正文翻譯

How did early humans spread to all continents from Africa without a boat?

早期人類是如何在沒有船的情況下從非洲走到各大洲的?

評(píng)論翻譯

Profile photo for Joseph Fulginiti
They mainly walked. During the last Ice Age sea levels were considerably lower than they are now exposing land bridges. There were also periods of time that the impassable desserts were more lush.
Now, depending on what you mean by early humans, they also “island hopped”. Taking small rafts or canoes from one island to the next. That’s how the original indigenous peoples reached Australia about 50,000 years ago. It is now believed the South American settlers may have hugged the North American coastline on boats until they reached the southern continent. (Of course they stopped for bathroom breaks.)

他們主要靠走。在上一個(gè)冰河時(shí)期，海平面比現(xiàn)在露出來的陸橋要低得多。也有段時(shí)期，不可逾越的沙漠更廣闊?，F(xiàn)在取決于你所說的早期人類是什么意思，他們乘小木筏或獨(dú)木舟從一個(gè)島到下一個(gè)島。這就是5萬年前土著居民到達(dá)澳大利亞的方法?，F(xiàn)在人們相信，南美的定居者可能是乘船沿著北美的海岸線到達(dá)南部大陸的。(他當(dāng)然們也會(huì)停下來上個(gè)廁所。)

Profile photo for Claire Jordan
The first humans to leave Africa seem to have done so from the Horn of Africa to Yemen. At its narrowest point the Red Sea is iirc nine miles across - close enough that they could see trees and grass on the far side - and there’s an island partway, so they only had to paddle their canoes or rafts a few miles at a time. At a pinch they could even have swum across. It’s also possible to walk from Egypt to Israel overland, provided you have a couple of days’ supply of food and water with you.
That gave humans access to Asia and Europe - from the Middle East, they just had to walk. Humans penetrated as far east as Kamchatka, then crossed to Alaska either by walking across the land bridge which existed at the time, or by canoeing along the edge of it, camping on land at night. From there they could get to anywhere in the mainland Americas by walking.
The only time proper sea-going ships were required was to get from the south of mainland Asia to Indonesia, Australia and various small islands. We must assume that by that point they had developed better canoes and rafts, like the ones used to settle the Pacific islands. But note that humans only made it as far as New Zealand less than a thousand years ago.

第一批離開非洲的人類似乎是從非洲之角（譯注:非洲之角又稱東北非洲，作為一個(gè)半島，則又稱索馬里半島，位于非洲東北部，是東非的一個(gè)半島，在亞丁灣南岸，向東伸入阿拉伯海數(shù)百公里）到達(dá)也門。紅海最窄的地方只有九英里寬，近得可以看到遠(yuǎn)處對(duì)岸的樹木和草地，中間還有個(gè)島，所以他們每次只需要?jiǎng)潕子⒗锏莫?dú)木舟或木筏。必要時(shí)他們甚至可以游過去。你也可以走陸路從埃及到以色列，只要你帶了幾天的食物和水。通過中東，人類得以穿越亞歐兩州，只是不得不步行。人類向東深入到堪察加半島，然后通過當(dāng)時(shí)存在的大陸橋穿越到阿拉斯加，或者沿著它的邊緣劃獨(dú)木舟，晚上就在陸地上露營(yíng)。從那里他們可以步行到美洲大陸的任何地方。唯一需要正規(guī)海船的是從亞洲大陸南部到印度尼西亞、澳大利亞和各種小島的時(shí)期。我們必須假設(shè)，在那時(shí)，他們已經(jīng)發(fā)明了更好的獨(dú)木舟和木筏，就像在太平洋島嶼上定居的那種。但請(qǐng)注意，人類在不到一千年前才到達(dá)新西蘭。

Profile photo for Arni Highfield
You should read the book, or watch the BBC documentary ‘The Incredible Human Journey’ by Dr. Alice Roberts
This describes precisely what you are asking.

你應(yīng)該讀讀書，或者看看英國(guó)廣播公司(BBC)的紀(jì)錄片《不可思議的人類之旅》，作者是愛麗絲·羅伯茨博士。這正好描述了你想問的。

Piet Bakx
We do not know when the first humans left Africa. We have two glaciations in our human past. One from 238k to 126k years ago and one from 110k to 12k years ago. The sea level was more that 100m lower during those glaciations. The interglacial between the first and second glaciation is rather short compared with the length of the glaciations. The tropical regions were very well suited for humans and during the interglacial they could have moved to the north. I have never seen articles about presence of humans in the America’s during the interglacial between 126k and 110k. The Neanderthal humans could have been living and roaming the European fields and forests during the interglaciation. Also the Denisovan humans lived during these millennia in Asia.

