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Victoria 3 - Dev Diary #12 – Treasury

Wizzington Game Director (Victoria 3)

Hello and welcome to another development diary for Victoria 3! Today we'll be covering a topic that tends to be very much in the mind of governments of all eras: Money! Specifically, we're going to be talking about income, expenses and debt, and how they function on the national level.

大家吼啊，歡迎來到維多利亞3的日志！今天我們要講的主題應(yīng)該是每一個時代政府都操心的大事：錢！更具體的來說，我們要講一講收入、開支、債務(wù)，以及這些機(jī)制如何在國家級別運(yùn)作。

As was mentioned all the way back in Dev Diary #2, Money is one of the principal resources you have to manage in Victoria 3. This in itself is of course nothing new (money of some form playing a role in almost every Grand Strategy game we've ever released), but the way money works is a little bit different than what you might be used to.

正如我們在開發(fā)日志#2中已經(jīng)講過的那樣，錢是你在維多利亞3中需要管理的一項(xiàng)主要資源。這本身并不是什么新鮮事（幾乎在所有我們發(fā)布的大戰(zhàn)略游戲中，某種形式的錢都占據(jù)著重要地位），但是這作中錢運(yùn)作的方式可能和你之前遇到過的略有不同。

In most games, money tends to be a resource you accumulate for a specific goal, until you have enough of it to achieve that specific goal. For example, you might want to build a building that costs 100 money, and your monthly income is 10 money. That means in order to build said building, you have to wait for 10 months to accumulate the 100 money needed for the lump sum cost to order the construction of said building.

在大多數(shù)游戲中，錢更像是一種資源，你為了達(dá)成特定目標(biāo)而積攢金錢，直到你攢足了足夠多的錢，然后達(dá)成特定目標(biāo)。舉個例子，也許你想要造一個建筑，這個建筑要花100塊錢，然后你的月收入是10塊錢。這意味著為了造這個建筑，你必須得等上10個月，攢夠100塊錢，這樣才能一次性付清這個建筑的花費(fèi)。

Now, you might be asking, why am I explaining such a simple and obvious mechanic that undoubtedly every single reader of this dev diary is completely familiar with? The reason for this is because in Victoria 3, there is no such thing as a lump sum cost - instead, it's all about your weekly balance. At the end of every in-game week, your country's income and expenses are tallied up and the result is then applied to your Gold Reserve or National Debt. This also means that all forms of expenses, such as construction, also work on a weekly basis - you do not need any cash 'on hand' to start construction of a dozen buildings at once, but if you don’t have the revenue to support it you may find yourself quickly going into debt.

現(xiàn)在你也許會問，為什么我要解釋這么一個淺顯易懂的機(jī)制？而且毫無疑問，這篇日志的每個讀者都完全熟知這個機(jī)制。解釋這個機(jī)制的原因是，在維多利亞3中，我們并沒有一個類似一次性支付這樣的東西——取而代之的是，這一切都和你的每周結(jié)余有關(guān)。在游戲中，每周結(jié)束的時候你的國家收入和支出都會進(jìn)行一次結(jié)算，然后結(jié)果會反映到你的黃金儲量和國債上。這也意味著，任何形式的支出，比如建筑，也是每周結(jié)算的——你不必“手握”現(xiàn)金就可以立刻開始建一打（一堆）建筑，但是如果你沒有收入來支撐你的支出，你可能很快就會發(fā)現(xiàn)自己深陷債務(wù)。

America's lack of an income tax in 1836 sharply limits its potential for government spending.

1836年的美國沒有所得稅，這極大限制了政府的支出潛力。

The Gold Reserve is your country's national stockpile of cash. If you are free of debt, any money that is left over in the weekly budget after expenses are subtracted is used to increase the Gold Reserve. Conversely, if your expenses exceed your income, this money is taken out of the Gold Reserve to balance the books.

黃金儲備Gold Reserve是你的國家?guī)齑娆F(xiàn)金。如果你沒有任何債務(wù)，在減去支出后，任何每周盈余的錢都會用來增加黃金儲備。反過來，如果你的開支超過你的收入，這筆錢就要從你的黃金儲備中拿出來，用于平賬。

Though it's certainly never bad in itself to have a sizable Gold Reserve, it isn't necessarily the best idea to continually run a large budget surplus - each country has a Gold Reserve Limit, which is a 'soft-cap' over which each surplus pound has diminishing returns on the Gold Reserve - if you have an enormous stockpile of gold, a surplus of ￡10k may only increase your stockpile by as little as ￡2k, meaning that you’ve simply wasted the rest of your money. Hence, a country that finds its gold reserves filling up may want to consider finding a way to reinvest some of that money to avoid such wastage.

