It is said that the?Indian merchants?in?the?seventh?century ad?of?the?west?coast?of Indian?continent?were?astonished?to?see?the?bearded?merchants?with?long?robes.?They?saw?them?praying?together?at?a?place where there was no idol. They came to konw that their religion?was?called?Islam.?It?was?a?new?culture?that?did?not?believe?in?the?caste?system,?thus?attracting?the?lower?classes?and?the?Dalits?who?welcomed them to?India.

據(jù)傳說7世紀的印度西海岸商人驚訝地看見一群長胡子穿長袍的商人老哥聚在一塊祈禱。并沒有對著任何一座神像祈禱！他們后來發(fā)現(xiàn)這些不拜神像的老哥信得是回教。這是一種，在7世紀，看來全新的文化并且回教不相信種姓體系。這吸引了印度低種姓和不可接觸的賤歡迎回教傳入印度。

After?its?rise,?Islam?conquered?West?Asia?and?Iran.?It?then?expanded?into?Khurasan?and?Central?Asia?including?Transoxiana?–?the?area?between rivers?Oxus?and?Syr.?As?a?result,?the?Indian?influence,?mainly?Buddhist was?reduced?there?and?the?overland?trade with?China was?affected.?

回教興起后，信徒征服了西亞和伊朗。然后，回教擴展到呼羅珊（現(xiàn)在的阿富汗地區(qū)）和中亞，包括阿克斯河和敘爾河之間的河中地區(qū)（烏茲別克斯坦、土庫曼斯坦）。結(jié)果，對印度的影響，主要是佛教，在那里佛教衰落了。同樣衰落的還有與中國的陸上貿(mào)易受到影響。

The?overseas?commerce?of?India would?have?been?affected?too?but?the Arab?sea?traders?revived?it?and?helped?to?strengthen?the?Indian?commerce with West Asia,?countries?of South-East Asia?and?China.?Contrary?to?the?popular?belief,?the?Indian?traders?were?not?driven?away from?the?seanor?did?they stop?going to?the?sea for?fear?of?the loss of?caste. It has been found in recent years that not only the?Indian?traders?but?also?the?Indian?physicians?and?craftsmen?settled?around?the?Persian?Gulf?areas.?The?powerful?Rashtrakuta?dynasty?welcomed?the Arabs?to?settle?in?India?and?permitted?them?to?build?mosques. Some Arab traders also settled?in?Malabar.

回教大征服也影響了對印度的海外商業(yè)。但阿拉伯海上商人恢復(fù)了印度的海外商業(yè)并加強了同西亞、東南亞諸和中國的貿(mào)易聯(lián)系。和常識相反的是，印度商人并沒有被趕出家門。他們不敢出海，害怕丟失自己的種姓地位。在最近的發(fā)現(xiàn)（2017年）不只是印度商人，還有印度醫(yī)生和工匠在波斯灣周圍定居（這是印度人回老家了）強大的羅濕陀羅拘陀王朝歡迎阿拉伯人在印度定居并允許他們建造清真寺。

The Abbasid empire, at the height?of?the?ninth?century ad,?ruled?from?Constantinople?and?Egypt?to?Central?Asia?and?the?Arabian?Peninsula.?But?they were?mostly interested?in subduing the heathen?Turks??(generally ?called ?Turkomans) ?and??expanding??towards??the?West.?The?rise?of some?aggressive?states?began?with?the?disintegra-?tion?of the Abbasid?Empire?at?the?end?of the?ninth?century.?These?States accepted the nominal suzerainty of?the Caliph in return for his?formal letter of?approval. Gradually the rulers of?these States came to?be called Sultans. Most of?them were?Turks.?Their ancestors had been?nomads?who?lived?in?Mongolistan?and?Sinkiang?and?had?migrated?to?the?region?of Transoxiana,?often?called?Transitional?Zone.?

