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What was the single most critical mistake that led to Germany''s defeat during World War II?

導(dǎo)致德國(guó)輸?shù)舳?zhàn)的關(guān)鍵失誤是什么？（上）

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原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://www.ltaaa.com 翻譯：wolface 轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處

Kelly La Rue, Veteran
Germany lost for the same reason Germany started the war, because Hitler was in charge. Speer described Hitler as an incompetent, unprofessional, self-taught layman: "Without any sense of the complexities of any great task, he boldly assumed one function after another." Inside the Third Reich

德國(guó)戰(zhàn)敗的原因，與德國(guó)發(fā)動(dòng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的原因是一樣的，那就是——希特勒的掌權(quán)。阿爾伯特·斯佩爾（裝備部長(zhǎng)以及帝國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人，譯者注）曾認(rèn)為，希特勒不過(guò)是一位不稱職、不專業(yè)并自學(xué)成才的門外漢罷了，而且在第三帝國(guó)內(nèi)“希特勒在沒(méi)有意識(shí)到那些重大任務(wù)復(fù)雜性的情況下，就大膽地承擔(dān)起一個(gè)又一個(gè)職責(zé)?！?br/>
Invading Russia might be Hitler''s biggest mistake but there are other important miscalculations. Some are possibly more egregious than Operation Barbarossa.

入侵蘇聯(lián)可能是希特勒犯下的最大錯(cuò)誤，但是，他也存在其它重要的誤判，其中，很多誤判甚至比“巴巴羅薩行動(dòng)”行動(dòng)的后果還要嚴(yán)重。

He declared war on the United States, the single greatest industrial power in the world. The decision borders on the stupid. One historian says Hitler made this decision in a moment of absent mindedness. It is ironic that Churchill''s greatest Christmas present came from Hitler. Churchill said once the US was on board he knew Hitler was finished. Germany declares war on the United States — History.com This Day in History — 12/11/1941 The entire population of the United States, under threat from the Japanese as well, became single minded in their pursuit of victory over both aggressors. For the first time ever women entered the workforce in huge numbers and proved once and for all they could do a man''s work and do it well.

希特勒向這世界上工業(yè)能力最強(qiáng)的國(guó)家——美國(guó)宣戰(zhàn)，這一決定是十分愚蠢的。記得有一位歷史學(xué)家曾說(shuō)過(guò)，希特勒在做出這個(gè)決定時(shí)是心不在焉的。令人感到諷刺的是，正是希特勒的錯(cuò)誤，成為了丘吉爾最為珍貴的圣誕節(jié)禮物。丘吉爾曾說(shuō)過(guò)，當(dāng)美國(guó)也參與其中的時(shí)候，他知道，希特勒玩蛋了。在歷史上的今天，1941年12月11日，德國(guó)對(duì)美國(guó)宣戰(zhàn)，于是，仍然面臨日本威脅的美國(guó)，全國(guó)人民都同心協(xié)力要戰(zhàn)勝這兩個(gè)入侵者。大量的女性涌入勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)，這還是有史以來(lái)第一次，她們證明，女性完全可以勝任男人的工作，而且表現(xiàn)地很好。

Isolationism was a thing of the past as men enisted en masse.

孤立主義已經(jīng)成為過(guò)去，因?yàn)槿藗兌奸_始團(tuán)結(jié)起來(lái)。

While the men fought the women built the war machines.

當(dāng)男人們?cè)谇熬€作戰(zhàn)時(shí)，女人們就去建造戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)機(jī)器。

Failing to finish the British and French in 1940 at Dunkirk. Hitler''s decision to halt the advance of armor at Goring''s urging who wanted to prove the Luftwatte''s mettle. The decision was mysterious to German high command. Then Britain surprised the Germans with the most successful sea evacuation in history. A disaster was averted by Hitler''s decision. 215,000 British and 140,000 French, Polish, and Belgians were rescued over a nine day period under heavy aerial assault. As a result of the inspired rescue British morale soared and the nation was united in a belief they could prevail against the Nazis. If this wasn''t enough the American public was galvanized by the example of British pluck and courage as public opinion swung towards support of Britain. A solid majority now backed a peacetime draft and rearmament and Roosevelt finally had the public support necessary for the Lend-Lease act. This was to be the first of many of Hitler''s blunders and a far more important one than anyone could have foreseen as two nations, not one, together prepared for war. Hitler was proving himself to be his own worst enemy and it happened here, at Dunkirk. Battle of Dunkirk