我們不知道第一批人類是何時(shí)離開非洲的。人類歷史上有兩次冰期。一個(gè)是從23.8萬年前到12.6萬年前，另一個(gè)是從11萬年前到1.2萬年前。在那些冰河時(shí)期，海平面要低100多米。第一次和第二次間冰期之間的間冰期相對(duì)較短。熱帶地區(qū)非常適合人類，在間冰期，他們可以向北遷移。我從來沒有見過關(guān)于在間冰期12.6萬年前到11萬年前之間的美國(guó)有人類存在的文章。尼安德特人可能在間冰期生活在歐洲的田野和森林里。此外，丹尼索瓦人在亞洲生活了數(shù)千年。
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Kevin De la Bat
You have made an assumption that early humans didn't have boats.
Yes they may not have had complex ships, but are rafts and dugout canoes so hard to make? The only raw materials needed are an axe and trees.
So all that is missing is an idea, would it be so hard to see a tree floating past and think “I could get on that”
The Polynesians explored the entire pacific with basically that tool kit. An idea, trees and stone tools.
The Pesse canoe has been carbon dated to around 8000 BCE.

你假設(shè)了早期人類沒有船。是的，他們可能沒有復(fù)雜的船，但木筏和獨(dú)木舟就那么難做嗎?唯一需要的原材料是一把斧頭和樹木。
所以我們?nèi)鄙俚闹皇且粋€(gè)概念，看到一棵漂浮的樹想著"我能乘那個(gè)"，就這么難嗎？
波利尼西亞人就是用這種工具探索了整個(gè)太平洋。一個(gè)想法，樹木和石器。經(jīng)碳測(cè)定，云杉獨(dú)木舟的年代約為公元前8000年。

Steve Dutch
They walked from Africa to Asia and thence to Europe. During the Pleistocene, when sea level was lower, they walked to the Americas. Although they could also have used boats, which existed by that time. Boats are also how they got to Australia.

他們從非洲走到亞洲，再從那里走到歐洲。在海平面較低的更新世（譯注:更新世是冰川作用活躍的時(shí)期，開始于1 806 000年（±5000年）前，結(jié)束于11 550年前，是構(gòu)成地球歷史的第四紀(jì)冰川的兩個(gè)世中較長(zhǎng)的第一個(gè)世，在此期間發(fā)生了一系列冰川期和間冰川期氣候回旋）時(shí)期，他們步行到了美洲。盡管他們也可以使用當(dāng)時(shí)已經(jīng)存在的船。他們也是通過船只到達(dá)澳大利亞的。

Chris Spencer
Africa, Asia and Europe are all part of the same landmass - no boats required.
The Americas are joined, and it is usually thought that humans arrived there during an ice age, when sea levels were much lower, and there was a land bridge from Asia to Alaska. However, that was well after boats were invented, so they could just as easily have moved along the shore.
Australia has probably never had a land bridge - but the channels would have been quite narrow when sea levels were low, so simple boats and rafts would have been used.
The only continent which is difficult to reach is Antarctica - and we only got there a few centuries ago (not that it is habitable).

非洲、亞洲和歐洲都是同一塊陸地的一部分，不需要船。美洲大陸是連在一起的，人們通常認(rèn)為人類是在冰河時(shí)代到達(dá)那里的，那時(shí)海平面要低得多，而且從亞洲到阿拉斯加有一座大陸橋。然而，那是在船發(fā)明之后很久的事了，所以他們可以很容易地沿著海岸移動(dòng)。澳大利亞可能從來沒有大陸橋，但當(dāng)海平面很低時(shí)，水道會(huì)很窄，所以人們會(huì)使用簡(jiǎn)單的船和木筏到達(dá)。唯一難以到達(dá)的大陸是南極洲——我們幾個(gè)世紀(jì)前才到達(dá)那里(并不是說那里適合居住)。

Profile photo for Nick Elliott
How did humans spread to different continents before boats?
As boats are thought to date back at least 900,000 years, they didn't.

在有船之前，人類是如何播散到不同的大陸的?船被認(rèn)為至少有90萬年的歷史，但實(shí)際上并沒有。

Logan Bolan
They walked. The Ice Age locked up enough water from the oceans that the area between Asia and modern day Alaska that there was a whole ecosystem called Beringia. During the same time period, humans walked from France to Britain. During other periods of time, the ancestor of Homo floriensis walked out to the island of Flores out in Indonesia. When the sealevel rose, they were cut off from the mainland and evolved their own if stunted hominin species.

