作者：John Haldon約翰·哈爾頓

出版商：Routledge Taylor & Francis Group

自翻：神尾智代

Portrait of a soldier：Recruitment, discipline, and life on campaign

關(guān)于一名士兵的描寫：招募、訓(xùn)練和軍旅生活

Soldiers

士兵

?????????? There is no doubt that the majority of ordinary soldiers in the army throughout the history of the empire were of fairly humble status. The 'better-off' ordinary soldiers among the thematic armies in the 9th and 10th centuries appear to have held a relatively high position in their communities, however, partly because of their special fiscal and legal status: they were exempt from extra taxation and a range of state impositions in terms of labour service or providing housing and supplies for other soldiers, officers or imperial officials, to which the ordinary population was always subject; and they could bestow their property without having to adhere strictly to Roman inheritance law about the division of property among heirs. This gave soldiers of all types, even when they were not especially well paid, an enhanced social prestige, set them apart somewhat from the ordinary population, and gave them a sense of group identity and solidarity.

（毫無疑問，在整個帝國歷史上，軍隊中的大多數(shù)普通士兵都處于相當(dāng)?shù)偷牡匚弧?/span>9 世紀(jì)和 10 世紀(jì)軍區(qū)軍隊中“富?！钡钠胀ㄊ勘坪踉谒麄兊纳鐓^(qū)中占有相對較高的地位，然而，部分原因是他們特殊的財政和法律地位：他們免于額外征稅和在勞務(wù)或為其他士兵、軍官或皇室官員提供住房和供應(yīng)方面的國家征收范圍，普通民眾總是受制于這些；他們可以贈與他們的財產(chǎn)，而不必嚴(yán)格遵守關(guān)于繼承人之間財產(chǎn)分配的羅馬繼承法。這給了所有類型的士兵，即使他們的薪水不是特別高，也提高了社會聲望，使他們與普通民眾有所區(qū)別，并給了他們一種群體認(rèn)同感和團結(jié)感。）

????????? The sources for recruitment and length of service for the period after the middle to the end of the 6th century are not very informative. Before that time, it seems that the traditional Roman regulations probably applied, with a minimum recruitment age of 18 years and a minimum height requirement of about five feet six inches. There is reason to believe that the minimum age for recruitment in the 9th and 10th centuries was still 18 and the maximum 40. Service beyond the age of 40 was not unusual, however, and several examples of soldiers who served beyond that age are known. Some sources suggest that many officers stayed on long after their useful career was over, as a result, adversely affecting the military effectiveness of their unit.

（6 世紀(jì)中葉至末期的招募信息和服務(wù)年限信息并不多。在此之前，似乎傳統(tǒng)的羅馬規(guī)定可能適用，最低招募年齡為 18 歲，最低身高要求約為 5 英尺 6 英寸。有理由相信，在 9 世紀(jì)和 10 世紀(jì)，招募的最低年齡仍然是 18 歲，最高年齡是 40 歲。然而，超過 40 歲的服役并不罕見，并且有幾個超過這個年齡服役的士兵的例子是眾所周知的。一些消息來源表明，許多軍官在其有用的職業(yè)生涯結(jié)束后長期留任，結(jié)果對其部隊的軍事效力產(chǎn)生了不利影響。）

????????? There were important differences between the requirements applied to recruits to `professional' units, such as the tagmata, and the provincial or thematic armies, with many of the regulations governing admission to the first group being retained from the late Roman legislation, whereas thematic soldiers were required merely to appear at the regular muster parade appropriately equipped — with mount, provisions for a certain number of days, shield and spear. Some restrictions on recruitment also existed, prohibitions on the enlistment of heretics were applied, at least in theory. Priests and monks were forbidden to join the army, while those convicted of adultery or similar crimes, those who had already been dishonourably discharged, and so forth, were technically disqualified from enlisting. But it is impossible to know to what extent such regulations were observed. It is most likely that in the situation that developed from the middle of the 7th century most of the formal regulations of the Roman period had become irrelevant. The application of such regulations was in any event not possible for foreign units, especially Muslims, Franks and others outside the sphere of Byzantine religious—political authority, nor to others, such as Armenians, who may have belonged to non-Orthodox communities. The further away from Constantinople, the more likely such regulations are to have been ignored. By the 10th century the greater diversity in origins, military value and contexts in which soldiers for different types of unit were recruited must have led to an equal diversity in their conditions of enlistment and service, not just between simple thematic soldiers and soldiers of the imperial tagmata but between foreign units and the mercenary soldiers recruited for specific campaigns.

