重難點分析

英語在表達(dá)句子時，根據(jù)句子成分的不同需用不同的詞性，如作主語或賓語常用名詞形式，作定語常用形容詞形式，而作狀語則用副詞形式，這就需要詞類轉(zhuǎn)換了。詞類轉(zhuǎn)換是英語構(gòu)詞法中最普遍也是最重要的一種構(gòu)詞現(xiàn)象。此外，詞類轉(zhuǎn)換是歷年高考語法填空的必考點，年年必有，考生應(yīng)予以特別重視！本專題就詞類轉(zhuǎn)換進(jìn)行詳細(xì)講解，供考生學(xué)習(xí)和參考。

真題再練

1. And the town is fast becoming a popular weekend destination for people in Asia. Abercrombie & Kent, a travel company in Hong Kong, says it __________ (regular) arranges quick getaways here for people living in Shanghai and Hong Kong.

2. In addition to their simple beauty, what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their __________ (able) to “air condition” a house without using electric equipment.

3. Walls made of adobe take in the heat from the sun on hot days and give out that heat __________ (slow) during cool nights, thus warming the house.

4. As __________ (nature) architects, the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly how thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days.

5. The river was so polluted that it __________ (actual) caught fire and burned.

6. Just be __________ (patience).

7. Everyone on the bus began talking about what the boy had done, and the crowd of strangers __________ (sudden) became friendly to one another.

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思路點撥

當(dāng)空格處所需詞類與括號中所給詞的詞類不同時，就需要詞類轉(zhuǎn)換。這類題，一般可根據(jù)以下5點順利解決：

1. 作主語或賓語用名詞形式。如：

But Jane knew from past experience that her __________ (choose) of ties hardly ever pleased her father.

解析：在that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句中作主語應(yīng)當(dāng)用名詞，或者說在形容詞性物主代詞her后還沒有名詞，一定是用名詞形式，故填choice。

2. 在形容詞性物主代詞、冠詞(+形容詞)、不定代詞(some, any, a lot of等)、介詞后還沒有名詞時，就用名詞形式。如[真題再練]第2題。

3. 作定語、表語或賓語補(bǔ)足語用形容詞形式。如[真題再練]第4、6題，分別是作定語和表語。又如：

I consider it __________ (use) for us to use English-English dictionary.

解析：句中it是形式賓語，真正的賓語是后面的不定式，所給詞在句中作賓補(bǔ)，要用形容詞，表示“有益的、有用的”，故填useful。

4. 作狀語，修飾動詞、形容詞或另一副詞或放在句首修飾全句，用副詞。如[真題再練]第1、3、7題，都是修飾動詞，用副詞。又如：

(1) When we were wondering what to do, the manager came out. She was __________ (surprise) helpful.

解析：句中已有作表語的形容詞helpful，要用副詞來修飾helpful；由語境句意可知，是指“意外地”有幫助，故填surprisingly。

(2) __________ (lucky), he had a cow which produced milk every day.

解析：空格位于句首，且有逗號隔開，可知是修飾全句，用副詞作狀語；“有一頭每天都產(chǎn)牛奶的母牛”應(yīng)當(dāng)是“幸運地”，故填Luckily。

5. 當(dāng)所給詞的詞性與與空格處所需詞的詞性相同時，無需改變詞性，就可能是只改變詞義但不改變詞性的前綴或后綴了，也可能用其比較級或最高級。如：

In Alaska, the wolf almost __________ (appear) a few years ago, because hunters were killing hundreds of them for sport.

解析：主句缺謂語，應(yīng)填動詞，而appear本身就是動詞，無需作詞性變化，可考慮變詞義；由because從句可知，主句意思應(yīng)是“狼在幾年前就差不多消失了”，要用disappear；再由a few years ago可知，要用一般過去時，故填disappeared。

注意：解題時，既要根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)需要確定詞類，又要考慮句意連貫或邏輯通順。如：

He failed his math examination because of his __________ (care) work.

