmakers.

? ? ? ? ? 在大城市之外的城鎮(zhèn)和小農(nóng)場(chǎng)，人們的生活要簡(jiǎn)單得多，生活所需幾乎完全依賴(lài)自己的勞動(dòng)。然而，普通城市居民的日常生活卻大不相同，而且大多是例行公事。帝國(guó)的城市地區(qū)，無(wú)論是羅馬、龐貝、安提阿還是迦太基，都吸引著許多離開(kāi)小城鎮(zhèn)和農(nóng)場(chǎng)尋求更好生活方式的人。然而，合適工作的緊缺，使無(wú)數(shù)人生活在城市的貧困地區(qū)。他們尋找的理想工作往往不在這，導(dǎo)致無(wú)家可歸的居民大量涌現(xiàn)。這些新移民很難得到一份工作。奴隸們幾乎從事所有的瑣碎工作，以及許多職業(yè)，如教師、醫(yī)生、外科醫(yī)生和建筑工；大多數(shù)被解放的人從事各種行業(yè)，例如：面包師、魚(yú)販或木匠。偶爾，貧窮的婦女會(huì)以理發(fā)師、助產(chǎn)士或裁縫的身份為富人服務(wù)。

住房 —— 公寓區(qū)

As elsewhere, whether on a farm or in the city, daily life still centered on the home, and when people arrived in the city, their first concern was to find a place to live. Space was at a premium in a walled metropolis like Rome, and from the beginning little attention was paid to the housing needs of the people who migrated to the city - tenements provided the best answer. The majority of Roman citizens, not all of them poor, lived in these apartment buildings or insulae. As early as 150 BCE, there were over 46,000 insulae throughout the city. Most of these ramshackle tenements were over-crowded and extremely dangerous resulting in residents living in constant fear of fire, collapse, and in some areas there was the susceptibility to the flooding of the Tiber River. Initially, little concern from the city was given to designing straight or even wide streets (streets, often unpaved, could be as narrow as six feet or as wide as fifteen), not allowing for easy access to these buildings if a fire did occur. It would take the great fire under Emperor Nero, to improve this problem when streets were widened and balconies built to provide safety as well as access in time of an emergency. These “flats” were usually five to seven stories in height (over seventy feet); however, because many of these tenements were deemed unsafe, laws were passed under Emperors Augustus and Trajan to keep them from becoming too tall; unfortunately, these laws were rarely enforced.

? ? ? ? ? 無(wú)論是在農(nóng)場(chǎng)還是城市，古羅馬人的日常生活仍以家庭為中心，當(dāng)人們到達(dá)城市時(shí)，他們首先關(guān)心的是如何找到一個(gè)住處。在羅馬這樣一個(gè)有圍墻的大都市里，空間是很寶貴的，從一開(kāi)始就很少有人關(guān)注移民到城市的人們的住房需求——公寓提供了最好的答案。大多數(shù)羅馬公民，并非都是窮人，都住在這些公寓區(qū)或“因蘇拉”（因蘇拉在古羅馬建筑中有兩種含義，一是公寓，二是街區(qū)住房。）中。早在公元前150年，整個(gè)城市就有超過(guò)46,000個(gè)“因蘇拉”。這些破舊的公寓大多過(guò)于擁擠，而且極其危險(xiǎn)，居民每天生活在火災(zāi)、倒塌的恐懼中，在一些地區(qū)還容易受到臺(tái)伯河洪水的影響。最初，城市很少關(guān)注或設(shè)計(jì)筆直甚至寬闊的街道（街道通常沒(méi)有鋪設(shè)，可以窄到6英尺或?qū)挼?5英尺），如果真的發(fā)生火災(zāi)，就不容易進(jìn)入這些建筑。尼祿皇帝時(shí)期的大火迫使羅馬當(dāng)局改善了這一問(wèn)題，街道被拓寬，房屋擴(kuò)建陽(yáng)臺(tái)，以提供安全和緊急情況下的通道。這些 “公寓”通常有五到七層高（超過(guò)七十英尺）；然而，由于許多公寓被認(rèn)為是不安全的，奧古斯都和圖拉真皇帝都通過(guò)法律限制其高度；不幸的是，這些法律通常很少得到有效執(zhí)行。