德國(guó)在1940年未能在敦刻爾克殲滅英國(guó)和法國(guó)軍隊(duì)。戈林急著想要測(cè)試德國(guó)空軍的勇氣，于是希特勒決定停止裝甲部隊(duì)的前進(jìn)步伐。對(duì)于德國(guó)高官而言，這個(gè)決定實(shí)在是太不可思議了。然后，英國(guó)發(fā)動(dòng)了歷史上最成功的海上撤離行動(dòng)，這讓德國(guó)人著實(shí)大吃一驚。受到這次撤退行動(dòng)的鼓舞，英國(guó)人士氣高漲，整個(gè)國(guó)家都團(tuán)結(jié)起來(lái)，他們相信自己能夠戰(zhàn)勝納粹德國(guó)。如果這一點(diǎn)還不夠，接下來(lái)，美國(guó)的輿論也開始轉(zhuǎn)向支持英國(guó)，而美國(guó)人民都被英國(guó)人的勇氣所激勵(lì)。于是，大多數(shù)人都支持在和平時(shí)期進(jìn)行征兵和重整軍備，而羅斯福也最終獲得了通過(guò)《租借法案》所需的公眾支持。這只是希特勒眾多錯(cuò)誤中的一個(gè)，但卻是一個(gè)可預(yù)見(jiàn)而且更為嚴(yán)重的錯(cuò)誤，因?yàn)?，從現(xiàn)在開始，有兩個(gè)國(guó)家（而非一個(gè)）同時(shí)開始備戰(zhàn)對(duì)抗德國(guó)。希特勒的種種行為證明，他就是德國(guó)最大的敵人，而這一切就發(fā)生在敦刻爾克戰(zhàn)役中。

Brits rallied using any boat available to bring home their boys.

英國(guó)人利用任何可用的船只將他們的孩子們帶回家。

Night became the preferred time to cross the channel.

夜晚成為了英軍穿越海峽的最佳時(shí)機(jī)。

Hitler ignored staff advice that the invasion of Russia would be an economic disaster for Germany.

德國(guó)官員認(rèn)為，入侵蘇聯(lián)對(duì)德國(guó)而言將會(huì)是一場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)災(zāi)難，而希特勒卻對(duì)此并不理會(huì)。

Hitler along with his staff grossly underestimated the Soviet unx''s industrial might, its ability to mobilize troops, and its weaponry. The Germans were stunned when the Soviets rolled out a capable tank that could outgun their tanks. The PPD-40 submachine gun followed by the inexpensive PPSh with its high rate of fire and large magazine turned the Soviet soldier into an aggressive and deadly fighting machine. Because the weapon was only suitable for close quarter fighting it brought the Soviet soldier out from behind their barriers to engage the enemy while snipers took out German soldiers from a distance.

希特勒和他的下屬官員們都嚴(yán)重低估了蘇聯(lián)的工業(yè)能力、軍隊(duì)動(dòng)員能力和武器設(shè)備。當(dāng)蘇聯(lián)人生產(chǎn)出火力竟然超過(guò)德國(guó)的坦克時(shí)，德國(guó)人都驚呆了。PPD-40沖鋒槍及廉價(jià)的波波莎沖鋒槍具有極高的射擊速度和超大彈鼓，它們把蘇聯(lián)紅軍打造成為了可怕且致命的戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)器。由于這種武器只適用于近距離作戰(zhàn)，蘇聯(lián)紅軍不得不從掩體里沖出來(lái)攻擊敵人，而這時(shí)，蘇聯(lián)狙擊手就能夠趁機(jī)在遠(yuǎn)距離上攻擊德國(guó)士兵。

At a thousand rounds per minute the PPSh41 was deadly leading Germans to pick it up for their own use. It was so popular with German troops the German high command developed a program to modify abandoned PPSh41 guns to use German ammunition and reissued it to their troops as the MP41

擁有每分鐘一千發(fā)子彈射速的PPSh41沖鋒槍成為了致命武器，結(jié)果，很多德國(guó)士兵都在戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上撿起這種槍供自己使用。這種武器在德軍中十分受歡迎，以至于，德國(guó)高官成立一個(gè)項(xiàng)目來(lái)改進(jìn)這些被拋棄的PPSh41沖鋒槍，從而德軍可以使用德國(guó)的彈藥，并將這些槍支作為MP41重新分發(fā)給他們的軍隊(duì)。

The stick magazine differentiated the German MP41 from the Russian version and helped prevent panicked Germans from firing on their own troops.