解析：在名詞前作定語，要用形容詞；由failed…可知，要填表示否定意義的“careless”(粗心大意的)，意義才通順。

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考點歸納

在高考全國卷中出現(xiàn)的考綱詞的派生詞是不算生詞的，也不用漢語注明，因此，掌握基本的構(gòu)詞法知識非常重要。

從近年全國卷的語法填空來看，詞類轉(zhuǎn)換考查了以下幾點：

(1) 形容詞→副詞。如[真題再練]的第1、3、5、7四個小題。

(2) 形容詞→名詞。如[真題再練]的第2題。

(3) 名詞→形容詞。如[真題再練]的第4、6題。

但從10年來的全國高考卷來看，除了上述考點外，詞類轉(zhuǎn)換還考了：(1)動詞→名詞：choose → choice；(2)動詞→副詞：surprise → surprisingly等等。現(xiàn)將主要考點歸納如下：

1. 形容詞與副詞的轉(zhuǎn)換

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規(guī)律總結(jié)

請寫出下列形容詞的副詞形式

1

一般直接加ly

quick→_______; rude→_______; ? wide→_______; real→_______; careful→_______

2

輔音字母+y→ily

easy→_______; angry→_______; ? happy→_______; heavy→_______; busy→_______

3

-ble→bly

possible→_______; probable→_______; ? terrible→_______; noble→______; comfortable →_______

4

(個別)去e加ly

true→_______; whole→_______; ? gentle→_______; ample→_______; simple→_______

5

以-ic結(jié)尾加ally

basic→_______; classic→_______; ? magic→_______; optimistic→_______; scientific→_______; 但public→_______

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2. 名詞與形容詞的轉(zhuǎn)換

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規(guī)律總結(jié)

請寫出下列名詞的形容詞形式或形容詞的名詞形式

1

+al

music→_______; person→_______; ? nation→_______; centre→_______; practice→____

2

-ture→tural

nature→_______; culture→_______; ? agriculture→_______; architecture→______

3

-ics→ical

politics→_______; physics→_______; ? mathematics→_______; statistics→_____

4

+ern

east→_______; west→_______; ? south→_______; north→_______; southwest→_______

5

+ible

access→_______; horror→_______; ? terror→_______

6

+ful

success→______; power→______; ? peace→______; mercy→______; beauty→______

7

+ish

fool→_______; self→_______; ? child→_______

8

+ous

danger→______; anxiety→______; ? ambition→______; curiosity→_____; humor →____

9

-ance→ant

importance→________; ? significance→________; distance→________

10

-ence→ent

absence→_________; silence→_________; ? difference→_________; convenience→____

11

-ency→ent

fluency→________; efficiency→________; ? emergency→________; urgency→_____

12

+ly

friend→_______ day→_______; ? time→_______; man→_______; mother→________

13

-ble→bility

able→_________; ? responsible→_________; possible→_________; flexible→_________

14

+y; 去e, +y; 雙寫, +y

health→_______; sleep→_______; ? difficult→_______; noise→_______; sun→_______

15

adj.+ness→n.

weak→_________; kind→_________; ? ill→_________; sad→_________; happy→_____

16

adj. ? +th→n.

strong→_______; long→_______; ? wide→_______; warm→_______; true→_________

17

-ate→acy

accurate→_________; ? private→_________; adequate→_________

18

其他各類

free→_______; wise→_______; ? cruel→_______; safe→_______; tire→_______; trouble→_______; history→_______; ? science→_______; brave→_______; short→_____

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3. 動詞與名詞的轉(zhuǎn)換

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規(guī)律總結(jié)

請寫出下列動詞的名詞形式

1

+ation

expect→_________; present→_________; ? 注意：explain→_________

2

去e, +ation

invite→______; educate→______; ? examine→______; prepare→_____; pronounce→___

3

去e, +tion

produce→_________; ? introduce→_________; 注意：describe→_________

4

去e, +ion

devote→_________; pollute→_________; ? contribute→_________; revise→_________

5

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+ion

act→_______; attract→_______; ? protect→_______; suggest→_______; 注意：intend→_______

discuss→_________; express→_________; ? possess→_________; impress→_________

6

去t/d/de, +sion

admit→______; permit→______; ? extend→______; conclude→______; divide →______

7

+ance; 去e, +ance

appear→_________; perform→_________; ? acquaint→_________; guide→_________

8

+ence

exist→_______; prefer→_______; ? refer→_______; differ→_______; depend→_______

9

+ment

achieve→______; agree→_____; ? announce→_____; develop→_____; encourage→_____

10

去e, +al

arrive→_________; approve→_________; ? survive→_________; refuse→_________

11

+ure

fail→_________; press→_________; ? depart→_________; mix→_________

12

+y

recover→_________; ? discover→_________

13

其他

choose→_______; vary→_______; ? tend→_______; advise→_______; apologize→____; classify→_______; grow→_______