Poverty throughout the city was apparent, whether through one's lack of education or manner of dress, and life in these tenements reflected this disparity. The floor on which a person lived depended on one's income. The lower apartments - the ground floor or first floor of an insulae - were far more comfortable than the top floors. They were spacious, containing separate rooms for dining and sleeping, glazed windows, and, unlike the other floors, the rent was usually paid annually. The higher floors, where rent was paid by the day or week, were cramped, often with only one room to a family. A family lived in constant fear of eviction. They had no access to natural light, were hot in the summer and cold in the winter with little or no running water - this even meant a latrina or toilet. While the city's first sewer system or Cloaca Maxima had appeared in the six century BCE, it did not benefit those on the upper floors (lower floors had access to running water and indoor toilets). Refuse, even human waste, was routinely dumped onto the streets, not only causing a terrible stench but a breeding ground for disease. For many, the only alternative was to use the public toilets. Combine the lack of street lights (there was no foot traffic at night due to the high crime rate), the decaying buildings, and the fear of fire, life on the upper floors of the tenements was not very enjoyable for many of the poor.

? ? ? ? ? 整個(gè)城市的貧困是顯而易見(jiàn)的，不管是缺乏教育還是穿著打扮，這些公寓的生活反映了這種差距。一個(gè)人住在哪一層，取決于他的收入。低層公寓（底層或一樓）要比頂層公寓舒適得多。它們很寬敞，有單獨(dú)的房間供人用餐和睡覺(jué)，有玻璃窗，而且與其他樓層不同的是，低層公寓租金通常是每年支付一次。較高樓層的租金是按天或按周支付的，那里很擁擠，往往一個(gè)家庭只有一個(gè)房間。一個(gè)家庭一直生活在被驅(qū)逐的恐懼中。他們沒(méi)有自然光，夏天很熱，冬天很冷，幾乎沒(méi)有自來(lái)水--這甚至意味著這里像一個(gè)“廁所”或“馬桶”。雖然城市的第一個(gè)下水道系統(tǒng)（Cloaca Maxima）出現(xiàn)在公元前六世紀(jì)，但它并沒(méi)有使高層的人受益（低層的人可以使用自來(lái)水和室內(nèi)廁所）。垃圾，甚至是人類(lèi)的糞便，都經(jīng)常被傾倒在街道上，不僅產(chǎn)生可怕的惡臭，而且成為疾病的溫床。對(duì)許多人來(lái)說(shuō)，唯一的選擇就是使用公共廁所。再加上缺乏路燈（由于犯罪率高，晚上沒(méi)有人流），建筑朽爛，以及對(duì)火災(zāi)的恐懼，對(duì)許多窮人來(lái)說(shuō)，在公寓的高層生活并不愉快。

公元前 1 世紀(jì)壁畫(huà)的細(xì)節(jié)，它裝飾了羅馬法爾內(nèi)西納別墅的隔間

私人別墅

On the contrary, most of the wealthy residents - those who didn't live in villas outside the city - lived in a domus. These homes, at least in Rome, were usually located on Palatine Hill to be close to the imperial palace. As with many of the tenements, the front of this dwelling (especially in cities like Pompeii and Herculaneum) often contained a shop where the owner would conduct daily business. Behind the shop was the atrium - a reception area where guests or clients were greeted and private business sometimes conducted. The atrium would often include a small shrine to a household or ancestral god. The ceiling of the atrium was open and beneath this was a rectangular pool. On rainy days the water that came through this opening was collected and used elsewhere in the domus. On either side of the atrium were smaller rooms, called cubiculum which served as bedrooms, libraries and offices. Of course, there was ample space available for a dining room or triclinium and the kitchen. To the rear of the domus was the family garden.

? ? ? ? ? 相反，大多數(shù)富有的居民——那些沒(méi)有住在城外別墅的人——都住在domus（豪宅，上流階級(jí)和中流階級(jí)公民的住宅）里。這些住宅，至少在羅馬，通常位于帕拉丁山上，靠近皇宮。這種住宅（尤其是在龐貝和赫庫(kù)蘭尼姆這樣的城市）的前面通常有一個(gè)鋪?zhàn)樱魅嗽谀抢锾幚砣粘Ｊ聞?wù)。鋪?zhàn)雍竺媸侵型ィ@是一個(gè)接待區(qū)，用來(lái)迎接客人或客戶(hù)，有時(shí)也用來(lái)處理私人事務(wù)。中庭通常包括一個(gè)供奉家庭或祖先之神的小神龕。中庭的天花板是開(kāi)放的，下面是一個(gè)長(zhǎng)方形的水池。在雨天，從這個(gè)開(kāi)口處流出的水被收集起來(lái)，并用于住所內(nèi)的其他地方。在中庭的兩邊是較小的房間，稱(chēng)為cubiculum（是高地位家庭居住的古羅馬房屋），用作臥室、圖書(shū)館和辦公室。當(dāng)然，還有充足的空間可用于建造餐廳或三室一廳與廚房。宅院的后面是私人花園。

