常見連接詞

However, also, in addition, consequently, afterwards, moreover, Furthermore,

further, although, unlike, in contrast, Similarly, Unfortunately, alternatively, parallel

results, In order to, despite, For example, Compared with, other results, thus,

therefore……用好連接詞能使文章層次清楚，意思明確。比如，敘述有時間順序的事

件或文獻(xiàn)，最早的文獻(xiàn)可用 AA advocated it for the first time.接下來可用 Then BB

further demonstrated that. 再接下來，可用 Afterwards, CC……如果還有，可用 More

recent studies by DD……

常見引述別人觀點(diǎn)句子

Much of the research in sexual selection in the last two decades has examined how

a female’s preference that does not influence her immediate reproductive success

can still evolve if it is genetically correlated with another character under direct

selection.(不要每次寫到研究時總用 study，可以用些其它的詞匯，比如 examine，

work。)

Two hypotheses for female preference evolution—runaway sexual selection and

good genes selection—state that preferences evolve indirectly because they are

genetically correlated with male traits that are under direct selection; that is, the

preferences themselves are not under direct selection.(在引述別人的觀點(diǎn)時，如果

不能完全同意，使用 state 比 show 更加中立些。)

Studies of receiver biases suggest that such analogies might not be broadly

applicable.(suggest,又一種較為客觀的引述觀點(diǎn)的表達(dá)方法。)

Burley argued that the preference for red beaks is adaptive because it indicates

male health, and this preference is then transferred to leg-band color.(argue,引用別

人觀點(diǎn)的又一表述。)

According to the anti-monotony hypothesis, habituation plays an important role in

the evolution of complex vocalizations in songbirds: Increased song complexity

reduces habituation of neighboring males and courting females.(根據(jù)…)

1Previous studies of acoustic and bioluminescent interactions had emphasized

potential advantages to group-signaling organization, such as minimizing predation,

preserving species-specific signal characters, or increasing the attractiveness of

the group.(帶有小小的強(qiáng)調(diào))

常用專業(yè)詞匯

1. individuals, characters, folks 替換 people , persons.

2. positive, favorable, rosy, promising, perfect, pleasurable, excellent, outstanding,

superior 替換 good.

3. dreadful, unfavorable, poor, adverse, ill 替換 bad（如果 bad 做表語，可以有 be

less impressive 替換。）

4. an army of, an ocean of, a sea of, a multitude of, a host of, if not most 替 換

many.

5. a slice of, quiet a few 替換 some.

6. harbor the idea that, take the attitude that, hold the view that, it is widely shared

that, it is universally acknowledged that 替換 think。

7. affair, business, matter 替換 thing.

8. shared 替換 common .

9. reap huge fruits 替換 get many benefits.

10. for my part ,from my own perspective 替換 in my opinion.

11. Increasing(ly), growing 替換 more and more（注意沒有 growingly 這種形式。

所以當(dāng)修飾名詞時用 increasing/growing 修飾形容詞，副詞用 increasingly.）

12. little if anything 或 little or nothing 替換 hardly.

13. beneficial, rewarding 替換 helpful.

14. shopper, client, consumer, purchaser 替換 customer.

15. overwhelmingly, exceedingly, extremely, intensely 替換 very.

16. hardly necessary, hardly inevitable…替換 unnecessary, avoidable.

17. indispensable 替換 necessary.

18. sth appeals to sb, sth exerts a tremendous fascination on sb 替 換 sb take

interest in / sb. be interested in.

19. capture one's attention 替換 attract one's attention.

20. facet, demension, sphere 替換 aspet.

21. be indicative of, be suggestive of, be fearful of 替換 indicate,suggest, fear.

22. give rise to, lead to, result in, trigger 替換 cause.

23. There are several reasons behind sth 替換…reasons for sth.

24. desire 替換 want.

25. pour attention into 替換 pay attention to.

26. bear in mind that 替換 remember.

27. enjoy, possess 替換 have（注意 process 是過程的意思）。

28. interaction 替換 communication.

29. frown on sth 替換 be against , disagree with sth .

30. as an example 替換 for example, for instance.

31. next to / virtually impossible 替換 nearly / almost impossible.

32. regarding / concerning 替換 about.

33. crucial /paramount 替換 important.

34. 第一（in the first place/the first and foremost）；第二（there is one more point,

I should touch on, that…）；第三（the last but not the least）.

35. assiduous 替換 hard-working.

36. arduous 替換 difficult.

37. underdeveloped / financially-challenged 替換 poor（因為 poor 通常含有貶義）

38. demonstrate / manifest 替換 show.

39. invariably 替換 always.

40. perilous / hazardous 替換 dangerous.

41. formidable 替換 difficult.

42. quintessential 替換 typica（l 舉例時常用，例如：a quintessential example should

be cited that=for example; for instance）.

43. distinguished 替換 famous.

44. feasible 替換 possible.

45. consequently, accordingly 替換 so.

46. 通 常 ， 由 數(shù) 據(jù) 推 斷 出 一 定 的 結(jié) 論 ， 用 Results indicate, infer, suggest, imply

that……

常用句型

Beginning

1. In this paper, we focus on the need for

2. This paper proceeds as follow.

3. The structure of the paper is as follows.

4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts

5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on the

Introduction

1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a

detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.