盡管持有大量黃金儲備本身并不壞，但是持續(xù)保持大量預(yù)算盈余也并不一定是最好的主意——每個國家都有一個黃金儲備上限Gold Reserve Limit，這是個“軟上限”，每一英鎊盈余轉(zhuǎn)換成黃金儲備的效率都會遞減——如果你已經(jīng)有海量的黃金儲備，￡10k的盈余可能只會增加一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)黃金儲備，比方說￡2k。這意味著多余的錢就這么被你浪費(fèi)掉了。因此，一個擁有大量黃金儲備的國家可能想要找些辦法，把這些錢重新投資出去，以此來避免浪費(fèi)。

The Spanish Gold Reserve has grown to the point where further stockpiling is becoming very inefficient, and they should really try to find better uses for some of that money.

西班牙黃金儲備量已經(jīng)過大，未來的儲蓄效率將會非常低下，他們真的應(yīng)該試著把錢花在更有用的地方了。

So what if you’re running a deficit and your Gold Reserve has all been tapped? Well, this is when debt comes into play. Beyond that point, each pound spent in excess of your income will result in automatically taking on debt. While this may sound like something that you should avoid at all costs, that isn't necessarily true.

所以，如果你出現(xiàn)赤字，而且你的黃金儲備也全部用完了怎么辦？這時候就該介紹債務(wù)了。超過收支平衡點(diǎn)，當(dāng)你的支出大于收入，你每花費(fèi)一英鎊都會自動導(dǎo)致債務(wù)。盡管這聽起來像是你應(yīng)該盡力避免的事情，但是實(shí)際上并不是這樣的。

While you do have to pay interest on your loans, interest rates in Victoria 3 are relatively low, and so long as you avoid hitting your Debt Ceiling, growing your economy through deficit spending can actually be a very valid strategy. This is because the increase in revenues from minting and taxation may very well end up exceeding the interest payments, not to mention the benefits constructing new industries can have for your population.

盡管你必須為你的貸款支付利息，但利率在維多利亞3里還是相對較低的，只要你避免觸及你的債務(wù)上限D(zhuǎn)ebt Ceiling，通過赤字支出來發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)際上是一個非常有效的策略。這是因?yàn)椴粩嘣鲩L的鑄幣和稅收收入會超過你支付的利息，更不用提為你的人民建造新工業(yè)所帶來的利益了。

The Debt Ceiling, unlike the Gold Reserve, is not a soft cap - once you hit it, your country will be in default, which is a terrible state to be in and can only be recovered from if you manage to slash your expenses enough to put your weekly expenses back in the black (or if another country steps in and takes on your debt, which can have its own undesirable outcomes for you… but more on that later). It's also possible to simply declare bankruptcy, but because the money you are borrowing against is actually the cash reserves of your country's buildings (which is actually what determines the size of your Debt Ceiling), this will have immensely negative consequences for your domestic industry.

不同于黃金儲備，債務(wù)上限并非一個軟性上限——只要你超過了上限，你的國家就會處于違約狀態(tài)，處于這種狀態(tài)可是非常不妙，而且只有通過大刀闊斧削減支出讓每周支出重回財(cái)政黑字狀態(tài)才能恢復(fù)正常（或者另一個國家介入并把你的債務(wù)都承擔(dān)了，這可能產(chǎn)生對你不利的結(jié)果……之后會有詳細(xì)說明）。直接宣布破產(chǎn)也是可行的，但是因?yàn)槟憬璧腻X其實(shí)是你的國家中建筑的現(xiàn)金儲備（實(shí)際上也正是它決定了你的債務(wù)上限數(shù)額），這對于你的國內(nèi)工業(yè)會產(chǎn)生巨大的負(fù)面效果。

Even though Britain has taken on several million pounds of debt, this isn't too much of an issue - their advanced economy allows them a high debt ceiling, and the interest payments is only a small fraction of their spending.

盡管英國已經(jīng)有了幾百萬鎊的債務(wù)，但這并不是什么大問題——他們先進(jìn)的經(jīng)濟(jì)允許較高的債務(wù)上限，且利息支付只占開銷中的很小一部分。

To wrap up this Dev Diary, I'm going to briefly touch on the main forms of income and expenditures, though this is by no means an exhaustive list! Some forms of income and expenses (taxes and salaries, specifically) also have a 'level' setting, where you can for example squeeze more taxes out of your population at the cost of reduced legitimacy and increased radicalization.

為了收尾這篇開發(fā)日志，我會簡短介紹一下收入和支出的主要形式，但這也不是完整的清單！某些收入和支出形式（具體來說，稅收和工資）也有一個“等級”設(shè)置，舉例來說，你可以以降低正統(tǒng)性和促進(jìn)極端化為代價，從你的人口中榨取更多的稅收。

A massive hike of the tax level to the highest level is a sure-fire way to both raise money and create political radicals.

