難句在考研閱讀、完型填空和翻譯中的出現(xiàn)頻率很高，無(wú)論句子有多長(zhǎng)、結(jié)構(gòu)有多復(fù)雜，它都由一些基本的成分組成的。從結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)說(shuō)，英語(yǔ)句子中，除了謂語(yǔ)之外，其它的成分均可以由從句或者非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞來(lái)充當(dāng)。從句子本身是一個(gè)完整的句子，因此，從句與從句之間的關(guān)系可能包孕、套嵌，也可能并列，平行。

從功能來(lái)說(shuō)，英語(yǔ)有三大復(fù)合句，即:①名詞性從句，包括主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句;②形容詞性從句，即我們平常所說(shuō)的定語(yǔ)從句;③狀語(yǔ)從句。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以有自己的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)（過(guò)去分詞除外），也可以跟自己的邏輯主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)等成分，構(gòu)成一個(gè)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)。由于非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和從句的這些特點(diǎn)，使英語(yǔ)句子從理論上講可以無(wú)限延長(zhǎng)。

　

英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句的分析方法：去枝葉，留主干。

1） 劃出句子中的定語(yǔ)從句和狀語(yǔ)從句;

2）劃出所有介詞短語(yǔ)（位于be動(dòng)詞后的除外）；

3） 名詞性從句看作一個(gè)整體,找出句中所有的謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)、非謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)、介詞短語(yǔ)和從句的引導(dǎo)詞;

4） 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)看作一個(gè)整體；

5）找出全句的主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)，即句子的主干；

6） 分析從句的結(jié)構(gòu)和非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)。

長(zhǎng)難句分析的步驟舉例：

經(jīng)典例題（2001年考研完型填空第二段）

In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a draft bill that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will strictly control the amount of publicity that can be given to a case before a trial begins.

分析:

第一，劃出定語(yǔ)從句和狀語(yǔ)從句: that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will strictly control the amount of publicity /that can be given to a case /before a trial begins.

第二，劃出介詞短語(yǔ)：In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press

第三，句子的結(jié)構(gòu)分析:

（1）主干結(jié)構(gòu)是主語(yǔ)（Lord Irvine含同位語(yǔ)the Lord Chancellor）+將來(lái)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)（will introduce）+賓語(yǔ)（a draft bill）；

（2）that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾draft bill,其中，will propose 是第一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)，making payments to witnesses illegal是一個(gè)動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)做賓語(yǔ)，在動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)內(nèi)部，payments to witnesses做making的賓語(yǔ)，illegal是賓補(bǔ)；第二個(gè)謂語(yǔ)是will strictly control, the amount of publicity是它的賓語(yǔ)。that can be given to a case before a trial begins是孕含有一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句（before a trial begins）的定語(yǔ)從句，修飾publicity。

請(qǐng)大家按照上述步驟認(rèn)真分解以下70個(gè)句子，并把分解后的句子讀熟甚至背過(guò)，則基本上可以解決考研長(zhǎng)難句問(wèn)題。

1. This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.

結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的主干是This will be particularly true…。since引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句。此從句中又套嵌一個(gè)由關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，修飾the high-energy American fashion。在定語(yǔ)從句中，that做主語(yǔ)，makes做謂語(yǔ)，it做形式賓語(yǔ)，不定式短語(yǔ)to combine few farmers with high yields則是真正的賓語(yǔ)（不定式短語(yǔ)內(nèi)部to combine是主干，few farmers是賓語(yǔ)，with high yields是狀語(yǔ)），possible做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。this指代前句中提到的這種困境。energy pinch譯為“能源的匱乏”;in…fashion譯為“用…方法、方式”。

譯文：這種困境將是確定無(wú)疑的，因?yàn)槟茉吹膮T乏，高能量消耗這種美國(guó)耕種方式將很難在農(nóng)業(yè)中繼續(xù)下去，而這種耕種方式使投入少數(shù)農(nóng)民就可獲得高產(chǎn)成為可能。

2. Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter，we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a“valid”or“fair”comparison.