他們用走的。冰河時(shí)代，在亞洲和現(xiàn)在的阿拉斯加之間從，海洋中鎖住了足夠的水形成了一個(gè)完整的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，叫做白令陸橋。在同一時(shí)期，人類從法國(guó)步行到了英國(guó)。在其他時(shí)期，弗洛里人的祖先走到印尼的弗洛里島。當(dāng)海平面上升時(shí)，它（他？）們與大陸的聯(lián)系被切斷了，并自我進(jìn)化出了發(fā)育不良的古人類物種。
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Tamara Wilhite
Walked, mostly. That’s the likely method the mammoth hunters followed from Asia to North America. Hunters leaving Africa were likely following the animals, too.

走,主要是走。這可能是猛犸象獵人從亞洲到北美所遵循的方法。離開非洲的獵人很可能也在跟蹤這些動(dòng)物。

Miguel Corazao
Ummm … I think there is some context behind the question that needs to be shared. But just to share a few thoughts that may answer the question.
Mankind has had boats of various types for an extremely long time. Some people mistakenly believe boats were only invented as part of civilization but this is not the case.
It is important to remember that many continents are connected (Eurasia and Africa, North and South America) and in prehistoric times there were other land connections, especially Eurasia and North America.
The other thing to understand is that skilled sailors can travel far further in primitive boats than you might think. The settlement of the Polynesian islands, for example, was done using very simple boats and navigation technology.

呃...我認(rèn)為這個(gè)問題背后有一些需要分享的背景。但我只想分享一些可能回答這個(gè)問題的想法。
有些人錯(cuò)誤地認(rèn)為船只是文明的一部分，但事實(shí)并非如此。重要的是要記住，許多大陸是連接在一起的(歐亞大陸和非洲，北美和南美)，在史前時(shí)期，還有其他陸地連接，特別是歐亞大陸和北美。另一件需要了解的事情是，熟練的水手可以乘坐原始的船只旅行遠(yuǎn)比你想象的遠(yuǎn)。例如，波利尼西亞群島的居民就使用了非常簡(jiǎn)單的船只和導(dǎo)航技術(shù)。

Himanshu Jain
I don’t have a real answer to this but interested in this topic so pitching in with some thoughts. If one observes carefully then from Africa to Asia & Europe one could have just walked on land and reached at various places (Now ofcourse there is a strait on Red Sea). Also the distance between Russia (on the Asian side) and Alaska in North America is just 85 km with two islands in between seperated by a distance of just 4 km. Hence even in olden times reaching between these two continents may not have been impossible. From there one can walk to South America (ofcourse again now we have the Panama Canal). This leaves out Australia which is hard for me fathom how early humans may have reached there.

我沒有一個(gè)真正的答案，但對(duì)這個(gè)話題很感興趣，所以貢獻(xiàn)一些想法。如果你仔細(xì)觀察，那么從非洲到亞洲和歐洲，你從陸地上行走，就可以到達(dá)不同的地方(當(dāng)然現(xiàn)在紅海上有一個(gè)海峽)。
此外，俄羅斯(在亞洲一側(cè))和北美的阿拉斯加之間的距離只有85公里，中間有兩個(gè)島嶼，距離僅為4公里。因此，即使在遠(yuǎn)古時(shí)代，這兩個(gè)大陸之間的聯(lián)系也不是不可能的。從那里你可以步行到南美洲(當(dāng)然，現(xiàn)在我們有了巴拿馬運(yùn)河)。這不包括澳大利亞，我很難理解早期人類是如何到達(dá)那里的。

Jim Roper
When they needed boats, they had boats. But, they walked from Africa to the Middle East to Asia, Europe, North America and South America (with help from boats at times). They took boats to Madagascar, Australia, Papua New Guinea and the rest of the Pacific Islands.

當(dāng)他們需要船的時(shí)候，他們有船。但是，他們徒步從非洲到中東，再到亞洲、歐洲、北美和南美(有時(shí)需要船只的幫助)。他們乘船前往馬達(dá)加斯加、澳大利亞、巴布亞新幾內(nèi)亞和其他太平洋島嶼。

Profile photo for Gloria Cole
Some continents such as the area between Spain and North Africa, or West Africa and the east coast of S. America have at times in the past been accessible on floating debris, or hand constructed rafts. In the Pacific, primitive craft was constructed very early to get from one island to another.
And of course the new world was populated by Siberians walking across the Bering St. land bridge.

一些大陸，如西班牙和北非之間的地區(qū)，或西非和南美東海岸，在過去有時(shí)可以通過漂浮的殘骸或手工制作的木筏到達(dá)。在太平洋上，人們很早就制造出了原始的船只，用來從一個(gè)島劃到另一個(gè)島。