（適用于"專業(yè)"部隊（如禁衛(wèi)軍）和省或軍區(qū)軍隊的新兵的要求之間存在重大差異，羅馬晚期立法保留了許多關(guān)于第一批招募的規(guī)定，而軍區(qū)士兵只被要求出現(xiàn)在定期的集結(jié)游行中，配備適當(dāng)?shù)难b備——坐騎、一定天數(shù)的供給、盾牌和長矛。對招募也存在一些限制，至少在理論上是禁止招募異教徒的。僧侶和僧侶被禁止參軍，而犯有通奸罪或類似罪行的人，已經(jīng)被不光彩地退伍的人，在技術(shù)上被取消入伍資格。但無法知道在多大程度上遵守了此類規(guī)定。很可能在從 7 世紀(jì)中葉開始發(fā)展的情況下，羅馬時期的大部分正式規(guī)定都變得無關(guān)緊要。無論如何，對于外國單位，尤其是穆斯林、法蘭克人和拜占庭宗教政治權(quán)威范圍之外的其他人，以及可能屬于非東正教社區(qū)的其他人（例如亞美尼亞人），此類法規(guī)的適用是不可能的。離君士坦丁堡越遠(yuǎn)，這些規(guī)定就越有可能被忽視。到 10 世紀(jì)，出身、軍事價值和招募不同類型部隊士兵的背景的更大多樣性必然導(dǎo)致他們的入伍和服役條件同樣多樣化，而不僅僅是在簡單的軍區(qū)士兵和帝國近衛(wèi)士兵之間。但在外國部隊和為特定活動招募的雇傭兵之間。）

????????? All soldiers paid by the government, whether tagmata or themata，were listed in military registers, copies of which were maintained in their province and in the government department responsible at Constantinople. Foreign units employed as mercenaries under their own officers could he treated in the same way or paid through their leaders, who would receive a lump sum at regular intervals to be distributed to the men. Leave was granted on a rotational basis, and for periods of between 30 days and three months, depending on the situation of the unit in question — whether on active service, for example, or in winter quarters. The number of men who could be absent at any given time was restricted, and officers who permitted more men to be away could be punished. But it is not clear whether these rules were observed or to which types of unit they were applied.

（所有由政府支付的士兵，無論是禁衛(wèi)軍還是軍區(qū)士兵，都被列入軍事登記冊，其副本保存在他們所在的省和負(fù)責(zé)君士坦丁堡的政府部門中。 外國部隊在自己的軍官手下當(dāng)傭兵，可以同樣待遇，也可以通過他們的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人支付，他們會定期收到一筆款項，分給這些人。 休假是輪流休假的，休假時間為 30 天到 3 個月不等，具體取決于所涉單位的情況——例如，是在現(xiàn)役還是在冬季宿舍。 在任何特定時間可以缺席的人的數(shù)量受到限制，允許更多人離開的軍官可能會受到懲罰。 但尚不清楚這些規(guī)則是否得到遵守或它們適用于哪些類型的單位。）