通過(guò)采用長(zhǎng)條形彈夾，德軍將德國(guó)版MP41和蘇聯(lián)版槍支區(qū)分開來(lái)，從而避免戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上驚慌失措的德國(guó)士兵誤傷自己人。

The innovative T-34 completely surprised the Germans who assumed subhumans couldn''t design anything better than what they had. The design influenced all future tanks. Even the Nazis incorporated T-34 improvements such as the sloped armor.

德國(guó)人曾認(rèn)為蘇聯(lián)人這種低等民族根本就設(shè)計(jì)不出更好的武器，但是創(chuàng)新性的T-34坦克讓德國(guó)人大吃一驚。這種坦克設(shè)計(jì)影響了未來(lái)所有的坦克，甚至納粹德國(guó)在改進(jìn)坦克時(shí)也參考了T-34坦克，比如傾斜裝甲。

Invaded Russia with an order to exercise "maximum cruelty". Corpses swung from lampposts, mass graves were filled, houses burned, towns leveled. Given who he was it''s unlikely Hitler could have done anything else but the result is the Russians, who greeted the Germans as liberators and might have joined or at least offered no resistance to the German invasion, decided Stalin wasn''t the worst thing around but instead fought him with all the ferocity and commitment they had. Some people disagree with this assessment saying the population didn''t understand Stalin was bad news but whatever the case Hitler turned his invasion into something so horrifying the country was easily mobilized against him.

入侵蘇聯(lián)并下令執(zhí)行“最殘忍的暴行”。尸體在燈柱下晃蕩，亂葬崗填滿了尸體，房屋被燒毀，城鎮(zhèn)被夷為平地。出于自身身份的原因，希特勒對(duì)待蘇聯(lián)人只有一種態(tài)度，而結(jié)果就是，那些迎接德國(guó)人，將其視為解放者、可能會(huì)加入德軍或者不進(jìn)行抵抗的蘇聯(lián)人，最終都意識(shí)到，斯大林并不是世界上最壞的統(tǒng)治者，然后和斯大林一起抱著最大的決心，兇猛地和德國(guó)人血戰(zhàn)。有些人并不同意這種評(píng)價(jià)，認(rèn)為，蘇聯(lián)人不理解斯大林是一個(gè)壞事，不管怎么，希特勒把自己對(duì)蘇聯(lián)的入侵變成了一件可怕的事情，以至于，這個(gè)國(guó)家能夠輕易地動(dòng)員人民來(lái)反抗德軍。

Burn everything, murder everyone.

燒光一切，殺死所有人。

The Russians responded with a scorched earth policy in order to deprive the advancing Germans food and shelter. This is the same policy used against Napoleon.

于是，蘇聯(lián)人執(zhí)行焦土政策來(lái)回應(yīng)德軍，奪走了德軍的食物補(bǔ)給和住所。這也是他們對(duì)付拿破侖的政策。

Albert Speer said Hitler had a heat-seeking missile that could have turned back the Allied air invasion. Multiple sources confirm this. Instead of okaying development of this potential game changer Hitler squandered valuable resources (estimates range from half to twice the cost of the Manhattan project. One estimate is, inflation adjusted, $50 billion vs $25 billion for the Manhattan project) developing the V-2 rocket, a nearly useless tactical weapon that delivered a warhead only 15% larger than the V-1''s for far greater cost.

斯佩爾曾說(shuō)過(guò)，希特勒當(dāng)時(shí)擁有可以擊退盟國(guó)空軍的熱追蹤導(dǎo)彈。有多個(gè)消息來(lái)源可以證實(shí)這一點(diǎn)。然而，希特勒并沒(méi)有批準(zhǔn)研發(fā)這種可能會(huì)改變游戲規(guī)則的武器，反而浪費(fèi)了大量寶貴資源（估計(jì)是“曼哈頓計(jì)劃”的一半到兩倍不等）。根據(jù)通貨膨脹調(diào)整后的估計(jì)，“曼哈頓計(jì)劃”和研發(fā)V2導(dǎo)彈的費(fèi)用分別是500億美元和250億美元，而V2導(dǎo)彈幾乎就是一種毫無(wú)用處的戰(zhàn)術(shù)武器，雖然它的彈頭只比V1大15%，可成本卻高得多。

The first cruise missile, the V1, was slow enough to be shot down but it was inexpensive with a large warhead.

