---Chapter xvi:That the Institution of a Government

Is Not a Contract---

---Chapter xvii : The Institution of a Government---

--Chapter xviii:A Means of Preventing Government from Usurping Power--

No alterations should be made in an established government,?

except when its continuance is incompatible不協(xié)調(diào)/相配的?

with the public good.

There is no fundamental law of the state which

cannot be revoked★★廢除, not even the social pact;?

-

for if all the citizens assembled in order to break the?

pact by common consent, there would be no doubt that it?

had been broken quite legitimately.?

(這將是完全合法的)

==========BOOK IV=============

--Chapter i : That the General Will Is Indestructible--

But when the social tie begins to loosen, and the state to

weaken, when particular interests begin to make themselves

felt, and smaller groupings influence the greater one, then the

common interest no longer remains unaltered, but is met with

opposition, the votes are no longer unanimous全體一致的, and?

the general will no longer the will of all;?

-

contradiction and argument arise,

and the best opinion is not accepted without dispute.

-

Finally, when the state is close to ruin and subsists only

through empty and deluding欺騙的 forms, when in each man's heart

the social bond is broken, when the crudest骯臟的(crud) self-interest?

insolently自傲地 adorns裝飾 itself with the sacred name of the public?

good,then the general will falls silent;?

-

the motives of all are kept secret, their votes are no more?

the votes of citizens than if the state had never existed,?

and the decrees that are falsely passed,under the name of?

laws, have private interests as their only aim.

Each man,while detaching分離 his own interests from the?

common interest, sees clearly that he cannot separate?

them entirely; but his share of the wrong done to the?

public seems nothing to him when compared to the exclusive?

advantage that he intends to take for himself.?

--Chapter ii:Voting--

long debates, dissension糾紛, and disorder are a sign

that particular interests are in the ascendant上升的?

and the state in decline.

There is one sole law that by its nature demands unanimous

consent: it is the social pact.?

-

For civil association is the most

completely voluntary of acts;?

-

each man having been born free and master of?

himself, no one, under any pretext at all, may

enslave him without his consent同意.?

-

To conclude that the son of a slave is born into slavery?

is to conclude that he is not born a man.

the question is how a man can be free and forced

to conform to★符合/遵照 the will of others than himself. How can those

who are in opposition be free and subject to laws to which they

have not consented?

-

My reply is that the question is wrongly put.?

-

The citizen consents to every law, even those that are?

passed against his opposition, and even those which punish?

him when he dares to violate one of them.?

-

The constant will of all the citizens of the state is the?

general will: it is through the general will that they

are citizens and have freedom.

Two maxims can be used to determine these relationships:

-

one is that? the more important and serious the issue, the closer

the deciding vote should be to unanimity全體一致; the other,?

that the greater the urgency of the matter, the smaller the?

majority required should be.?

-

When a debate has to be concluded immediately, it must?

suffice to decide by a difference of one vote.

-

Of these maxims, the first appears more appropriate for

law-making, and the second for the dispatch of business.

-

However that may be, it is by using them in combination that

the most suitable proportions for majority decisions are?

established.