Midline nuclear group

[edit on Wikidata]

The?midline nuclear group?(or?midline thalamic nuclei) is a region of the?thalamus?consisting of the following nuclei:

·?paraventricular nucleus of thalamus (nucleus paraventricularis thalami) - not to be confused with?paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus

·?paratenial nucleus?(nucleus parataenialis)

·?nucleus reuniens

·?rhomboid nucleus (nucleus commissuralis rhomboidalis)

·?subfascicular nucleus (nucleus subfascicularis)

The midline nuclei are often called "nonspecific" in that they project widely to the cortex and elsewhere. This has led to the assumption that they may be involved in general functions such as alerting(十分對(duì)).[1]However, anatomical connections might suggest more specific functions, with the paraventricular and paratenial nuclei involved in viscero-limbic functions

（這意味來自viscera的疼痛信息興奮limbic system，反過來通過anterior cingulate cortex和anterior insular cortex來調(diào)節(jié)viscera中smooth muscle的活動(dòng)，從而物理上減輕疼痛的產(chǎn)生。如果油膩太多，會(huì)出現(xiàn)腸道過快運(yùn)動(dòng)，這個(gè)導(dǎo)致solitary nucleus更加抑制NE系統(tǒng)，人會(huì)覺得飄飄然。）

, and the reuniens and rhomboid nuclei involved in multimodal sensory processing（不能理解這句話multimodal sensory processing。這明顯是個(gè)basal ganglia conception，而不是一個(gè)cortical loop memory）.[2]

?

Nucleus reuniens

?

Details

[edit on Wikidata]

The?nucleus reuniens?is a component of the?thalamic?midline nuclear group.[1]?In the human brain, it is located in the?interthalamic adhesion?(massa intermedia).[2]

The nucleus reuniens receives?afferent?input from a large number of structures, mainly from?limbic?and limbic-associated structures.[3]?It sends projections to the medial?prefrontal cortex, the?hippocampus, and the?entorhinal cortex（這里記載似乎明顯與另一處相矛盾。）,[4][5]?although there exist sparse connections to many of the afferent structures as well.[6]

The prefrontal cortical-hippocampal connection allows it to regulate neural traffic between them with changes in attentiveness,[7]?as well as contribute to?associative learning,[8]?spatial route planning,[9]resilience to stress[10]?and memory generalization.[11]

?

?

?

Paratenial nucleus

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigationJump to search

Paratenial nucleus

?

Details

Part of

Midline nuclear group

Identifiers

Latin

nucleus parataenialis thalami

NeuroNames

324

NeuroLex?ID

birnlex_860

Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy

[edit on Wikidata]

The?paratenial nucleus, or?parataenial nucleus?(Latin:?nucleus parataenialis), is a component of the?midline nuclear group?in the?thalamus.[1]?It is sometimes subdivided into the nucleus parataenialis interstitialis and nucleus parataenialis parvocellularis (Hassler).[2][3]?It is located above the bordering?paraventricular nucleus of thalamus?and below the?anterodorsal nucleus.[4]

The paratenial nucleus, like other midline nuclei, receives inputs from a large number of regions in the?brainstem,?hypothalamus?and?limbic system. It projects back to an equally wide range, but in a fairly specific manner (in the past, the midline nuclei have often been described as "nonspecific" because of their global effects). Particular targets include medial frontal polar cortex, the?anterior cingulate,?insula, the?piriform?and?entorhinal?cortices, the ventral?subiculum,?claustrum, the?core?and?shell?of?nucleus accumbens, the medial?striatum, the?bed nucleus of stria terminalis, and caudal parts of the?central?and basal nuclei of?amygdala.[5]

（paratenial nucleus影響的范圍很廣泛，但是前提是通過pain信息來興奮paratenial nucleus，所以當(dāng)PAG活動(dòng)而抑制或減少了pain信息，就會(huì)減少疼痛信息對(duì)中樞的影響，尤其是帶有目的的行為，事實(shí)上PAG領(lǐng)銜的痛覺抑制體系的功效還是很常見的。那么很有可能凡是帶有目的的行為，都意味著目的對(duì)應(yīng)的皮層活動(dòng)必然還要順帶去興奮orbitofrontal cortex，尤其是BA11，它直接投射到PAG，且BA11是agranular。那么，uncinate fasciculus連接的BA38也很重要，它接收聲音和視覺，那么會(huì)不會(huì)BA38是產(chǎn)生目標(biāo)的主要皮層，換句話說，一個(gè)好的目標(biāo)形成，最好要同時(shí)具備聲音信息和視覺信息，不過單獨(dú)視覺信息或聲音信息的也可以。一旦將進(jìn)入目標(biāo)狀態(tài)，即行為反映了目標(biāo)或者目標(biāo)相關(guān)的內(nèi)容，那么這個(gè)人對(duì)于疼痛就應(yīng)該變得不敏感。）

While the exact function of the nucleus is uncertain, its connectivity suggests that it (and the periventricular nucleus) may act as a gateway for multimodal information to the limbic system used in selecting appropriate responses.[5]?This might include high incentive values of food triggering feeding behaviour even when?satiated.[6]?Conversely, the midline nuclei may also play a role in retrieving?consolidated?fear conditioning?through the projection to the?central nucleus of the amygdala.[7]