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4. 動詞與形容詞的轉(zhuǎn)換

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規(guī)律總結(jié)

請寫出下列動詞的形容詞形式，或形容詞的動詞形式

1

+able

suit→_______; admire→_______; ? rely→_______; comfort→_______; reason→_______

2

+ful

doubt→_________; harm→_________; ? hope→_________; care→_________; use→____

3

+ive

act→_________; attract→_________; ? impress→_________; create→_________

4

+ary

imagine→_________

5

adj.+en→v.

deep→_______; wide→_______; ? less→_______; worse→_________; long→_______; weak→_______

6

en+adj. →v.

large→_________; rich→_________; ? able→_________; noble→_________

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5. 表示否定的前綴與后綴

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規(guī)律總結(jié)

請寫出與下列單詞意義相反或相否定的詞語

1

dis+

advantage→_________; agree→_________; ? appear→_________; cover→_________

2

il/im/in

legal→_________; polite→_________; ? patient→_________; convenient→_________

3

mis+

understand→_________; lead→_________; ? direct→_________; trust→_________

4

un+

able→_______; fair→________; ? fit→________; fortunate→________; usual→_____

5

+less

hope→_________; end→_________; ? stain→_________; taste→_________; use→_____

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6. 表示人的后綴

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規(guī)律總結(jié)