阿拉伯帝國的阿拔斯王朝，在其9世紀鼎盛時，統(tǒng)治著從君士坦丁堡（當(dāng)然并沒有）到埃及，從中亞到阿拉伯半島的廣袤領(lǐng)土。阿拔斯王朝對鎮(zhèn)壓突厥異教徒很感興趣（這些人被統(tǒng)稱為土庫曼人）。然后從西方一路擴張而來。

在九世紀末，一些武德充沛的邦國在阿拉伯帝國阿拔斯王朝開始解體時崛起。這些邦國接受了阿拉伯帝國哈里發(fā)名義上的宗主權(quán)以換取哈里發(fā)對這些國家獨立的正式批準。逐漸地這些邦國的統(tǒng)治者被冠以“蘇丹”之名。這些人大多數(shù)為突厥人。這些突厥蘇丹們祖先是居住在蒙古和中國新疆的游牧民族并移民到了河中之地。河中之地經(jīng)常被稱為“游牧文明和定居文明的過渡地帶”

The?Iranian?rulers?of the?area?and?the?Abbasid?Caliphs?often?recruited?them?as?mercenaries.?The?Turkish?commanders?learnt?the?Persian?language?and?adopted?the?Persian?culture?quickly.?The?Turks?were?also?taken?as?slaves?and?palace?guards?and?were?converted?to?Islam.?The?ruling?class?used?both Arabic?and?Persian?languages?but?in?the?administrative practices were influenced by the Persian?culture.

After the fall?of?the Abbasids, the most?powerful?dynasty was?the?Samanid?(874-999)?founded?by a?recently converted?Iranian?noble-?man. ?This ?dynasty ?was ?followed ?by ?the ?Ghaznavids ?(962-1186)?founded by?Alaptagin,a former?Turkish slave.?He?was also a Samanid?officer.?

這個地區(qū)的伊朗統(tǒng)治者和阿拔斯王朝的哈里發(fā)經(jīng)常雇傭突厥人為雇傭兵。突厥人將領(lǐng)學(xué)習(xí)波斯語并迅速接受波斯文化。突厥人也被當(dāng)成奴隸和宮殿衛(wèi)士并被改信回教。統(tǒng)治階級使用阿拉伯語和波斯語但統(tǒng)治活動是受到波斯文化影響的。

在阿拔斯王朝奔潰之后，最強大的王朝是薩曼王朝(874-999)，由一個新近皈依的伊朗貴族建立。這個王朝之后是由前突厥奴隸阿勒普特勤建立的伽色尼王朝(962-1186)，此人也是薩曼王朝的一位官員。

譯注：阿勒普特勤應(yīng)該屬于阿斯塔特奴隸階級。是從小在軍營里培養(yǎng)的軍事奴隸，作為禁衛(wèi)軍士兵和軍官培養(yǎng)。屬于統(tǒng)治階級的附庸。

The Ghaznavids were displaced by the Seljuk?Turks who were?in?turn?dispossessed?by?the?Khwarizimi?Empire?which?in?turn?was?dispossessed by the Mongol leader Chenghiz?Khan?in?the?thirteenth?century.?Like the Rajput?States?in?India?these?States?too?fought with?each?other?as?well?as?with?other?smaller?States?often?for?glory?and?possession?of?land.?

伽色尼人被塞爾柱突厥人取代，塞爾柱突厥人又被花拉子模帝國剝奪了土地，而花剌子米帝國又在13世紀被蒙古領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人成吉思汗剝奪了土地。同時期河中亂，印度也亂。拉其普特諸侯在印度互相打打殺殺，其他小國也是如此。為了榮耀和兼并土地。

譯注：啥是拉杰普特諸侯

公元前2～公元5、6世紀，塞種人、貴霜人、匈奴人、嚈噠人和古加拉等民族以及安息人和希臘人，大批移居印度。他們與當(dāng)?shù)鼐用袢诤闲纬衫芷仗厝恕Ｆ浞植嫉貐^(qū)為：印度河下游的塞種拉杰普特人；印度河中游的嚈噠（或白匈奴）拉杰普特人；五河流域的貴霜拉杰普特人。其首領(lǐng)多為外族出身的侍衛(wèi)，自稱為“拉杰普特”。這些部族還保留著氏族關(guān)系和軍事組織。首領(lǐng)和一般成員形成剎帝利，共同占有土地。他們要建立政權(quán)必須取得印度教社會的合法地位，這就需要由婆羅門來證明他們源出于印度古老的某一世系、某一王族、某個英雄、或神話中的天神（例如火神阿耆尼）的后裔。因此有所謂的日系和火系等世系。

人是神的后代，還能得到認證。這非常希臘。