Questions 1 and 2 are based on this passage. ?

Arts/history

Henry IV / chronicle / censor

歷史由勝利者書寫

①After Henry IV usurped the English throne from Richard II in 1399, evidence suggests the new?king, censored records that portrayed the new regime unfavorably. ②While no censorship orders are?preserved, one chronicler mentions that Henry ordered all chronicles inspected. ③That not a single?English chronicle is critical of the coup is a pretty good indication that Henry suppressed any hostile?material. ④Moreover, the single voice with which the English chronicle praise Henry and defame Richard?after 1399 is challenged by the contrary version of events recorded in the French chronicles. ⑤For most?of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, this discrepancy was attributed to French Anglophobia, but?the accuracy and value of the French chronicle has now been reappraised.?

在亨利四世于 1399 年從理查二世手中篡奪英國王位后，有證據(jù)表明新國王審查了對新政權(quán)不利的記錄。 雖然沒有保留任何審查命令，但一位編年史家提到亨利下令檢查所有編年史。 沒有一部英國編年史批評政變，這很好地表明亨利禁止了任何敵對材料。 此外，英國編年史在 1399 年之后贊揚亨利和誹謗理查的一致聲音受到法國編年史中記錄的相反版本的事件的挑戰(zhàn)。 在 19 世紀(jì)和 20 世紀(jì)的大部分時間里，這種差異被歸咎于法國的英國恐懼癥，但是法國編年史的準(zhǔn)確性和價值現(xiàn)在已被重新評估。

1. It can be inferred from the passage that many histories in the nineteenth century believed that the French chronicles?

細節(jié)題 推斷題 易

信息來自四五句

C

A. overly praised Richard II during his reign 相反/沒有證據(jù)

B. were less meticulous than their English counterparts 沒有證據(jù)

C. distorted their accounts of the events of 1399 because of antipathy toward England 符合

D. refused requests by those in power to have their chronicles inspected 沒有證據(jù)

E. willfully ignored events in England in favor of recording happenings closer to home 沒有證據(jù)

Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.?

2. The passage mentions which of the following as evidence suggesting censorship on the?part of Henry IV ??

細節(jié)題 中

ABC

A. Henry’s request to inspect the chronicles 有

B. The uniformity of these chronicles’ criticism of Henry’s predecessor 有，對應(yīng)single voice

C. The disparity between accounts offered in English and French chronicles 有

生詞摘錄：

usurp 篡奪；侵害

coup 政變；成功的行動

Anglophobia 仇英心理

Questions 3 to 5 are based on this passage?

文章重復(fù)S01S2Q8-10

French films / Hollywood / modernist

Arts/film

1920s的法國電影算不上現(xiàn)代主義

①French filmmakers of the 1920s emphasized visual style rather than narrative continuity, which was already dominant in the United States and elsewhere. ②Some critics have asserted that since these films?flout?the cinematic conventions of Hollywood, they should be regarded as important modernist cinema. ?③While a welcome departure from the traditional?denigration?of 1920s French cinema, this?claim?overestimates or distorts the achievement of such directors as Gance and L'Herbier, since the Hollywood conventions they did not use were not yet fully established in France, where the Hollywood-style production practices that?would have supported these conventions were lacking.??④Moreover, though 1920s French films should indeed be judged by criteria other than those underlying the Hollywood aesthetic, their?slighting?of Hollywood conventions does not, by itself, make them modernist or genuine revolutionary, since the?weight of nineteenth-century traditions of art and literature on these films—especially in subject matter?and ideological assumptions—cannot easily be disregarded.?

20世紀(jì)20年代的法國電影制片人更加強調(diào)視覺風(fēng)格而非敘述連續(xù)性，后者在美國及其他地方已經(jīng)占據(jù)主要地位。一些評論者認為因為這些（法國）電影無視好萊塢的電影傳統(tǒng)，它們應(yīng)該被認為是現(xiàn)代主義電影。盡管在對20世紀(jì)20年代的法國電影的普遍詆毀中也有歡迎的聲音，但上面的這種觀點高估或者歪曲了比如G和L這些導(dǎo)演們的成就，因為他們沒用的好萊塢傳統(tǒng)那時法國還沒有，當(dāng)時的法國還沒有支持這些傳統(tǒng)的制片實踐。（也就是說，沒用好萊塢風(fēng)格不是不想，而是用不了。）另外，盡管那時的法國電影應(yīng)該用好萊塢以外的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來衡量，但是這些電影中體現(xiàn)出來的對好萊塢傳統(tǒng)的冷落并不能使他們被稱為現(xiàn)代主義或算是一種真正的變革，因為19世紀(jì)的藝術(shù)和文學(xué)傳統(tǒng)的對這些電影的影響不能忽視，特別是對主題和意識形態(tài)假設(shè)的影響。

生詞摘錄：

flout 無視，嘲笑

denigration?詆毀

slighting 冷落，粗心對待

3. The author of the passage asserts which of the following about “this claim”??

細節(jié)題 中

作者認為這個觀點有失偏頗。

A

A. It does not accurately consider the conditions of filmmaking in French in the 1920s. 符合

B. It fails to depict adequately the achievements of directors other than Gance and L’Herbier. 沒有其他導(dǎo)演的證據(jù)

C. It underestimates the degree to which certain French directors were influenced by their?Hollywood counterparts during the 1920s. 沒有influenced證據(jù)

D. It is equally as valid as the traditional view of 1920s French cinema. 沒有證據(jù)

E. It has more merit than other recent, competing assessments of 1920s French cinema. 沒有證據(jù)

4. The passage suggests that the author would most likely agree with the critics mentioned?in the highlighted sentence about which of the following??