????????? Soldiers received no state benefits when they retired, other than their protected fiscal status and special legal privileges, although there was a great deal of official rhetoric about how the emperor and the state should look after those who fought for the faith and for God's empire on earth. Until the end of the 6th or middle of the 7th centuries there was a system of state pensions or annuities, but the conditions of the 7th century probably made such arrangements financially impossible for the hard-pressed government. For the ordinary soldiers of the field armies in the provinces this was reflected in the state's acceptance and probable encouragement of their being supported directly front their own households, which by the later 8th century, if not long before, resulted in the majority of thematic soldiers holding landed property from which their duties could be supported. They had to supply provisions for a limited period, equipment and weaponry, and mounts when they were called up for the yearly campaigning season. When such provincial soldiers were too old to serve actively, they will simply have returned to their farms or traditional occupations. Soldiers could thus be divided into several categories according to the conditions under which they were recruited: self-supporting thematic militia, full-time theme soldiers supported by state salaries and other emoluments; professionals recruited for particular regiments or for particular campaigns. All shared the same legal rights, however, until the introduction of ever larger numbers of foreign mercenaries in the 11th and 12th centuries rendered this picture much more complex.

（士兵退休時沒有得到任何國家福利，除了他們受保護的財政地位和特殊的法律特權(quán)，盡管有很多官方言論關(guān)于皇帝和國家應(yīng)該如何照顧那些為信仰和上帝的帝國而戰(zhàn)的人 地球。直到 6 世紀(jì)末或 7 世紀(jì)中葉，才有了國家養(yǎng)老金或年金制度，但 7 世紀(jì)的條件可能使壓力重重的政府在財政上無法做出這樣的安排。 對于各省野戰(zhàn)軍的普通士兵來說，這反映在國家接受并可能鼓勵他們直接在自己的家庭面前得到支持，這在 8 世紀(jì)后期，如果不是很久之前，導(dǎo)致了大多數(shù)主題士兵 持有可以支持他們履行職責(zé)的土地。當(dāng)他們被征召參加每年的競選季節(jié)時，他們必須提供有限時期的補給、裝備和武器以及坐騎。當(dāng)這些省級士兵年齡太大而不能積極服役時，他們只會回到他們的農(nóng)場或傳統(tǒng)職業(yè)。因此，可以根據(jù)招募條件將士兵分為幾類：自給自足的主題民兵，由國家工資和其他報酬支持的專職主題士兵；為特定團或特定戰(zhàn)役招募的專業(yè)人員。然而，所有人都享有相同的合法權(quán)利，直到 11 和 12 世紀(jì)引入越來越多的外國雇傭兵，使情況變得更加復(fù)雜。）

????????? Many men who had completed their service in the army (as well as many who were trying to avoid conscription or who had deserted) entered a monastery. Most of the evidence concerns senior officers, but there is nevertheless some information on ordinary soldiers opting for this mode of retirement, in particular those who had no family cares. Official regulations forbidding serving soldiers to join a monastery were repeated from the late Roman legislation. Adopting the monastic life catered both for the spiritual well-being of the individuals concerned as well as providing a degree of economic security. It offered at the same time a way through which the soldier could atone for the sins he had committed in terms of killing the enemies of the empire and of his faith while serving the emperor. The numbers entering monasteries among the officers of the provinces was substantial enough for an Arab historian to remark on the fact, and to note that those who pursued this life forfeited the continuation of their cash salary, to which they were otherwise entitled as bearers of an imperial title.

（許多完成了軍隊服役的人（以及許多試圖避免征兵或逃跑的人）進入了修道院。大多數(shù)證據(jù)與高級軍官有關(guān)，但也有一些關(guān)于選擇這種退休方式的普通士兵的信息，特別是那些沒有家庭照顧的士兵。羅馬晚期的立法重復(fù)了禁止現(xiàn)役士兵加入修道院的官方規(guī)定。過修道生活既滿足了有關(guān)個人的精神福祉，也提供了一定程度的經(jīng)濟保障。它同時提供了一種方法，使士兵可以為他在為皇帝服務(wù)時殺死帝國和信仰的敵人所犯下的罪行進行贖罪。各省官員進入修道院的人數(shù)之多足以讓阿拉伯歷史學(xué)家評論這一事實，并指出那些追求這一生的人喪失了繼續(xù)獲得現(xiàn)金工資的權(quán)利，否則他們有權(quán)作為帝國頭銜。）

未完待續(xù)