大幅提高稅收對于籌集資金和催生政治極端派來說，可謂百試百靈。

Main Types of Income (not an exhaustive list):

主要收入類型（并非完整清單）：

Minting:?All countries can generate some cash flow by printing or casting new currency in relation to their GDP. Minting provides all countries with some income - particularly those who have domestic Gold Fields - but is in itself insufficient for funding anything but the most minimalist of governments.
鑄幣：所有國家都可以通過印刷或鑄造新貨幣來產(chǎn)生一定的現(xiàn)金流，具體數(shù)額與GDP有關(guān)。鑄幣會給所有國家提供一定收入——特別是那些有本土金礦的——但是其本身并不足以為政府提供資金，除非政府是非常極簡主義的。

Income Taxes:?A form of taxation collected on income, where a certain % of the wages paid to workers in buildings is paid to the government.
所得稅：一種從收入中征收的稅收，即付給建筑中工人的工資中，某個特定百分比的部分會上交給政府。

Poll Taxes:?A form of per-capita taxation where a fixed sum of money is collected on each member of the workforce. Poll Taxes are very regressive since they collect the same amount regardless of income.
人頭稅：一種按照人頭算的稅收，即從每個勞動力身上征收一定資金。人頭稅是相當(dāng)累退式的一種稅收，因?yàn)樗徽撌杖攵嗌?，都征集相同的資金。

Land Taxes:?A special type of Poll Taxes that are only collected on certain types of Pops, such as Peasants.
土地稅：特殊的人頭稅，只從特定種類的Pop處征集，比如貧農(nóng)。

Consumption Taxes:?A tax that is levied directly on a specific good that is consumed by Pops. Levying Consumption Taxes costs Authority.
消費(fèi)稅：直接從Pop消費(fèi)的某種商品中征收稅款。征收消費(fèi)稅需要消耗權(quán)威力Authority.

Dividend Taxes:?A tax that is applied to dividends paid to Pops with an ownership stake in a Building. Tends to be a very progressive form of taxation, as usually only well-to-do Pops have ownership of buildings.
股息稅：一種適用于擁有某個建筑股權(quán)的Pop的稅收。這往往是相當(dāng)累進(jìn)式的一種稅收，因?yàn)橥ǔＶ挥懈辉５腜op才會擁有建筑所有權(quán)。

Tariffs:?Tariffs are something that we plan to have in the game as a way to profit from goods being exported from your market, but we’re not ready to talk about exactly how this will work yet.
關(guān)稅：關(guān)稅是我們計(jì)劃加入游戲內(nèi)的，用以從出口到你的市場中的商品獲利的方法，但是我們還沒準(zhǔn)備好談?wù)撨@個機(jī)制是怎么工作的。（譯注：你就直說沒做完吧。）

Main Types of Expenses (not an exhaustive list):

主要支出類型（并非完整清單）：

Government Wages:?The salary cost of employing Pops in your Government Buildings such as Government Administrations and Ports.
政府工資：在你的政府行政部門、港口等政府建筑中雇傭Pop的工資成本。

Government Goods:?The material costs for your Government Buildings, for example the Paper needed by Government Administrations.
政府消耗的商品：你的政府建筑的原料成本，比如政府行政部門需要的紙張。

Military Wages:?The salary costs of Pops serving in your army and navy.
軍隊(duì)工資：在你的陸軍與海軍中服役的Pop的工資成本。

Military Goods:?The various goods needed by your army and navy, such as Small Arms for Barracks.
軍隊(duì)消耗的商品：你的陸軍與海軍需要的各種商品，比如兵營需要槍支。

Subsidies:?The cost of subsidizing specific buildings to ensure they remain competitive.
補(bǔ)貼：補(bǔ)貼特定建筑以保持其競爭力的成本。

Interest:?The cost of making interest payments on your loans, if you have any.
利息：支付你的貸款利息的成本，如果你有的話。

Construction:?The cost of constructing new buildings, both in goods required for the method of construction and wages paid to Pops working in the construction industry.
建設(shè)：建設(shè)新建筑的成本，既包括建筑方法所需的商品，也包括付給建筑行業(yè)中工作的Pop的工資。

Well then, that's all for today. Next week we're going to be talking about a topic that touches on both economics and politics - Standard of Living. See you then!

好了，這就是今天的全部內(nèi)容了。下周我們會說說一個與經(jīng)濟(jì)和政治都有關(guān)的話題——生活水平Standard of Living。到時候見！

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