態(tài)度題 難

問作者和critics的相同的觀點。

D

A. The difficulty of establishing criteria to replace those by which 1920s French films have?traditionally been assessed 沒有difficulty的證據(jù)

B. The ways in which present-day directors would benefit from learning more about French films?of the 1920s 沒有l(wèi)earning的證據(jù)

C. The originality of the visual style of French cinema in the 1920s 沒有originality的證據(jù)

D. The need to evaluate 1920s French films by criteria different from those used to evaluate?Hollywood films 符合4句信息

E. The desirability of filmmakers’ flouting the cinematic conventions of Hollywood 沒有證據(jù)

5. The author of the passage states which of the following about the French cinema of the?1920s??

細節(jié)題 中

C

A. The visual style of the films is more indebted to Hollywood conventions than many critics ?recognize. 沒有證據(jù)

B. The achievements of the films in terms of visual style might have been greater if the director?had had the production resources available in Hollywood. 沒有證據(jù)

C. The content and ideology of the film were influenced by nineteenth-century art and literature. 符合最后一句

D. The films would have been more successful had their conventional subject matter not been at?odds with their unconventional visual style. 沒有證據(jù)

E. The influence of nineteenth-century art on the visual style of the film differentiates them from?Hollywood films of the same era. 沒有influence的證據(jù)

Question 6 is based on this passage?

Sciences

traffic congestion / new road?

新路緩解交通壓力

To reduce traffic congestion on Lochley city streets, a new road will be built to bypass the city. The?road will offer a faster commute to nearly all people who live in suburbs and now commute via Lochley’s?streets to their jobs in other suburbs. Those cars constitute one-quarter of the cars now using Lochley’s streets each weekday. Thus after the bypass road has been built, weekday traffic congestion on Lochley’s?street will be substantially reduced.

為減少Lochley 城市街道上的交通擁堵，將修建一條新道路繞過城市。 這條道路將為幾乎所有住在郊區(qū)的人提供更快的通勤時間，他們現(xiàn)在通過 Lochley 的街道通勤到其他郊區(qū)的工作地點。這些汽車占現(xiàn)在每個工作日使用 Lochley 街道的汽車的四分之一。 因此，在新道路建成后，Lochley 街道的平日交通擁堵將大大減少。

6. Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument??

邏輯單題 邏輯支持 中

排他因，否命題，或者新證據(jù)

D

A. Only a relatively small reduction in traffic congestion could be achieved by widening existing?streets in Lochley. 不能說明修新路就能解決問題。不能加強

B. Most of the suburban commuters now using city streets in traveling to jobs in other suburbs?travel one person to a car. 跟車?yán)镒鴰讉€人沒關(guān)系。

C. Commuters who travel from homes in Lochley to jobs in the suburbs account for a small?proportion of Lochley’s traffic. 出城的人不在討論范圍

D. Few of the people who currently commute through Lochley stop there for shopping or other?activities. 屬于排他因。不會停車干別的，也就是只開車。排除了因中途停車帶來的擁堵這個他因。所以多條路就通暢一些。

E. After the bypass road is built, Lochley will perform more of its maintenance work on city?streets on weekdays. 修路會導(dǎo)致?lián)矶?。會削弱?/p>

Questions 7 to 8 are based on this passage?

文章重復(fù)S07S3Q1-2

Arts/literature

feminist literary criticism / Fanny Fern / sentimentalism?

FF的作品在多愁善感中針砭時弊

Before feminist literary criticism emerged in the 1970s, the nineteenth-century United States writer Fanny Fern was regarded by most?critics?(when considered at all) as a prototype of weepy sentimentalism-a pious, insipid icon of conventional American culture. Feminist?reclamations?of Fern, by contrast, emphasize her "nonsentimental" qualities, particularly her?sharply humorous social criticism. Most feminist scholars find it difficult to reconcile Fern's sardonic social critiques with?her effusive celebrations of many conventional values.?Attempting to resolve this contradiction, Harris concludes that Fern employed “flowery rhetoric" strategically to disguise her subversive goals beneath?apparent conventionality.?However, Tompkins proposes an alternative view of sentimentality itself, suggesting that sentimental writing could serve radical, rather than only conservative, ends by swaying readers emotionally, moving them to embrace social change.?