結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的主干是we must be sure…。since引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter。主句中又有that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a“valid”or“fair”comparison。此賓語(yǔ)從句中又套嵌一個(gè)由介詞with+which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句with which we are comparing our subjects修飾先行詞the scale。scale在此處意為“尺度、衡量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”。

譯文：既然對(duì)智力的評(píng)估相比較而言的，那么我們必須確保，在對(duì)我們的對(duì)象進(jìn)行比較時(shí)，我們所用的尺度能夠提供“有效的”或“公平的”比較。

3. In general，the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can be not well defined.

結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是the tests work most effectively when…and least effectively when…。and連接兩個(gè)并列分句，每個(gè)并列分句中皆有一個(gè)when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句分別說(shuō)明work most effectively和and（work）least effectively。第二個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中還有一個(gè)主語(yǔ)從句what…predicted。the tests是主句的主語(yǔ)，work為動(dòng)詞做謂語(yǔ)。qualities在此處是可數(shù)名詞，不譯為“質(zhì)量”，而譯為“特征”。defined不能直譯為“被定義為”，而應(yīng)譯為主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)“界定”。

譯文：一般來(lái)說(shuō)，當(dāng)所需要測(cè)定的特征能被精確界定時(shí)，測(cè)試最為有效;而當(dāng)所測(cè)定或預(yù)測(cè)的東西不能被明確界定時(shí)，測(cè)試效果最差。

4. For example，they do not compensate for gross social inequality，and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.

結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是they do not compensate…，and thus do not tell how…。and連接兩個(gè)并列分句，第二個(gè)并列分句中由how引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句是一個(gè)帶有虛擬條件句的主從復(fù)合句，其中had he grown up…（=If he had grown up…）是省略了連詞if的非真實(shí)條件句。主句主語(yǔ)的they，在此代指上文提到的tests; able在句中作might have been的表語(yǔ)。underprivileged在此不能譯為“沒(méi)有特權(quán)的”，而譯為“沒(méi)有地位的”或“物質(zhì)條件差的”。

譯文：例如，測(cè)試并不能彌補(bǔ)明顯的社會(huì)不公;因此，它們不能說(shuō)明一個(gè)物質(zhì)條件差的年輕人，如果在較好的環(huán)境中成長(zhǎng)的話，會(huì)有多大才干。

5.It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset：it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans，or with no consideration at all.

結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that…。冒號(hào)后的復(fù)合句是對(duì)冒號(hào)前部分作進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明。復(fù)合句中that引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，從句中有either…or…引導(dǎo)的兩個(gè)并列的介詞結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語(yǔ)，修飾動(dòng)詞be treated，其中第一個(gè)with介詞結(jié)構(gòu)中還有一個(gè)省略了關(guān)系代詞that或which的定語(yǔ)從句humans extend to other humans，修飾the consideration。it代指上文的觀點(diǎn)，即如果對(duì)人權(quán)沒(méi)有達(dá)成一致看法，而談?wù)搫?dòng)物的權(quán)利是徒勞的。介詞短語(yǔ)at the outset譯為“從一開(kāi)始”。動(dòng)詞invites應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)譯為“使”、“讓”或“促使”。動(dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu)extend consideration to意為“給予關(guān)懷或關(guān)心”，consideration不應(yīng)譯為“考慮”。

譯文：這種說(shuō)法從一開(kāi)始就將討論引向極端，它使人們認(rèn)為應(yīng)該這樣對(duì)待動(dòng)物:要么像對(duì)人類自身一樣關(guān)懷體諒，要么完全冷漠無(wú)情。

6. But even more important，it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past，for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.　　