家? ? ?庭

Regardless whether rich or poor, tenement or villa, the fundamental social unit throughout the empire was the family, and from the early days of the Republic, the existence of the family-centered entirely on the concept of paterfamilias - the male head of the household had the power of life and death over all members of the family (even the extended family). He could reject children if they were disfigured, if he questioned their paternity, if he had more than one daughter already or merely if he felt so inclined. He could also sell any of his children into slavery. Gradually, over time, this extreme, almost all-powerful, control over one's family (patria potestas) would diminish. However, this ironclad rule by the husband or father did not limit the power of the woman of the house.

? ? ? ? ? 不管是富人還是窮人，公寓還是別墅，整個(gè)帝國(guó)的基本社會(huì)單位是家庭。從共和國(guó)的早期開(kāi)始，家庭的存在完全以父權(quán)概念為中心——男性戶(hù)主對(duì)家庭所有成員（甚至是大家庭）擁有生殺大權(quán)。如果孩子被毀容，如果他質(zhì)疑孩子的父親身份，如果他已經(jīng)有一個(gè)以上的女兒，或者僅僅是覺(jué)得有必要，他可以不承認(rèn)這個(gè)孩子的身份。他還可以把他任何一個(gè)孩子賣(mài)給奴隸販子。隨著時(shí)間的推移，這種極端的、幾乎無(wú)所不能的對(duì)家庭的控制（patria potestas）會(huì)逐漸減少。然而，丈夫或父親的這一鐵律并沒(méi)有限制家中婦女的權(quán)力。

The home was the domain of the wife. While she was initially restricted from appearing in public, she ran the household and often saw to the education of the children until a tutor could be found. By the end of the Republic, she was even permitted to sit with her husband at dinner, go to the baths, although not at the same time as the men, and attend the theater and games. Later, women could be seen working as bakers, pharmacists and shopkeepers and, legally, women's rights improved, for example, divorce proceedings could be initiated by either the husband or wife.

? ? ? ? ? 家庭是妻子的領(lǐng)域。雖然她最初被限制在公共場(chǎng)合出現(xiàn)，但她管理著家庭，并經(jīng)常負(fù)責(zé)孩子們的教育，直到家里能夠承擔(dān)家庭教師的支出。到了共和國(guó)末期，她甚至被允許與丈夫坐在一起吃飯——洗澡當(dāng)然不能與男人同時(shí)進(jìn)行；她還能參加劇院與娛樂(lè)活動(dòng)。后來(lái)，人們可以看到婦女從事面包師、藥劑師和店主的工作，在法律上，婦女的地位得到了改善，例如，離婚訴訟可以由丈夫或妻子提出。

飲? ? ?食

Everyone has to eat, and the diet of a Roman resident depended, as did his or her housing, on one's economic status. For many of the poor this meant waiting for the monthly allotment of grain. To most Romans the main meal of the day was in the late afternoon, from four to six. The morning and noon meals were usually light snacks, sometimes only bread. Since there was no refrigeration, shopping was done daily at the many small shops and street carts or in the city's forum. Many of the foods we consider Italian today did not exist in early Rome. There were no potatoes, tomatoes, corn, peppers, rice, or sugar. Neither were there any oranges, grapefruits, apricots, or peaches. While the wealthy enjoyed imported spices in their meals, reclined on pillows and were served by slaves, many of the extremely poor or homeless ate rancid cereal or gruel (the lack of a quality diet caused many to suffer from malnutrition). To others the daily diet consisted of cereals, bread, vegetables and olive oil; meat was far too expensive for the average budget although it sometimes became available after a sacrifice to the gods (as only the internal organs were used in a sacrifice). Wine was the common drink, but, for the poor, water was available at the public fountains.