世界首款巡航導(dǎo)彈V1，飛行速度太慢，可以被擊落，安裝有較大彈頭但費(fèi)用不高。

The V2 was the first ballistic missile and an incredible technological feat. It carried a large warhead and because of its supersonic speed it fell without warning making it a true terror weapon. Over 500 fell on London killing 9000.

V2導(dǎo)彈是世界上首款彈道導(dǎo)彈，同時(shí)也是不可思議的技術(shù)壯舉。它攜帶了一枚超大彈頭，借助自己的超音速，它可以在毫無(wú)預(yù)警的情況下就實(shí)現(xiàn)打擊，使得它成為了一款真正恐怖的武器。

According to Speer, Hitler delayed the launching his jet plane for a year because he insisted it be developed as a bomber. It took an additional year to convert it into what it was best suited for, a fighter. It was introduced too late to be an important factor in the air war. One reader says the plane was delayed because of developmental problems with the engine but I have found limited support sources for that. Since Hitler already had successful jet bombers including the capable Ar 234 the rationale behind his thinking escapes me. It is little known that the British had also developed a successful Jet fighter. It deployed too late to help.

據(jù)斯佩爾說(shuō)，希特勒把噴氣式飛機(jī)項(xiàng)目推遲了一年，因?yàn)樗麍?jiān)持把它當(dāng)作轟炸機(jī)來(lái)研制。而德國(guó)又花了一年的時(shí)間，才最終把它改造成為了最合適的戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)。它的研發(fā)太晚，所以并沒(méi)有在空戰(zhàn)中派上大用場(chǎng)。曾有一位讀者說(shuō)，飛機(jī)的發(fā)展是因?yàn)橐鎲?wèn)題而延誤的，但我能夠找到的支持信息很有限。然而，當(dāng)時(shí)希特勒早已擁有了較為成功的轟炸機(jī)，包括Ar-234轟炸機(jī)，我搞不懂希特勒這種想法的背后是什么。很少有人知道，當(dāng)時(shí)英國(guó)人也成功地研發(fā)除了噴氣式戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)，但是它們部署時(shí)間太晚，根本無(wú)法提供幫助。

In the hands of experienced pilots the German Me-262 might have severely impacted the Allied air campaign but it was deployed too late.

在經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的飛行員手中，德國(guó)Me-262戰(zhàn)機(jī)可能會(huì)對(duì)盟軍空襲帶來(lái)極大的影響，可惜它部署時(shí)間太晚了。

Ar 234 was very fast and the Luftwatte wanted as many as it could get. It got 200 and was the last bomber to fly over Britain. Although used primarily as a reconnaissance plane it was also used as a bomber.

Ar234 轟炸機(jī)飛行速度非常高，當(dāng)時(shí)德國(guó)空軍想要盡可能多的這種飛機(jī)，最終，有200架轟炸機(jī)被交付，同時(shí)，它也是最后飛越英國(guó)上空的轟炸機(jī)。

Hitler did not develop a long range bomber that he could have used to bomb Stalin''s factories deep behind the front lines.

希特勒沒(méi)能研制出一種遠(yuǎn)程轟炸機(jī)，他本可以用它來(lái)轟炸斯大林在前線和后方的工廠的。

Hitler''s obsession with "super weapons" led to him pouring resources into developing weapons that were basically useless and ignoring production of needed materials such as trucks. His much vaunted Tiger Tank, a formidable weapon indeed, was expensive and unreliable. He could have manufactured many less expensive tanks for the same money, five or ten times as many. Instead of learning the lesson inherent in what happened he went on to produce the King Tiger—a nearly invulnerable tank with unimaginable firepower but underpowered, unreliable, and ultimately almost useless. Speer was alarmed by this wasteful research and concerned the tanks would get so heavy they would break through the Earth''s crust. Another tank in development was ironically name the Mouse. Large and powerful only two were built. One of Hitler''s proposed tanks was 40'' tall.