結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是it was the farthest that…。但I(xiàn)t was…that…在本句中不是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型。it是指上句中所提到的150億年前形成的巨大云團(tuán)（a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light-years from earth）;that引導(dǎo)的應(yīng)是一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾先行詞the farthest。for引導(dǎo)的是表示原因的分句，分句中還有that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，修飾the patterns and structure。

譯文：但更重要的是，這是科學(xué)家們所能觀測(cè)到的有關(guān)過(guò)去的最為遙遠(yuǎn)的景象，因?yàn)樗麄兛吹降氖?50億年前宇宙云的形狀和結(jié)構(gòu)。

7. Thus it happened that when the new factories that were springing up required labor，tens of thousands of homeless and hungry agricultural workers，with their wives and children，were forced into the cities in search of work，and any work，under any condition，that would keep them alive.

結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是it happened that…。it做形式主語(yǔ)，that引導(dǎo)的從句做真正的主語(yǔ)。主語(yǔ)從句中，又有一個(gè)由when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，主句為tens of thousands of homeless and hungry agricultural workers…were forced…，時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中從句主語(yǔ)the new factories又帶有一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句that were springing up; that would keep them alive做work的定語(yǔ)從句。spring up意為“發(fā)生，出現(xiàn)，建立”。

譯文: 于是就出現(xiàn)了這樣的情況:正當(dāng)新辦的工廠紛紛建立，需要?jiǎng)趧?dòng)力的時(shí)候，成千上萬(wàn)無(wú)家可歸、饑腸轆轆、以農(nóng)業(yè)為生的勞動(dòng)者攜家?guī)Э?，被迫進(jìn)入城市;他們要找活干，不管什么活兒，不論什么條件，只要不被餓死就行。

8. As a result of two or three centuries of scientific investigation we have come to believe that nature is understandable in the sense that when we ask her questions by way of appropriate observations and experiments，she will answer truly and reward us with discoveries that endure.

結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是…we have come to believe that…。that引導(dǎo)的從句做believe的賓語(yǔ)從句;此從句中有一個(gè)that從句作the sense的同位語(yǔ)從句;同位語(yǔ)從句中又套嵌一個(gè)由when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句;此時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句又套嵌一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句that endure，修飾其先行詞discoveries。by way of意為“經(jīng)由，通過(guò)…方法”;reward sb. with意為“以…報(bào)答，酬勞”;endure此處應(yīng)譯為“持久，持續(xù)”,不要譯為“忍受，容忍”。

譯文:由于兩三個(gè)世紀(jì)以來(lái)的科學(xué)研究成果，我們逐漸相信，如果運(yùn)用合適的觀察和實(shí)驗(yàn)方法向大自然探究問(wèn)題，她會(huì)真心實(shí)意地給我們答復(fù)，并且以永垂不朽的發(fā)現(xiàn)來(lái)報(bào)答我們。從這個(gè)意義上來(lái)說(shuō)，大自然是可以認(rèn)識(shí)的。

9. These new observational capabilities would result in simply a mass of details were it not for the fact that theoretical understanding has reached the stage at which it is becoming possible to indicate the kind of measurements required for reliable weather forecasting.

結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是These new observational capabilities would result in simply a mass of details…。后面緊跟省略了if引導(dǎo)的虛擬條件句were it not for the fact that…，即if it were not for the fact that…;that從句作the fact的同位語(yǔ)從句。此從句中又套嵌一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾其先行詞the stage; required for reliable weather forecasting為過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)修飾the kind of measurements。simply譯為“只不過(guò)，僅僅”，不應(yīng)譯為“簡(jiǎn)單地”。

譯文：理論上的認(rèn)識(shí)已達(dá)到了這樣一個(gè)階段,即現(xiàn)在已能指出需要哪種測(cè)量方式才能可靠地預(yù)報(bào)天氣。如果做不到這一點(diǎn)，那么上述這些新的觀察能力只不過(guò)提供了一大堆細(xì)節(jié)而已。

10. The story of the discovery of what is now generally called the principle of Archimedes，namely that a solid body when immersed in a liquid loses a portion of its weight of the liquid it displaces，has many different versions，of which the following is one.