請寫出下列表示人的名詞

1

+er

sing→_______; teach→_______; ? strange→_______; village→_______; employ→_____

2

+or

act→_______; invent→_______; ? educate→_______; visit→_______; conduct→_______

3

+ee

employ→_________; ? interview→_________; pay→_________; absent→_________

4

+ess

act→_________; wait→_________; ? host→_________; steward→_________; god→____

5

+ese

China→_________; Japan→_________; ? Burma(緬甸)→_________; Vietnam→_______

6

+n

Asia→_______; America→_______; ? Australia→_______; India→_______; Korea→____

7

+ian

music→_______; history→_______; ? library→_______; physics→_______; politics→___

8

+ist

art→_______; novel→_______; ? tour→_______; cycle→_______; science→_________

9

+ant

assist→_______; account→_______; ? consult→_______; apply→_______; serve→_____

10

+ar

lie→_________; beg→_________

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考點練透

一、單句填空 在下列各句空白處填入所給詞的正確形式。

1. Actually, I __________ (agree) with you over this matter. I have my own view.

2. What I __________ (like) most about this movie is that there are too many rude gestures.

3. I will not make friends with a __________ (honest) person.

4. I am sorry I __________ (understand) what you said.

5. It is wrong to __________ (use) our natural resources.

6. Plans have been put forward to pull down and __________ (build) the area.

7. The village is far away from the county, and they find it __________ (convenient) if buses are not available.

8. You will be fined if you smoke in public in Hong Kong because it is __________ (legal) to do so.

9. He got __________ (patient) as the first hour passed and then another.

10. She failed to __________ (lock) the safe in spite of all her efforts, so she asked him to help her open it.

11. It was an __________ (believable) moment when Chris won the gold medal.

12. We must __________ (large) our views by reading.

13. Over 300 __________ (compete) from more than 80 countries competed in the Games.

14. She is a very great dramatic __________ (act) and __________ (direct).

15. It is important to know your own __________ (strong) and __________ (weak).

16. Just as the old saying goes, __________ (honest) is the best policy.

17. He was touched by the __________ (warm) of their welcome.

18. The French government called for an end to the __________ (violent).

19. Success is not final and __________ (fail) is not fatal. It is the courage to continue that counts.

20. In a good __________ (marry), both husband and wife work hard to solve any problems that arise.

21. The woman player will make her second public __________ (appear) this Saturday.

22. Can you tell me what the real reason for your __________ (absent) was?

23. He made an __________ (apologize) to us for his __________ (rude) to us.

24. It can be __________ (benefit) to share your __________ (feel) with someone you trust.

25. Noise has always been the most __________ (trouble) problem in prospecting earthquakes.

26. He has two big round Chinese __________ (wood) tables.

27. Officials reacted __________ (anger) to those charges.

28. They say travel __________ (broad) your minds and horizons.

29. Tell them your __________ (high) and __________ (weigh) to see whether they can help.

30. They have failed to __________ (modern) their factories.

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二、語法填空 閱讀下面短文, 在空白處填入一個適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~或括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。

Street art can be found on buildings, sidewalks, street signs and even trash cans from Tokyo to Paris to New York City. This special kind of art can take the form of paintings, sculptures, cloth or even stickers. Street art has become part of ???1 ???global visual culture. Now, even art museums and galleries ???2 ???(collect) the work of street artists.

???3 ???is not easy to provide an exact history of the street art movement. This kind of art has developed in many kinds of ways in places all over the world. Also, ???4 ???it is illegal to paint public and private property ???5 ???permission, street artists usually work ???6 ???(secret). This secretive nature of street art and its countless forms make it hard to define (定義) exactly. And people have different opinions about the movement. Some think street art is a crime and destroys property. But ???7 ???see this art as a rich form of non-traditional cultural expression.

Many experts say the movement ???8 ???(begin) in New York City in the 1960s. Young adults would use paint in special cans to spray their “tag” on walls and train cars around the city. This tag was a name they created ???9 ???(identify) themselves and their artwork. This colorful style of writing is also called graffiti (涂鴉). It is visually exciting and ???10 ???(energy).

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三、佳作欣賞 下面是一篇摘自全國英語高考書面表達(dá)的范文，文中有許多精彩且靈活的語言表達(dá)，其中也包含有詞類轉(zhuǎn)換與構(gòu)詞法的運用，用心體會其用法。

These years, global warming is becoming a serious problem, endangering people’s life.

Several factors contribute to the rise of temperature. First of all, a lot of greenhouse gas is produced by cars and factories; further more, the loss of forests is another cause of global warming.

Global warming will cause some harmful effects. In the first place, some islands will disappear because of the rise of sea level. Extreme weather will also result from global warming. When temperature rises, the production of crops will decrease. Besides, some animals and plants will disappear from the planet, thus destroying the ecosystem.

Facing such a threat, we should join efforts to cool the earth, such as taking a subway or bus to work instead of driving private cars to reduce greenhouse gas. All in all, we are supposed to remember it’s our responsibility to save our earth.

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參考答案

真題再練

1. regularly? 修飾動詞arranges作狀語，用副詞。

2. ability? 在形容詞性物主代詞后必定用名詞。

3. slowly? 修飾謂語動詞give out，表示“慢慢地散熱”用副詞slowly。

4. natural? 在名詞前作定語要用形容詞。

5. actually? 修飾謂語動詞caught，要副詞作狀語，表示“居然”。

6. patient? 在系動詞be后作表語，要用形容詞。

7. suddenly? 修飾動詞became，作狀語，用副詞。

考點歸納

1. 形容詞與副詞的轉(zhuǎn)換

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規(guī)律總結(jié)

請寫出下列形容詞的副詞形式

1

一般直接加ly

quick→quickly; rude→rudely; wide→widely; real→really; ? careful→carefully

2

輔音字母+y→ily

easy→easily; angry→angrily; happy→happily; heavy→heavily; ? busy→busily

3

-ble→bly

possible→possibly; probable→probably; terrible→terribly; ? noble→nobly; comfortable →comfortably

4

(個別)去e加ly

true→truly; whole→wholly; gentle→gently; ample→amply; ? simple→simply

5

以-ic結(jié)尾加ally

basic→basically; classic→classically; magic→magically; ? optimistic→optimistically; scientific→scientifically; 但public→publicly

2. 名詞與形容詞的轉(zhuǎn)換

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規(guī)律總結(jié)

請寫出下列名詞的形容詞形式或形容詞的名詞形式

1

+al

music→musical; person→personal; nation→national; centre→central; ? practice→practical

