2002年考研英語(yǔ)閱讀真題及解析【第二篇】
passage2

注解:標(biāo)題為紅色,翻譯為藍(lán)色,分析為綠色。
? ? ? ??Since the dawn(dawn黎明;曙光(本文意譯為:初期)) of human ingenuity獨(dú)創(chuàng)力, people have devised ever more cunning(cunning狡猾的;靈巧的(本文選這個(gè)意思);可愛(ài)的) tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain(plain平原,平坦的;坦率的;單純的;非常的;(本文選這個(gè)意思)) nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics-the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to(have yet to尚未去做某事,還未去做某事)create the mechanical version of science fiction(fiction小說(shuō)(本文選這個(gè)意思);虛構(gòu)的事;謊言), they have begun to come close(關(guān)閉;接近的(本文選這個(gè)意思)).
-【溫馨提示:】本段一詞多義很多,大家都要熟記下所有意思哦!
????????As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm節(jié)律,韻律 of robot assembly arms裝配線上的機(jī)械手臂 Our banking is done at automated teller提款機(jī);(銀行)出納員; terminals [計(jì)]終端;終端機(jī);(automated?teller terminals就是ATM機(jī))that thank us with mechanical politeness for the?transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization小型化,微型化 of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform(演出,表演;執(zhí)行;操作(手術(shù))[本文取這個(gè)意思]) some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy-far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.
????????But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves-goals that pose a real challenge."While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error,"says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, "we can't yet give a robot enough ' common sense' to reliably interact with a dynamic world."
????????Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed形形色色的;各種各樣的 results. Despite a spell of(a spell of?一段時(shí)間,spell?一段時(shí)間(本文取這個(gè)意思),咒語(yǔ),拼寫)initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.
????????What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain's roughly粗略地;粗糙地;粗魯?shù)兀?one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented-and human perception far more complicated-than previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction分?jǐn)?shù),小數(shù);小部分 of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse一瞥,一看 a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard忽視,輕視 the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously即刻;突如其來(lái)地 focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding卷繞物,彎曲的(本文取這個(gè)意思)) forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd人群. The most advanced computer systems on Earth can't approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still don't know quite how we do it.
一、文章結(jié)構(gòu)分析
本文是一篇關(guān)于機(jī)器人科技發(fā)展的文章。文章首先介紹機(jī)器人科技發(fā)展取得的成果,接著談到它的局限性,即機(jī)器人和人類在智能上的差距。
第一、二段:指出自從人類開始有了創(chuàng)造力,就一直在設(shè)計(jì)日益巧妙的工具去處理那些危險(xiǎn)的、困難的工作,其結(jié)果是機(jī)器充斥了人類的生活并節(jié)省了許多勞動(dòng)力。
第三至五段:指出機(jī)器人如果要進(jìn)入節(jié)省勞力的下一個(gè)階段,它必須能夠獨(dú)立地解決問(wèn)題,但是這是一個(gè)艱巨的任務(wù)。目前研究人員已經(jīng)將機(jī)器人模仿人腦活動(dòng)的預(yù)想向后推遲了數(shù)十年,甚至數(shù)百年,因?yàn)槿四X在迅速變化的環(huán)境中的高聚焦能力是機(jī)器人無(wú)法做到的。
26.Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in_________.
[A] the use of machines to produce science fiction?
[B] the wide use of machines in manufacturing industry
[C] the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work
[D] the elite's cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work
26.人類智慧最初表現(xiàn)在_________。
【A】使用機(jī)器去創(chuàng)作科幻小說(shuō)
【B】制造業(yè)中機(jī)器的廣泛使用
【C】發(fā)明工具去處理困難和危險(xiǎn)的工作
【D】精英們對(duì)危險(xiǎn)、乏味的工作的靈巧處理
27. The word "gizmos"(line 1, paragraph 2) most probably means _______.
[A] programs [B] experts [C] devices [D] creatures
27.第二段第一行中的“gizmos”在句中可能的意思是 _______.。
【A】程序【B】專家【C】設(shè)備【D】生物
28.According to the text,what is beyond man's ability now is to design a robot that can ________.?