? ? ? ? ? 每個(gè)人都要吃飯，羅馬居民的飲食和他們的住房一樣，都取決于一個(gè)人的經(jīng)濟(jì)地位。對(duì)于許多窮人來(lái)說(shuō)，這意味著要等待每月的糧食分配。對(duì)大多數(shù)羅馬人來(lái)說(shuō)，一天的主餐是在下午四點(diǎn)到六點(diǎn)之間。上午和中午的飯菜通常是簡(jiǎn)單的點(diǎn)心，有時(shí)只有面包。由于當(dāng)時(shí)沒(méi)有冷藏設(shè)備，所以每天都要在許多小商店和街頭小車(chē)上或在城市的集市上購(gòu)物。我們今天認(rèn)為的許多意大利食品在早期羅馬并不存在。當(dāng)時(shí)沒(méi)有土豆、西紅柿、玉米、辣椒、大米或糖。也沒(méi)有橘子、葡萄柚、杏子或桃子。當(dāng)富人在飯菜中享用進(jìn)口香料，躺在枕頭上，由奴隸服侍時(shí)，許多極端貧窮的人或無(wú)家可歸的人卻吃著餿掉的谷物或稀飯（缺乏高質(zhì)量的飲食使許多人患上了營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良癥）。對(duì)普通人來(lái)說(shuō)，日常飲食包括谷物、面包、蔬菜和橄欖油；肉類(lèi)對(duì)于普通人的預(yù)算來(lái)說(shuō)太過(guò)昂貴，盡管有時(shí)在向神靈獻(xiàn)祭后可以獲得少量的肉（因?yàn)樵讷I(xiàn)祭中只使用動(dòng)物內(nèi)臟）。酒是常見(jiàn)的飲料，但對(duì)于窮人來(lái)說(shuō)，公共噴泉可以提供飲用水。

西西里島阿爾梅里納廣場(chǎng)羅馬納別墅的 3 世紀(jì)比基尼女孩馬賽克。

工作與娛樂(lè)

For the affluent the day was divided between business and leisure. Of course, business was only conducted in the morning. Most Romans worked a six-hour day, beginning at dawn and ending at noon, although, occasionally some shops might reopen in the early evening. The city's forum would be empty because the afternoon was devoted to leisure - attending the games (gladiatorial competitions, chariot races, or wrestling), the theater or the baths - all of which were also enjoyed by the poor (as many in government felt the need for the poor to be entertained). Even during times of crises, the citizens of Rome were kept happy with bread and games. They could be found at the Circus Maximus, Colosseum, or Theatre of Pompeii.

? ? ? ? ? 對(duì)于富裕的人來(lái)說(shuō)，一天的時(shí)間被劃分為生意和休閑時(shí)間。當(dāng)然，生意只在早上進(jìn)行。大多數(shù)羅馬人每天工作六小時(shí)，從黎明開(kāi)始到中午結(jié)束，不過(guò)，偶爾有些商店會(huì)在傍晚重新開(kāi)張。城市集市在下午是空的，這里是用來(lái)休閑的地方——參加比賽（角斗士比賽、戰(zhàn)車(chē)比賽或摔跤）、劇院或浴場(chǎng)，窮人也可以參與（因?yàn)樵S多政府官員認(rèn)為窮人需要娛樂(lè)）。即使在危機(jī)時(shí)期，羅馬公民也能通過(guò)面包和娛樂(lè)保持快樂(lè)。他們可以在馬克西穆斯競(jìng)技場(chǎng)、斗獸場(chǎng)或龐貝劇院找到屬于自己的歡樂(lè)時(shí)光。

Throughout the empire, cities such as Antioch, Alexandria, Carthage or even Cathago Nova became romanized, containing an amphitheater or arena. The city of Pompeii had three municipal baths, two theaters, a basilica, and an amphitheater. During the time of Emperor Claudius there were 159 days when no business was conducted (no day of rest existed in a Roman week); however, Emperor Marcus Aurelius considered this too extreme and decreed there had to be at least 230 days of business.

? ? ? ? ? 在整個(gè)帝國(guó)，諸如安提阿、亞歷山大、迦太基甚至卡塔戈諾瓦等城市都成為羅馬化的城市，城里包含一個(gè)圓形劇場(chǎng)或競(jìng)技場(chǎng)。龐貝市有三個(gè)市政浴場(chǎng)，兩個(gè)劇院，一個(gè)大教堂和一個(gè)圓形劇場(chǎng)。在克勞狄烏斯皇帝時(shí)期，有159天沒(méi)有進(jìn)行商業(yè)活動(dòng)（在羅馬的一周中不存在休息日）；然而，馬可·奧理略皇帝認(rèn)為這太極端了，并下令至少要有230天的商業(yè)活動(dòng)。

一幅來(lái)自羅馬龐貝城的壁畫(huà)（約公元 60 年），描繪了Terentius Neo 拿著卷軸，他的妻子拿著手寫(xiě)筆和寫(xiě)字板。

浴? ? ?場(chǎng)

