正文翻譯

原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://www.ltaaa.com 翻譯：chelsea0129 轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處

Most people know that good oral hygiene -- brushing, flossing, and regular dental visits -- is lixed to good health. Colorado State University microbiome researchers offer fresh evidence to support that conventional wisdom, by taking a close look at invisible communities of microbes that live in every mouth.

大多數(shù)人都知道良好的口腔衛(wèi)生——刷牙、使用牙線和定期看牙——與健康息息相關(guān)?？屏_拉多州立大學(xué)的微生物組研究人員通過(guò)仔細(xì)觀察生活在每一個(gè)嘴巴里的看不見(jiàn)的微生物群落，為這一傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)提供了新的證據(jù)。

The oral microbiome - the sum total of microorganisms, including bacteria and fungi, that occupy the human mouth -- was the subject of a crowd-sourced, citizen science-driven study by Jessica Metcalf''''s research lab at CSU and Nicole Garneau''''s research team at the Denver Museum of Nature & Science. Published in Scientific Reports, the study found, among other things, a correlation between people who did not visit the dentist regularly and increased presence of a pathogen that causes periodontal disease.

口腔微生物群是占據(jù)人類口腔的微生物，包括細(xì)菌和真菌的總和，是杰西卡·梅特卡夫在CSU的研究實(shí)驗(yàn)室和尼科爾·加諾在丹佛自然和科學(xué)博物館進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)由人群來(lái)源的公民科學(xué)驅(qū)動(dòng)為主題的研究。發(fā)表在《科學(xué)報(bào)告》上的這項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，不經(jīng)?？囱泪t(yī)的人與一種導(dǎo)致牙周疾病的病原體的增加之間存在相關(guān)性。

For the experiments, carried out by Garneau''''s community science team in the Genetics of Taste Lab at the museum, a wide cross-section of museum visitors submitted to a cheek swab and answered simple questions about their demographics, lifestyles and health habits. Microbial DNA sequencing data analyzed by Metcalf''''s group revealed, broadly, that oral health habits affect the communities of bacteria in the mouth. The study underscored the need to think about oral health as strongly lixed to the health of the entire body.

加諾的社區(qū)科學(xué)團(tuán)隊(duì)在博物館的味覺(jué)遺傳學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)室進(jìn)行了這些實(shí)驗(yàn)。在實(shí)驗(yàn)中，來(lái)自各個(gè)不同領(lǐng)域的參觀者提交了一份面頰拭子，并回答了有關(guān)他們的人口統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)特征、生活方式和健康習(xí)慣的簡(jiǎn)單問(wèn)題。梅特卡夫團(tuán)隊(duì)分析的微生物DNA測(cè)序數(shù)據(jù)顯示，口腔健康習(xí)慣廣泛地影響著口腔內(nèi)的細(xì)菌群落。這項(xiàng)研究強(qiáng)調(diào)了口腔健康與整個(gè)身體健康密切相關(guān)的必要性。

"Our study also showed that crowdsourcing and using community scientists can be a really good way to get this type of data, without having to use large, case-controlled studies," said Zach Burcham, a postdoctoral researcher and the paper''''s lead author. Senior author Metcalf is an associate professor in the Department of Animal Sciences and a member of CSU''''s Microbiome Network.

“我們的研究還表明，眾包和利用社區(qū)科學(xué)家是獲得這類數(shù)據(jù)的一種非常好的方式，而不需要使用大型的病例對(duì)照研究，”該論文的主要作者、博士后研究員扎克伯查姆(Zach Burcham)說(shuō)。資深作者梅特卡夫是動(dòng)物科學(xué)系的副教授，也是CSU微生物群落網(wǎng)絡(luò)的成員。

Cheek swabs

臉頰拭子

Back in 2015, paper-co-author Garneau and her team trained volunteer citizen scientists to use large swabs to collect cheek cells from museum visitors - a naturally diverse population -- who consented to the study. These trained citizen scientists helped collect swabs from 366 individuals -- 181 adults and 185 youth aged 8 to 17.

早在2015年，論文的合著者加諾和她的團(tuán)隊(duì)訓(xùn)練志愿者公民科學(xué)家使用大的棉簽從博物館游客——一個(gè)自然多樣化的人群——收集面頰細(xì)胞，他們同意這項(xiàng)研究。這些訓(xùn)練有素的公民科學(xué)家?guī)椭占?66個(gè)人的樣本，其中包括181名成年人和185名8至17歲的年輕人。

The original impetus for the study was to determine whether and to what extent the oral microbiome contributes to how people taste sweet things. In collecting this data, which was also reported in the paper, the researchers noted more significant data points around oral health habits.

這項(xiàng)研究的最初目的是確定口腔微生物群是否以及在多大程度上影響了人們品嘗甜食的方式。在收集這些數(shù)據(jù)的過(guò)程中，研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)了更多關(guān)于口腔健康習(xí)慣的重要數(shù)據(jù)。

To help translate the data, Garneau turned to Metcalf''''s team of experts at CSU. Burcham and the microbiome scientists employed sophisticated sequencing and analysis tools to determine which microbes were present in which mouths. Sequencing for the data was performed in collaboration with scientists in Rob Knight''''s group at University of California San Diego. A nutrition team from Michigan State University also brought in expertise on the importance of child and maternal relationships to the data analysis.

為了幫助翻譯這些數(shù)據(jù)，加諾求助于麥特卡夫在加州州立大學(xué)的專家團(tuán)隊(duì)。伯徹姆和微生物組科學(xué)家使用了先進(jìn)的測(cè)序和分析工具來(lái)確定哪些微生物存在于哪些口腔中。這些數(shù)據(jù)的排序是與加州大學(xué)圣地亞哥分校羅伯·奈特小組的科學(xué)家合作完成的。密歇根州立大學(xué)的一個(gè)營(yíng)養(yǎng)學(xué)團(tuán)隊(duì)也在數(shù)據(jù)分析中引入了有關(guān)母嬰關(guān)系重要性的專業(yè)知識(shí)。

"Together, we had a dream team for using community science to answer complicated questions about human health and nutrition, using state-of-the-art microbial sequencing and analysis," Garneau said.