2

-ture→tural

nature→natural; culture→cultural; agriculture→agricultural; ? architecture→architectural

3

-ics→ical

politics→political; physics→physical; mathematics→mathematical; ? statistics→statistical

4

+ern

east→eastern; west→western; south→southern; north→northern; ? southwest→ southwestern

5

+ible

access→accessible; horror→horrible; terror→terrible

6

+ful

success→successful; power→powerful; peace→peaceful; mercy→merciful; ? beauty→ beautiful

7

+ish

fool→foolish; self→selfish; child→childish

8

+ous

danger→dangerous; anxiety→anxious; ambition→ambitious; ? curiosity→curious; humor →humorous

9

-ance→ant

importance→important; significance→significant; ? distance→distant

10

-ence→ent

absence→absent; silence→silent; difference→different; ? convenience→convenient

11

-ency→ent

fluency→fluent; efficiency→efficient; emergency→emergent; ? urgency→urgent

12

+ly

friend→friendly; day→daily; time→timely; man→manly; ? mother→motherly

13

-ble→bility

able→ability; responsible→responsibility; possible→possibility; ? flexible→flexibility

14

+y; 去e, +y; 雙寫, +y

health→healthy; sleep→sleepy; difficult→difficulty; ? noise→noisy; sun→sunny

15

adj.+ness→n.

weak→weakness; kind→kindness; ill→illness; sad→sadness; ? happy→happiness

16

adj. +th→n.

strong→strength; long→length; wide→width; warm→warmth; ? true→truth

17

-ate→acy

accurate→accuracy; private→privacy; adequate→adequacy

18

其他各類

free→freedom; wise→wisdom; cruel→cruelty; safe→safety; ? tire→tiresome; trouble→ troublesome; history→historic(al); science→scientific; ? brave→bravery; short→shortage

3. 動詞與名詞的轉(zhuǎn)換

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規(guī)律總結(jié)

請寫出下列動詞的名詞形式

1

+ation

expect→expectation; present→presentation; 注意：explain→explanation

2

去e, +ation

invite→invitation; educate→education; examine→examination; ? prepare→preparation; pronounce→pronunciation

3

去e, +tion

produce→production; introduce→introduction; 注意：describe→description

4

去e, +ion

devote→devotion; pollute→pollution; contribute→contribution; ? revise→revision

5

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+ion

act→action; attract→attraction; protect→protection; ? suggest→suggestion; 注意：intend→ intention

discuss→discussion; express→expression; possess→possession; ? impress→impression

6

去t/d/de, +sion

admit→admission; permit→permission; extend→extension; conclude→conclusion; ? divide →division

7

+ance; 去e, +ance

appear→appearance; perform→performance; acquaint→acquaintance; ? guide→guidance

8

+ence

exist→existence; prefer→preference; refer→reference; ? differ→difference; depend→ dependence

9

+ment

achieve→achievement; agree→agreement; announce→announcement; ? develop→ development; encourage→encouragement

10

去e, +al

arrive→arrival; approve→approval; survive→survival; ? refuse→refusal

11

+ure

fail→failure; press→pressure; depart→departure; mix→mixture

12

+y

recover→recovery; discover→discovery

13

其他

choose→choice; vary→variety; tend→tendency; advise→advice; ? apologize→apology; classify→classification; grow→growth

4. 動詞與形容詞的轉(zhuǎn)換

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規(guī)律總結(jié)

請寫出下列動詞的形容詞形式，或形容詞的動詞形式

1

+able

suit→suitable; admire→admirable; rely→reliable; comfort→comfortable; ? reason→ reasonable

2

+ful

doubt→doubtful; harm→harmful; hope→hopeful; care→careful; ? use→useful

3

+ive

act→active; attract→attractive; impress→impressive; ? create→creative

4

+ary

imagine→imaginary

5

adj.+en→v.

deep→deepen; wide→widen; less→lessen; worse→worsen; ? long→lengthen; weak→ weaken

6

en+adj. →v.

large→enlarge; rich→enrich; able→enable; noble→ennoble

5. 表示否定的前綴與后綴

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規(guī)律總結(jié)