希特勒對(duì)“超級(jí)武器”的癡迷導(dǎo)致他把大量資源都用于開發(fā)那些基本沒(méi)什么用處的武器上，而忽略了生產(chǎn)卡車等基本物資。他所大肆吹噓的虎式坦克，的確是一種可怕的武器，但是它非常昂貴而且還不可靠。他本可以用同樣多的錢制造出更多便宜的坦克，數(shù)量是虎式坦克的五到十倍。希特勒非但沒(méi)有從中吸取教訓(xùn)，反而生產(chǎn)了更多的虎式坦克——這種坦克幾乎無(wú)懈可擊，擁有難以想象的火力，然而它動(dòng)力不足，可靠性低，幾乎沒(méi)有什么作用。斯佩爾對(duì)這種浪費(fèi)資源的研究感到震驚，他甚至擔(dān)心，這些過(guò)重的坦克會(huì)壓垮地面。另外一種正在研發(fā)的坦克非常巨大，諷刺的是，它們的名字叫做“鼠式坦克”，最終只有兩輛坦克被建造出來(lái)。而且，希特勒提出的坦克方案足足有40英尺長(zhǎng)。

The King Tiger, while virtually unstoppable, failed to live up to its promise. Note the T-34 inspired sloped armor and the 20'' long cannon.

“虎王”坦克雖然幾乎勢(shì)不可擋，但是，它卻并未實(shí)現(xiàn)自己的承諾。請(qǐng)注意T-34坦克的傾斜裝甲和20英尺長(zhǎng)的加農(nóng)炮。

Hitler''s dream Landkreuzer P. 1000 Ratte

希特勒的夢(mèng)想：P-1000超級(jí)坦克

Hitler was fooled by "Operation Fortitude", one of the most sophisticated and successful military deceptions in history. A phony army was created complete with fake military equipment and radio chatter under the command of General Patton to fool the Germans into believing the D-Day invasion would take place in Northern France and that the Normandy landing was a diversion. Hitler was completely taken in and delayed moving reinforcements to Normandy until two months after D-Day. The diversion was a success in large part because of a brilliant Spanish spy who worked for the Allies as a double agent feeding false information to the Nazis that D-Day was a diversion. It is likely the invasion would have failed without Operation Fortitude. The D-Day operation was delayed because of the unexpected difficulty in penetrating centuries old hedgerows so the Allies, having not broken out, would have had difficulty resisting a German counterattack.

Hitler''s racism drove some great minds out of Germany, most notably Einstein. Ultimately Hitler''s driving out Germany''s particle physics community might have been his greatest error. Before the war Germany led the world in quantum physicists and many, including Einstein, were Jews hence the Nazi''s dismissive attitude toward "Jewish science". But it was not only Jewish physicists that left in droves. Many highly competent Gentile physicists, for instance Erwin Schroedinger Erwin Schr?dinger - Biographical, left because of their distaste for Hitler''s racism. This left Germany with arguably only one giant in the field, Werner Heisenberg, who went on to unsuccessfully run Hitler''s atomic bomb program. Page on wikipedia.org. Einstein, on the other hand, blew the whistle on Germany''s atomic bomb aspirations leading directly to the Manhattan project.

希特勒的種族主義迫使一些著名人物逃離德國(guó)，最出名的就是愛(ài)因斯坦。最后，希特勒驅(qū)逐德國(guó)的粒子物理團(tuán)體可能是他犯過(guò)最大的錯(cuò)誤。在二戰(zhàn)爆發(fā)前，德國(guó)的量子物理學(xué)家都處于世界領(lǐng)先地位，而且很多科學(xué)家，包括愛(ài)因斯坦，都是猶太人。于是，納粹德國(guó)對(duì)“猶太科學(xué)”都抱有一種不屑一顧的態(tài)度。然而，成群結(jié)隊(duì)離開德國(guó)的，并不只有猶太物理學(xué)家。許多有能力的非猶太人物理學(xué)家——比如薛定諤，都是以為厭惡希特勒的種族主義而選擇離開德國(guó)。結(jié)果，在這一科學(xué)領(lǐng)域，只有一位科學(xué)巨人仍然留在德國(guó)——那就是維爾納·海森堡，可他未能成功實(shí)現(xiàn)希特勒的原子彈計(jì)劃。另一方面，愛(ài)因斯坦揭發(fā)了德國(guó)的原子彈野心，這直接導(dǎo)致了美國(guó)執(zhí)行“曼哈頓計(jì)劃”。

The list could go on but the upshot is Hitler, a talented politician, was an incompetent administrator and military leader. He was so bad that the Allies, who had an assassination plan in place, were unable to resolve the dilemma whether it was better to leave Hitler in office where his incompetence was an asset or to take the chance he might be replaced with someone who, instead of surrendering, was better able to prosecute the war. As a result the decision was never made to give the plan the go ahead. In addition the Allies wanted to totally discredit Nazism and if Hitler wasn''t at the helm when Germany went under there might be German postwar speculation that had Hitler been in charge the Nazis would have prevailed.