結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是The story…h(huán)as many different versions…。what is now generally called the principle of Archimedes為名詞性從句做介詞of的賓語(yǔ)。namely that a solid body…作the principle of Archimedes的同位語(yǔ);when immersed in a liquid是省略了主語(yǔ)的過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)，句子補(bǔ)充完整為when the solid body is immersed in a liquid，修飾其主句a solid body loses a portion of its weight of the liquid…;it displaces是省略了關(guān)系代詞that的定語(yǔ)從句修飾the liquid，it代指前面提到的the solid body;同時(shí)，of which the following is one又構(gòu)成先行詞versions的定語(yǔ)從句。displace意為“排（水）”;version不譯為“版本”，此處指“根據(jù)個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)的（對(duì)事件等的）說(shuō)法，看法”;句尾的one代指a version。

譯文:當(dāng)固體浸沒(méi)到液體中時(shí)，固體會(huì)失去它所排出的液體的那部分重量，這就是現(xiàn)在通常所謂的阿基米德原理。有關(guān)這一發(fā)現(xiàn)的故事說(shuō)法眾多，下面的故事就是其中之一。

11. We assumed that there were forces of attraction between molecules which varied rapidly with the distance so that the attraction between molecules that were more than a few ten millionths of a millimeter apart was very small but became considerable when the molecules approached more closely.

結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是We assumed that there were forces of attraction…。that引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句。此賓語(yǔ)從句中套嵌一個(gè)由which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞forces of attraction; so that the attraction between molecules…是so that結(jié)構(gòu)引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句;在此狀語(yǔ)從句中，除主干結(jié)構(gòu)the attraction…was very small but became considerable…，又有that were more than a few ten-millionths of a millimeter apart做定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞molecules和when the molecules approached more closely做狀語(yǔ)從句，修飾…but became considerable。considerable譯為“相當(dāng)大（或多的）”。

譯文：我們?cè)?jīng)假定，分子之間存在著引力，這種引力隨著分子之間距離的不同而有顯著的變化，因而，在間距為千萬(wàn)分之幾毫米的分子之間的引力是很小的，但是分子靠得很近時(shí)，這種引力會(huì)變得相當(dāng)大。

12. This need is enshrined in the concept of sustainable development，which means that we must，for the benefit of coming generations，leave enough environmental space so that these generations will be able to address their needs and fulfill their aspirations.

結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是This need is enshrined in the concept of sustainable development…。其后緊跟著一個(gè)which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，修飾先行詞sustainable development。此定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞means又套嵌一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句，即we must…leave enough environmental space。此賓語(yǔ)從句中又有so that結(jié)構(gòu)做此從句的目的狀語(yǔ)。be enshrined in意為“被深深地珍藏（或銘記）在…”，此處轉(zhuǎn)譯為主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)“納入到”。sustainable development譯為“可持續(xù)發(fā)展”。

譯文：這一需要被正式載入可持續(xù)發(fā)展的概念之中。所謂可持續(xù)發(fā)展是指:為了子孫后代的利益，我們必須保留足夠的生存環(huán)境空間，以滿足他們的需要，施展抱負(fù)。

13. Painting lacks only the means to represent movement in time and space，which is the special property of sculpture and architecture，since a painting is designed to be seen from one point at one time，whereas sculpture and architecture are created to be seen from various points of view，thus supplying movements in space and time.

結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是Painting lacks only the means…,since…。since引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句修飾主句;關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾the means to represent movement in time and space; property在此處應(yīng)譯為“性質(zhì),特性”,不譯為“財(cái)產(chǎn),資產(chǎn)”。

譯文：繪畫(huà)缺少的僅僅是表現(xiàn)空間與時(shí)間變化的手法，而這正是雕塑與建筑的特性。繪畫(huà)時(shí)只要求在某一時(shí)刻，從空間的一點(diǎn)來(lái)欣賞，而雕塑和建筑的創(chuàng)造則要求從各個(gè)角度來(lái)欣賞，這樣就表現(xiàn)出了空間，時(shí)間的變化。

14. Once intimidated by arguments that their children would feel more at home in bilingual classes，and that they might lose their heritage in regular classes，these women have since given voice，loudly and persuasively，to what they know from experience that unless they are fluent in the language of their adopted country，their children will never attend college or land any but the most menial of jobs.