After a busy day conducting business and attending the games, a Roman citizen needed to relax and this relaxation time was spent at the baths - bathing was important to all Romans (usually once or twice a week). The baths were a place to socialize and sometimes conduct business. In 33 BCE there were 170 in Rome, and by 400 CE there were over 800 including the largest and most sumptuous, the Baths of Trajan, Caracalla, and Diocletian. An emperor could always ensure his popularity by building baths. A typical bath included a gym, health center, swimming pool and sometimes even a bordello (for the more affluent guests). Most were very cheap to use and even free on public holidays. A typical bath would have three rooms - a tepidarium or relaxation room, a caldarium or hotter room, and a frigadarium or cooling room. Slaves were used to maintain the heat in the various hot rooms as well as attend to the needs of the wealthy. One of the most famous baths was the one given to the city by Emperor Diocletian. It covered thirty-two acres with a lavish garden, fountains, sculptures and even a running track. It could seat 3,000 guests. After a relaxing afternoon at the baths, a Roman citizen, wealthy or poor, would return home for their evening meal.

? ? ? ? ? 在忙完一天的生意或參加比賽后，羅馬公民需要放松，這種放松的時(shí)間是在浴場(chǎng)度過(guò)的——洗澡對(duì)所有羅馬人都很重要（通常每周一到兩次）。浴場(chǎng)是一個(gè)社交場(chǎng)所，有時(shí)也是進(jìn)行商業(yè)活動(dòng)的地方。公元前33年，羅馬有170個(gè)浴場(chǎng)；到公元400年，就有800多個(gè)浴場(chǎng)，包括最大和最豪華的特拉揚(yáng)浴場(chǎng)、卡拉卡拉浴場(chǎng)和戴克里先浴場(chǎng)。一個(gè)皇帝總是可以通過(guò)建造浴場(chǎng)來(lái)確保他的知名度。一個(gè)典型的浴場(chǎng)包括健身房、保健中心、游泳池，有時(shí)甚至還有一個(gè)妓院（為更富裕的客人服務(wù)）。大多數(shù)浴場(chǎng)的使用費(fèi)用非常便宜，甚至在公共假期還是免費(fèi)的。典型的浴場(chǎng)會(huì)有三個(gè)房間——一個(gè)溫水池或放松室，一個(gè)熱水池或更熱的房間，以及一個(gè)冷凍室或冷卻室。奴隸們維持各個(gè)熱室的熱量，并滿(mǎn)足富人的各種需求。最著名的浴場(chǎng)之一是戴克里先皇帝賜予該城的浴場(chǎng)。它占地三十二英畝，有一個(gè)豪華的花園、噴泉、雕塑，甚至還有一條跑道。它可以容納3,000名客人。在浴場(chǎng)度過(guò)一個(gè)輕松的下午后，羅馬市民，無(wú)論貧富，都會(huì)回家吃夜宵。

總? ? ?結(jié)

Daily life in a Roman city was completely dependent on one's economic status. The city, however, remained a mixture of wealth and poverty, often existing side by side. The wealthy had the benefit of slave labor whether it was heating the water at the baths, serving them their evening meal, or educating their children. The poor, on the other hand, had no access to education, lived in run-down tenements, and sometimes lived off the charity of the city. Historians still argue about the fall of the empire - was it religion or the influx of barbarians? However, there are those who point to the poor of the city - the squalor, the rise of the unemployed, and the increase in disease and crime - as a contributing factor to the western empire's eventual demise.

? ? ? ? ? 羅馬城市的日常生活完全取決于一個(gè)人的經(jīng)濟(jì)地位。然而，這座城市仍然是財(cái)富和貧窮的混合體，兩者并存。富人可以享受到奴隸勞動(dòng)的好處，無(wú)論是在浴場(chǎng)加熱水、為他們提供夜餐，還是教育他們的孩子。另一方面，窮人沒(méi)有受教育的機(jī)會(huì)，他們住在破舊的公寓里，有時(shí)還靠城市的慈善事業(yè)生活。歷史學(xué)家對(duì)帝國(guó)的衰落仍有爭(zhēng)議——是宗教原因還是野蠻人的涌入？然而，也有人指出，城市的貧窮——骯臟、失業(yè)者的增加以及疾病和犯罪的增加——是導(dǎo)致西方帝國(guó)最終滅亡的一個(gè)因素。