這樣的例子不勝枚舉，但結(jié)論就是，希特勒是一位有才的政治家，卻是一位無(wú)能的管理者和軍事領(lǐng)袖。希特勒的表現(xiàn)如此糟糕，以至于制定了刺殺計(jì)劃的盟軍無(wú)法解決一個(gè)難題，究竟是應(yīng)該讓希特勒繼續(xù)掌權(quán)呢（因?yàn)樗臒o(wú)能對(duì)盟軍而言是一種財(cái)富），還是冒著風(fēng)險(xiǎn)刺殺他，然后代替他的元首拒絕投降，而且更擅長(zhǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)呢？結(jié)果，盟軍并未達(dá)成結(jié)論來(lái)執(zhí)行這種計(jì)劃。


Musah Ismael, SHS University of Birmingham & University of Northern Iowa (2017)
In his prison cell at Nuremberg, Hitler''s foreign minister, Joachim von Ribbentrop, wrote a brief memoir in the course of which he explored the reasons for Germany''s defeat. He picked out three factors that he thought were critical: the unexpected ''power of resistance'' of the Red Army; the vast supply of American armaments; and the success of Allied air power.

在紐倫堡的監(jiān)獄里，希特勒的外交部長(zhǎng)約阿希姆·馮·里賓特洛甫寫了一本簡(jiǎn)短的回憶錄，來(lái)討論德國(guó)戰(zhàn)敗的原因。他指出了三點(diǎn)認(rèn)為至關(guān)重要的因素：蘇聯(lián)紅軍出人意料的“抵抗力量”；大量的美國(guó)軍備供應(yīng)；盟軍空軍的成功。

This last was Hitler''s explanation too. When Ribbentrop spoke with him a week before the suicide in the bunker, Hitler told him that, ''the real military cause of defeat'' was the failure of the German Air Force.

其中，最后一點(diǎn)原因也是希特勒所認(rèn)可的。當(dāng)希特勒在地堡里自殺的一周前，錨點(diǎn)里賓特洛甫曾和希特勒有過(guò)交談，希特勒告訴他“德國(guó)空軍的失敗，才是真正導(dǎo)致軍事失敗的原因”。

For all his many failings Ribbentrop was closer to the truth than he might have realised. For the Allies in World War Two, the defeat of Germany was their priority. Italy and Japan never posed the same kind of threat as the European superpower they fought alongside. Their defeat, costly though it was, became irresistible. The key to ending the world crisis was the defeat of Hitler''s Germany.

盡管里賓特洛甫的結(jié)論里存在很多的缺點(diǎn)，但是他的觀點(diǎn)比自己想象的更接近事實(shí)。因?yàn)?，?duì)于第二次世界大戰(zhàn)中的同盟國(guó)而言，擊敗德國(guó)才是他們的首要任務(wù)。意大利和日本所構(gòu)成的威脅，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)比不上那些結(jié)盟的歐洲大國(guó)。因此，軸心國(guó)的失敗是不可避免的，雖然代價(jià)有些高昂。結(jié)束這場(chǎng)世界級(jí)危機(jī)的關(guān)鍵一點(diǎn)，就是擊敗希特勒掌控的德國(guó)。

This situation seemed beyond remedy. Yet within a year Soviet factories were out-producing their richly-endowed German counterparts - the Red Army had embarked on a thorough transformation of the technical and organisational base of Soviet forces, and a stiffening of morale, from Stalin downwards, produced the first serious reverse for the German armed forces when Operation Uranus in November 1942 led to the encirclement of Stalingrad and the loss of the German Sixth Army.

這種情況似乎沒(méi)有辦法改善。然而，不到一年的時(shí)間，蘇聯(lián)工廠的產(chǎn)量就超過(guò)了德國(guó)工廠，蘇聯(lián)紅軍對(duì)軍隊(duì)的技術(shù)和組織進(jìn)行了徹底的改造升級(jí)。上至斯大林，下至軍隊(duì)士兵，人們的士氣不斷高漲，結(jié)果，德國(guó)在1942年11月的“天王星行動(dòng)”中遭遇到了重挫，在斯大林格勒被包圍，而德國(guó)第六軍遭受損失。