結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是these women have…given voice…to what they know from experience that…。that從句做experience的同位語(yǔ)從句;此從句中又套嵌一個(gè)unless引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句;Once intimidated by arguments是過(guò)去分詞做狀語(yǔ)修飾these women，其施動(dòng)者arguments又有兩個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句修飾限定它。intimidated by arguments意為“被論點(diǎn)搞得驚慌害怕”;feel at home不能直譯為“感到在家”，而譯為“感到自在”;give voice to意為“表達(dá)，表露”;land jobs譯為“找到工作”。

譯文：有人說(shuō)，孩子們?cè)陔p語(yǔ)課堂里會(huì)感到更加自由自在，而在正規(guī)班級(jí)會(huì)喪失其傳統(tǒng)文化。這幾位母親曾被這一論點(diǎn)搞得惶恐不安，現(xiàn)在發(fā)表了最響亮，最有說(shuō)服力的意見(jiàn)。從她們自身的經(jīng)驗(yàn)中，他們深知:如果孩子們不熟練掌握他們所移居國(guó)家的語(yǔ)言，除了那些最簡(jiǎn)單的體力活兒外，根本談不上上大學(xué)，也談不上找到理想的工作。

15. The presumption on which human cloning rests is that all these cells，though now specialized，still contain exact copies of the original set of genetic instructions needed to make an entire individual and can do so if a way is found to switch them back on.

結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是The presumption is that all these cells…contain genetic instructions…and can do so…。其中介詞on加which引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句修飾主語(yǔ)the presumption; that從句為表語(yǔ)從句;此表語(yǔ)從句中contain和can do并列做all these cells的謂語(yǔ);表語(yǔ)從句中又插入一個(gè)though引導(dǎo)的省略了主語(yǔ)all these cells的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，補(bǔ)充完整為though these cells are now specialized; needed to make an entire individual為過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)做genetic instructions的后置定語(yǔ);并列謂語(yǔ)can do so又有if條件句修飾。rest on意為“依賴”。為避免重復(fù)do so代替前文提到的make an entire individual。

譯文：人類克隆賴以存在的假定是:雖然所有的細(xì)胞現(xiàn)已全部特化，但卻仍然包含有發(fā)育為完整個(gè)體所需的與母體完全一致的全部遺傳指令;如果能找到一個(gè)方法使失去作用的部分恢復(fù)作用，這些細(xì)胞就能發(fā)育成為完整的個(gè)體。

16. Thus，a regularity for which there are general theoretical grounds will be more readily called a natural law than an empirical regularity that cannot be subsumed under more general laws or theories.

結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子的框架是a regularity…will be more readily called a natural law than an empirical regularity…。介詞for加關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句修飾a regularity。an empirical regularity后又有定語(yǔ)從句that cannot be subsumed under more general laws or theories修飾。grounds意為“根據(jù)，理由”;subsume意為“把…歸入，納入”。

譯文：因此，與一條不能被歸入更普遍的法則或理論而是基于經(jīng)驗(yàn)的規(guī)律相比，一條具有普遍理論依據(jù)支持的規(guī)律很可能被認(rèn)可為一條自然法則。

17. It is because of the close association in most people’s minds of tools with man that special attention has always been focused upon any animal able to use an object as a tool，but it is important to realize that this ability，on its own，does not necessarily indicate any special intelligence in the creature concerned.