【A】fulfill?delicate tasks like performing brain surgery
【B】interact with human beings verbally
【C】have a little common sense
【D】respond independently to a changing world
28.根據(jù)文章,現(xiàn)在超出人類能力范圍的是制造能的機(jī)器人。
【A】完成類似于做大腦手術(shù)這樣需要高技術(shù)的任務(wù)
【B】與人進(jìn)行口頭交流
【C】有一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)常識(shí)
【D】獨(dú)立地對(duì)變化的世界做出反應(yīng)
29. Besides reducing human labor, robots can also ________.
[A] make a few decisions for themselves
[B] deal with some errors with human intervention?
[C] improve factory environments
[D] cultivate human creativity
29.除了能夠節(jié)省勞力外,機(jī)器人還能________。
【A】自己做些決定
【B】在人的干預(yù)下處理一些錯(cuò)誤
【C】改善工廠的環(huán)境
【D】開發(fā)人類創(chuàng)造性
30.The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are_________.
[A]expected to copy human brain in internal structure?
[B]able to perceive abnormalities immediately
[C]far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant information
[D]best used in a controlled environment
30.作者以猴子為例想要說(shuō)明機(jī)器人___________。
【A】有望被用來(lái)復(fù)制人腦的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)
【B】能夠立即感知不正常的現(xiàn)象
【C】在聚焦相關(guān)信息方面遠(yuǎn)不如人腦
【D】最好在一個(gè)被控制的環(huán)境下使用
二、核心詞匯與超綱詞匯
(1)dawn(n.)黎明,拂曉,開端,起始;
(v.)破曉,開始出現(xiàn),變得(為人)明白;
文中取其比喻意,相當(dāng)于appearance(出現(xiàn)),
又如:The war was ended and they looked forward to the dawn of happy days.
(戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)結(jié)束了,他們期待著幸福日子的來(lái)臨)。
(2)ingenuity(n.)智巧,精巧的設(shè)計(jì),創(chuàng)造力;
ingenious(a.)靈敏的,聰明的,有發(fā)明天才的;
genuine(a.)真實(shí)的,真正的,誠(chéng)懇的
(3)cunning(a.)聰明的,【美】漂亮的,可愛(ài)的;【英】狡猾的,巧妙的;
該詞一般為貶義,但在文中是中性的,
含貶義的近義詞有:sly,shrewd
(4)nasty(a.)令人不愉快的,討厭的,骯臟的,險(xiǎn)惡的
(5)compulsion?強(qiáng)迫,強(qiáng)制;難以抗拒的沖動(dòng),禁不住要做的事,
如:Drinking is awith her.(她忍不住要喝酒)
(6)robotics 機(jī)器人學(xué),關(guān)于建造和使用機(jī)器人的技術(shù)。
-ics后綴表示“學(xué)科”,如:
physics,aesthetics(美學(xué))
(7)confer(v.)授予,贈(zèng)予,賦予,協(xié)商,
confer sth.on sb.;
conference(n.)會(huì)議
(8)hum(v.)(動(dòng)物等)發(fā)出嗡嗡聲;哼哼聲;活躍,忙碌,
hum to(隨著…而忙碌)
(9)terminal(n.)終點(diǎn),終端;極限;
(a.)末端的,極限的,定期的
Automatic TellerMachine指“自動(dòng)取款機(jī)”。
(10)miniaturization(n.)小型化,mini“小的”,-ize“化”-ation 名詞后綴
(11)submillimeter
(n.)小于毫米的,sub“小于,低于,在……之下”,mill“千分之一”,meter是“米”
(12)dynamic((a.)動(dòng)力的,有活力的;動(dòng)態(tài)的;