在 1970 年代女權(quán)主義文學(xué)批評出現(xiàn)之前，19 世紀(jì)的美國作家范妮·弗恩（Fanny Fern）被大多數(shù)評論家視為哀傷感傷主義的原型——傳統(tǒng)美國文化的虔誠、平淡的偶像。 相比之下，女權(quán)主義者強調(diào)了Fern的“非感性”品質(zhì)，尤其是她尖銳幽默的社會批評。大多數(shù)女權(quán)主義學(xué)者發(fā)現(xiàn)很難調(diào)和弗恩的諷刺社會批評和她對許多傳統(tǒng)價值觀的熱情洋溢的贊揚。為了解決這一矛盾，哈里斯得出結(jié)論，弗恩有策略地使用了“華麗的修辭”，以將她的顛覆性目標(biāo)隱藏在明顯的常規(guī)之下。然而，湯普金斯提出了一種關(guān)于多愁善感本身的另一種觀點：多愁善感的寫作可以服務(wù)于激進的，而不僅僅是保守的，通過在情感上影響讀者，促使他們接受社會變革。

Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.?

7. The passage suggests which of the following about the “contradiction” mentioned in the?highlighted sentence??

細節(jié)題 推斷題 難

AC

A. It was not generally addressed by critics before the 1970s. 之前并不覺得。符合第一句描述。1970s女權(quán)主義出現(xiàn)之后才出現(xiàn)的不同觀點。

B. It is apparent in only a small number of Fern’s writings. 沒有證據(jù)

C. It has troubled many feminist critics who study Ferns. 符合3句

8. It can be inferred from the passage that Tompkins would be most likely to agree with which?of the following about the “critics” mentioned in the passage??

態(tài)度題 難

D

A. They accurately characterize the overall result Fern is aiming to achieve. 相反

B. They are not dismissive of Fern as some feminist critics have suggested.?他們并沒有像一些女權(quán)主義評論家所說的那樣輕視弗恩。 沒有證據(jù)

C. They exaggerate the extent to which Fern intended her writing to serve a social purpose. 沒有證據(jù)

D. They wrongly assume that “sentimental” must be a pejorative term. 符合

E. They fail to recognize that sentimental rhetoric plays to readers’ emotions. 沒有證據(jù)

Questions 9 to 10 are based on this passage?

Sciences/ecology

wolves / Yellowstone / elk / aspen / beaver

黃石公園的生態(tài)恢復(fù)

①In 1995, after an absence of nearly 70 years, wolves were reintroduced into Yellowstone National?Park. ②During the wolf-free era, heavy browsing of aspen trees by elk populations spelled doom not only?for the trees themselves but for a host of other creatures dependent on them, such as beavers, whose?population in Yellowstone crashed after wolves were removed. ③Without beavers to create ponds, ?wetland ecosystems—aquatic plants, amphibians, birds—were devastated. ④When wolves returned, grazers and browsers resumed normal patterns of behavior, preferring safer, open areas over the dense cover and stream sides where carnivores can lurk. ⑤Keeping elk wary and on the move, wolves gave aspen and other young trees the opportunity to grow and become reestablished.?

1995 年，在消失了將近 70 年之后，狼被重新引入黃石國家公園。 在沒有狼的時代，麋鹿種群對白楊樹的大量掠食不僅對樹木本身而且對許多依賴它們的其他生物來說都是厄運，例如海貍，它們在黃石公園的種群在狼被清除后崩潰。 如果沒有海貍來建造池塘，濕地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)——水生植物、兩棲動物、鳥類——就會遭到破壞。 當(dāng)狼回來時，食草動物恢復(fù)了正常的行為模式，它們更喜歡更安全、開放的區(qū)域，而不是肉食動物可以潛伏的密集覆蓋和溪流兩側(cè)。 狼群的存在使麋鹿保持警惕并時常移動，保證了白楊和其他幼樹成長和重現(xiàn)的機會。

9. The passage asserts which of the following about beaver populations in Yellowstone??

細節(jié)題 易

B

A. They have rebounded since the reintroduction of wolves. 對但沒提

B. They were adversely affected by the feeding habits of elk populations.?符合

C. They increased during the period when wolves disappeared from the park. 相反

D. They have historically had an adverse effect on the park’s wetland ecosystems. 相反

E. They are essential to the health of the park’s aspen trees. 沒有證據(jù)

10. The author would be most likely to agree with which of the following claims about the?reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone??

態(tài)度題 易

B

A. It indirectly harmed some of the park’s amphibian habitats. 沒有證據(jù)

B. It reduced the number of elk feeding along stream sides.?符合

C. It led to greater species diversity among the park’s grazers and browsers. 沒有證據(jù)

D. It significantly increased competition for food among the park’s carnivores. 沒有證據(jù)

E. It fostered the resurgence of tree species that once flourished in the park’s open areas. 干擾。不在open areas。

生詞摘錄：

aspen 楊樹

lurk 潛伏