結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是It is because of…that…，but it is important to realize that…。but連接兩個(gè)并列句，but前的并列分句為It is…that…強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)，強(qiáng)調(diào)because of引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)。but后的并列分句又有that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句做realize的賓語(yǔ)。the close association in most people’s minds of tools with man中注意in most people’s minds把the close association of tools with man（工具與人類的密切聯(lián)系）分隔開(kāi)來(lái)。兩個(gè)并列句中分別有able to use an object as a tool和concerned分別做其前面名詞animal和the creature的后置定語(yǔ)。man根據(jù)上下文在此處指“人類”，而不是“男人”;not necessarily譯為“不一定、未必”;on its own意為“獨(dú)立地，憑自己力量”，在此轉(zhuǎn)譯為“就其自身而言”。

譯文： 正是由于在大多數(shù)人頭腦中工具與人類聯(lián)系密切，人類才特別關(guān)注有能力把物體當(dāng)工具使用的任何一種動(dòng)物。但值得注意的是，這種能力就其自身而言，并不表明這種動(dòng)物有什么特別的智慧。

18. The point at which tool using and tool making acquire evolutionary significance is surely when an animal can adapt its ability to manipulate objects to a wide variety of purposes，and when it can use an object spontaneously to solve a brand-new problem that without the use of a tool would prove insoluble.

結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是The point…is…when…and when…。兩個(gè)when引導(dǎo)的從句為并列的表語(yǔ)從句。at which tool using and tool making acquire evolutionary significance為定語(yǔ)從句修飾主語(yǔ)the point;第二個(gè)when引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句中也有that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾a brand-new problem。ability to manipulate objects譯為“操縱物體的能力”;…a brand-new problem that without the use of a tool would prove insoluble中without和insoluble為雙重否定可譯成肯定句。

譯文：當(dāng)一種動(dòng)物能夠使自己操縱物體的能力適用于更廣泛的目標(biāo)范圍，并且能夠自發(fā)地使用物體解決只有通過(guò)工具才能解決的嶄新問(wèn)題時(shí)，工具的使用和制造就肯定達(dá)到了具有進(jìn)化意義的階段。

19. It was the desire to be scholarly that brought about a wxdye of Latin terms which appeared in the 16th century when the humanist movement brought new impetus to learning throughout Europe.

結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是It was the desire…that brought about a wxdye…。it is…that…是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，強(qiáng)調(diào)主語(yǔ)the desire to be scholarly。關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,修飾Latin terms;關(guān)系副詞when引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,修飾century。句中scholarly做“博學(xué)多才”講;humanist movement譯為“人文主義運(yùn)動(dòng)”;impetus意為“動(dòng)力,促進(jìn)”。

譯文：在16世紀(jì)的時(shí)候，人文主義運(yùn)動(dòng)促進(jìn)了歐洲各國(guó)的學(xué)術(shù)運(yùn)動(dòng)，人們都想顯示自己的博學(xué)多才，從而出現(xiàn)了一股使用拉丁字詞的潮流。

20. So don’t be surprised if you never encounter some of the expressions that still appear in school textbooks; and next time you hear somebody using a strange word you haven’t heard before，you can comfort yourself that there may well be a native speaker somewhere who doesn’t know it either.

結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是…don’t be surprised if you…;and next time…，

you can comfort yourself that…。分號(hào)連接兩個(gè)并列分句。在前面句子中，if引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句;關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾expressions。在后面句子中，you hear…是省略了關(guān)系副詞when的定語(yǔ)從句，修飾next time; you hxdyen’t heard before又是省略了關(guān)系代詞which的定語(yǔ)從句，修飾strange word;主句是you can comfort yourself that…，這里的that引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，而關(guān)系代詞who引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾native speaker。may和well連用表示有充分的理由，譯為“（完全）能，（很）可能”。

譯文：因此，如果在某些教科書(shū)里你碰到某些詞組是你從未見(jiàn)過(guò)的，你不必驚訝。如果下次你聽(tīng)到有人用一個(gè)你以前從未聽(tīng)到過(guò)的新詞，你可以這樣安慰自己說(shuō)，很可能在什么地方有一個(gè)講英語(yǔ)的本地人也不認(rèn)識(shí)這個(gè)字呢!

（待續(xù)）