dynamics(n.)動(dòng)力學(xué);
dynamite(n.)炸藥
(13)panel(n.)面板,嵌板;座談小組;全體陪審員
(14)fraction(n.)破片,小部分,片段,分?jǐn)?shù)
(15)instantaneously(ad.)瞬間地,即刻地;突如其來(lái)地;
instantaneous(a.);
instant(a.)立即的,直接的,緊迫的
(16)neuroscientists(n.)神經(jīng)科學(xué)家,
neuro-神經(jīng)(系統(tǒng))的,
neuroscience神經(jīng)科學(xué)
(17)本文出現(xiàn)了和計(jì)算機(jī)相關(guān)的詞匯,
如:artificial intelligence人工智能,在電腦上模擬人智慧的科學(xué),
transistor circuits晶體管電路,microprocessors 微處理器。
同類詞匯還有:assembler 匯編程序,batch processing成批處理,binary digit 二進(jìn)制位,buffer storage 緩沖存儲(chǔ)器,cybernetics 控制論,data processing數(shù)據(jù)處理,flow
chart 流程圖,latency time等待時(shí)間(指計(jì)算機(jī)延遲時(shí)間)等等。
三、閱讀答案:C?C D B C
四、全文翻譯:
? ? ???自從人類開始有了創(chuàng)造力,就一直在設(shè)計(jì)日益巧妙的工具來(lái)處理那些危險(xiǎn)、枯燥、繁重或者是討厭的工作。這樣一種驅(qū)動(dòng)力導(dǎo)致了機(jī)器人學(xué)的誕生,即賦予機(jī)器以人的各種技能的科學(xué)。如果說(shuō)科學(xué)家還沒(méi)有實(shí)現(xiàn)科幻小說(shuō)中對(duì)機(jī)器的幻想,他們也已經(jīng)很接近這個(gè)目標(biāo)了。
????????由此引起的結(jié)果是,現(xiàn)代世界充斥著越來(lái)越多的智能儀器,雖然我們幾乎都注意不到他們,但他們的普遍存在卻節(jié)省了許多人類勞力。我們的工廠里轟鳴著機(jī)器人組裝臂的節(jié)奏聲;我們的銀行業(yè)務(wù)完成于自動(dòng)柜員機(jī)旁,完成業(yè)務(wù)后,它們還會(huì)用機(jī)器語(yǔ)言禮貌地感謝我們;我們的地鐵車由不知疲倦的機(jī)器人司機(jī)駕駛。由于電子器件和微型機(jī)械儀器的不斷縮小,現(xiàn)在已出現(xiàn)了機(jī)器人系統(tǒng)能夠進(jìn)行精確到毫米的腦部和骨髓手術(shù),其精確性遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)熟練的醫(yī)生僅用他們的雙手所達(dá)到的水平。
????????但是要想讓機(jī)器人進(jìn)入節(jié)省勞力的下一個(gè)階段,它們必須能夠在更少的人工監(jiān)控下運(yùn)行,并且至少能夠獨(dú)立地作一些決定。這些是真正具有挑戰(zhàn)性的目標(biāo)?!半m然我們知道如何讓機(jī)器人去處理一個(gè)特定的錯(cuò)誤,”NASA的一個(gè)機(jī)器人項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理戴維·拉維里說(shuō),“但是我們不能給它們足夠的‘常識(shí)’使其與不斷變化的世界進(jìn)行可靠的交流”。
????????實(shí)際上對(duì)真正的人工智能的探索己經(jīng)取得了各種不同的成果。雖然在20世紀(jì)60年代和70年代有過(guò)一段樂(lè)觀的時(shí)期一—那時(shí)侯仿佛晶體管電路和微處理器的發(fā)展使人們相信它們?cè)?010年能夠復(fù)制人類大腦的活動(dòng)——但是最近研究人員己經(jīng)開始將這個(gè)預(yù)測(cè)延后數(shù)十年,甚至數(shù)百年。
????????在試圖建造思維模型的過(guò)程中,研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn),人類大腦中的近一千億個(gè)神經(jīng)細(xì)胞要比以前想象的更聰明,人類的感覺(jué)器官也更復(fù)雜。他們建造的機(jī)器人在嚴(yán)格控制的工廠環(huán)境里,能夠在機(jī)器控制面板上識(shí)別毫米以下的誤差。但是人腦掃一眼一個(gè)快速變化的場(chǎng)景,就能迅速排除98%的不相干信息,立即聚焦于婉蜒的森林小路邊的一只猴子,或者一大群人中的一張可疑的面孔上。世界上最先進(jìn)的計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)也不達(dá)不到這種能力。神經(jīng)學(xué)科學(xué)家至今仍然不知道我們?nèi)祟愂窃鯓幼龅竭@一點(diǎn)的。
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