請寫出與下列單詞意義相反或相否定的詞語

1

dis+

advantage→disadvantage; agree→disagree; appear→disappear; ? cover→discover

2

il/im/in

legal→illegal; polite→impolite; patient→impatient; ? convenient→inconvenient

3

mis+

understand→misunderstand; lead→mislead; direct→misdirect; ? trust→mistrust

4

un+

able→unable; fair→unfair; fit→unfit; fortunate→unfortunate; ? usual→unusual

5

+less

hope→hopeless; end→endless; stain→stainless; taste→tasteless; ? use→useless

6. 表示人的后綴

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規(guī)律總結(jié)

請寫出下列表示人的名詞

1

+er

sing→singer; teach→teacher; strange→stranger; village→villager; ? employ→employer

2

+or

act→actor; invent→inventor; educate→educator; visit→visitor; ? conduct→conductor

3

+ee

employ→employee; interview→interviewee; pay→payee; ? absent→absentee

4

+ess

act→actress; wait→waitress; host→hostess; steward→stewardess; ? god→goddess

5

+ese

China→Chinese; Japan→Japanese; Burma(緬甸)→Burmese; ? Vietnam→Vietnamese

6

+n

Asia→Asian; America→American; Australia→Australian; ? India→Indian; Korea→Korean

7

+ian

music→musician; history→historian; library→librarian; ? physics→physician; politics→ politician

8

+ist

art→artist; novel→novelist; tour→tourist; cycle→cyclist; ? science→scientist

9

+ant

assist→assistant; account→accountant; consult→consultant; ? apply→applicant; serve→ servant

10

+ar

lie→liar; beg→beggar

考點練透

一、單句填空

1. disagree? 2. dislike? 3. dishonest? 4. misunderstood? 5. misuse? 6. rebuild? 7. inconvenient? 8. illegal? 9. impatient? 10. unlock? 11. unbelievable? 12. enlarge? 13. competitors? 14. actress; director? 15. strengths; weaknesses? 16. honesty? 17. warmth? 18. violence? 19. failure? 20. marriage? 21. appearance? 22. absence? 23. apology; rudeness? 24. beneficial; feelings? 25. troublesome? 26. wooden? 27. angrily? 28. broadens? 29. height; weight? 30. modernize

二、語法填空

本文主要介紹街頭藝術(shù)(street art)以及其歷史，并同時告訴我們，人們對這種藝術(shù)持不同看法。

1. a? 考查冠詞。不定冠詞的基本用法，此處a意為“一種(全球的視覺文化)”。

2. are collecting? 考查謂語動詞。分析句子成分可知，collect在此處作謂語動詞，故考慮時態(tài)和語態(tài)。根據(jù)前面的Now可知用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時。

3. It? 考查代詞。此處it作形式主語，代替真正的主語to provide an exact history of the street art movement。注意首字母要大寫。

4. because? 考查連詞。分析句子成分可知，空后是兩個分句，故填連接詞。再根據(jù)兩句間的邏輯和句意可知此處理應(yīng)是表“原因”的狀語從句，故填because。

5. without? 考查介詞。根據(jù)空后的permission以及上下邏輯可知，此處理應(yīng)是指未經(jīng)過允許。故填without。

6. secretly? 考查詞類轉(zhuǎn)換。副詞修飾動詞。

7. others? 考查代詞。缺少主語填代詞。根據(jù)前面的Some think可知此處填不定代詞others。

8. began? 考查謂語動詞。分析句子成分可知，begin在此作謂語，故考慮時態(tài)和語態(tài)。根據(jù)空后的in the 1960s可知填一般過去式。

9. to identify? 考查非謂語動詞。此處表目的，故用動詞不定式。

10. energetic? 考查詞類轉(zhuǎn)換。作表語用形容詞，與exciting構(gòu)成并列表語。

助讀詞匯

sidewalk n. 人行道?????????????? sticker n. 貼紙

property n. 財產(chǎn)???????????????? secretive adj. 偷偷摸摸的

spray vt. 噴射?????????????????? tag n. 標(biāo)簽

visually adv. 在視覺上??????????? trash can 垃圾桶

visual culture 視覺文化?????????? take the form of 表現(xiàn)為……的形式

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