加諾說(shuō):“我們共同組成了一個(gè)夢(mèng)之隊(duì)，利用先進(jìn)的微生物測(cè)序和分析技術(shù)，利用社區(qū)科學(xué)來(lái)回答有關(guān)人類健康和營(yíng)養(yǎng)的復(fù)雜問(wèn)題?！?br/>
Flossing and regular dental care

使用牙線和定期的牙齒護(hù)理

The study grouped people who flossed or didn''''t floss (almost everyone said they brushed, so that wasn''''t a useful data point). Participants who flossed were found to have lower microbial diversity in their mouths than non-flossers. This is most likely due to the physical removal of bacteria that could be causing inflammation or disease.

這項(xiàng)研究將使用牙線或不使用牙線的人分組(幾乎每個(gè)人都說(shuō)他們使用牙線，所以這不是一個(gè)有用的數(shù)據(jù)點(diǎn))。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，用牙線清潔牙齒的人口腔內(nèi)的微生物多樣性比不使用牙線清潔牙齒的人要低。這很可能是由于物理上清除了可能導(dǎo)致炎癥或疾病的細(xì)菌。

Adults who had gone to a dentist in the last three months had lower overall microbial diversity in their mouths than those who hadn''''t gone in 12 months or longer, and had less of the periodontal disease-causing oral pathogen, Treponema. This, again, was probably due to dental cleaning removing rarer bacterial taxa in the mouth. Youth tended to have had a dental visit more recently than adults.

與12個(gè)月或更長(zhǎng)時(shí)間未看牙醫(yī)的成年人相比，過(guò)去3個(gè)月去看牙醫(yī)的成年人口腔微生物總體多樣性較低，導(dǎo)致牙周疾病的口腔病原體密螺旋體也較少。這也可能是由于牙齒清潔清除了口腔中比較少見(jiàn)的細(xì)菌種類。年輕人看牙醫(yī)的時(shí)間比老人要晚頻繁。

Youth microbiomes differed among males and females, and by weight. Children considered obese according to their body mass indices had distinct microbiomes as compared to non-obese children. The obese children also tended to have higher levels of Treponema, the same pathogen found in adults who hadn''''t been to the dentist in more than a year. In other words, the researchers saw a possible lix between childhood obesity and periodontal disease. "This was very interesting to me, that we were able to detect these data in such a general population, with such a variable group of people," Burcham said.

青年的微生物群落在男性和女性之間以及在體重上存在差異。根據(jù)體重指數(shù)劃分，肥胖的兒童與不肥胖的兒童相比，具有明顯的微生物群。肥胖兒童體內(nèi)的密螺旋體水平也更高，這與一年多沒(méi)有看牙醫(yī)的成年人體內(nèi)發(fā)現(xiàn)的病原體相同。換句話說(shuō)，研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)了兒童肥胖和牙周病之間可能存在的聯(lián)系。伯徹姆說(shuō):“這對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)非常有趣，我們能夠在如此普遍的人群中，在如此多變的人群中檢測(cè)到這些數(shù)據(jù)?！?br/>
Other data uncovered: The microbiomes of younger participants, mostly in the 8- to 9-year-old range, had more diversity than those of adults. However, adult microbiomes varied more widely from person to person. The researchers think this is due to the environments and diets of adults being more wide-ranging than children.

其他數(shù)據(jù)顯示:大多在8- 9歲之間的年輕參與者的微生物群，比成年人有更多的多樣性。然而，成人微生物群落在人與人之間的差異更大。研究人員認(rèn)為，這是由于成年人的環(huán)境和飲食比兒童更廣泛。

They also saw that people who lived in the same household shared similar oral microbiomes.

他們還發(fā)現(xiàn)，住在同一屋檐下的人有著相似的口腔微生物群。

"When you look at families who live together, you find they share more of those rare taxa, the bacteria that aren''''t found as often in higher abundances," Burcham explained. It was a data point that underscored the relevance of one''''s built environment in relationship to the microbial communities in our bodies.

“當(dāng)你觀察住在一起的家庭，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)他們共享更多的稀有類群，這些細(xì)菌在較高的豐度中不常見(jiàn)，”伯徹姆解釋說(shuō)。這是一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)點(diǎn)，強(qiáng)調(diào)了一個(gè)人的建筑環(huán)境與我們體內(nèi)微生物群落的相關(guān)性。

Working on the mouth study was fascinating, albeit outside Burcham''''s normal scope; he is usually focused on studying microbial ecology of decomposition.

研究口腔非常有趣，盡管超出了伯徹姆的正常研究范圍;他通常專注于研究微生物分解生態(tài)學(xué)。

"I think how our lives are essentially driven by our microbiomes, and affected by our microbiomes, is interesting, no matter what system we''''re looking at," Burcham said.

伯徹姆說(shuō):“我認(rèn)為，不管我們觀察的是什么系統(tǒng)，我們的生活基本上是由我們的微生物群落驅(qū)動(dòng)和影響的，這很有趣。”

The study was made possible by a Science Education Partnership Award from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences, National Institutes of Health (Award #R250D021909).

這項(xiàng)研究是由美國(guó)國(guó)立衛(wèi)生研究院國(guó)立普通醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)研究所頒發(fā)的“科學(xué)教育伙伴獎(jiǎng)”促成的(獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)號(hào)為R250D021909)。