2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.

3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations

involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model

is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non

fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.

Review

1. This review is followed by an introduction.

2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in

Section 2.

3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given.

4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ...

5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.

6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2

looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need

for development of possibility methods.

text

1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.

2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic.

3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx

4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language

understanding.

5. Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed in terms of

fuzzy time window

6. Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the ...

7. Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the ….. and also

discusses how to evaluate system performance.

8. Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.

9. Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.

10. Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.

511. Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules

12. The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes

the xx strategies.

13. Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.

14. Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance

investigation.

15. Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.

16. Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.

17. Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.

18. Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use

on experimental data.

19. Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model ..

20. Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.

21. Section 6 illustrates the model with an example.

22. Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very

briefly in Section 2.

23. In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of

human DM system

24. In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a ... scheme

must satisfy.

25. In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems

for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is

order dense.

26. In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently

in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership

functions.

27. In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of

inference experiments...

This Section

1. In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is

designed are described.

2. We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are

necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Next Section

2. The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer

implementation of such fuzzy logic statements.

3. However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the

formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.

4. The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example

of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use.

5. We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections.

6. The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments

based on xx

Summary

1. This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in

section 5.

2. Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation.

3. Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research.

4. Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.

5. Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized

6. The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.

7. Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.

Chapter 0. Abstract

1. A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the

measurement of experimental variables.

2. This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics

which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures.

3. This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.

4. The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations.

5. The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.

6. The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm.

7. The usefulness of xx is also considered.

8. A brief methodology used in xx is discussed.

9. The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.

10. A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.

11. Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and

justified.

12. The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.

13. Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given

to illustrate the proposed technique.

14. This paper analyses problems in

15. This paper outlines the functions carried out by ...

16. This paper includes an illustration of the ...

17. This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching

18. Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in

achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.

19. The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx

20. Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.

21. The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx

22. The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented

by linguistic variables.

23. A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedure

Time

1. Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitive

2. Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world

3. The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the

4. The development of ... is explored

5. During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of

directions

6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years

7. There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance with the advent

of ...

8. A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve...

9. A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena.

10. At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx

11. Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the

efficient and effective method has yet to be developed.

12. The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].

13. To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to

be used in commercial systems.

Objective / Goal / Purpose

1. The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:

2. The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the

existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide

intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx.

3. The paper concerns the development of a xx

4. The scope of this research lies in

5. The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making.

6. These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to

permit ...

7. The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows:

8. The primary purpose/consideration/objective of

9. The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide

10. The main objective of such a ... system is to

11. The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability

distribution.

12. In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following

requirements:

13. In order to take advantage of their similarity

14. more research is still required before final goal of ... can be completed

15. In this trial, the objective is to generate...

16. for the sake of concentrating on ... research issues

817. A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed

procedure for the xx.

18. For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in

presence of fuzzy data: xx.

19. A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for

structuring ..methods

20. This illustration points out the need to specify

21. The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.

22. Chapter 2. Literature Review

23. A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example,

regarding xx

24. A considerable amount of research has been done .. during the last decade

25. A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated

with xx.

26. There is considerable amount of literature on planning

27. However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx.

28. Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under

investigation as well in

methodological aspects as in concrete applications.

29. Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.

30. Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis.

31. Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of

32. Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure

and have, therefore, not yet been automated.

33. Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in

nature.

34. The central issue in all these studies is to

35. The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these

studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches.

36. Applied ... techniques to

37. Characterized the ... system as

38. Developed an algorithm to

39. Developed a system called ... which

40. Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce

41. Emphasized the need to

42. Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology

43. A comprehensive study of the... has been undertaken

44. Much work has been reported recently in these filed

45. Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/

Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights

46. Point out that the problem of

47. A study on ...was done / developed by []

48. Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with

49. The approach taken by [] is

950. The system developed by [] consists

51. A paper relevant to this research was published by []

52. []'s model requires consideration of...

53. []' model draws attention to evolution in human development

54. []'s model focuses on...

55. Little research has been conducted in applying ... to

56. The published information that is relevant to this research...

57. This study further shows that

58. Their work is based on the principle of

59. More history of ... can be found in xx et al. [1979].

60. Studies have been completed to established

61. The ...studies indicated that

62. Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort

in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.

Problem / Issue / Question

63. Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing

planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model. They tend to span broad

activities and require consideration of multiple aspects.

64. Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems

67. ... is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved

68. Two major problems have yet to be addressed

69. An unanswered question

70. This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.

71. An additional research issue to be tackled is ....

72. Some important issues in developing a ... system are discussed

73. The three prime issues can be summarized:

74. The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the ...

75. There have been many attempts to

76. It is expected to be serious barrier to

77. It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex

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SCI論文的寫作，句型都不是自己憑空創(chuàng)造出來的。特別是對于寫作新手，開始的時候都要套用前人的論文找下感覺。

?寫SCI論文的同學(xué)們，可以收藏備用。以上常用詞和句型，結(jié)合研究課題的內(nèi)容，讓您的科研成果更加精準(zhǔn)表述。

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