【簡譯】圖盧姆（Tulum）

2022-09-03 11:59 作者:神尾智代 0人讀過 | 我要投稿

Tulum, on the east coast of the Yucatan peninsula in southern Mexico, was an important Mesoamerican centre which displayed both Maya and Toltec influence. Tulum was a major trading and religious centre between the 11th and 16th centuries CE and, dramatically situated near the sea, it is one of the most evocative ancient sites in Mexico.

? ? ? ? ? 圖盧姆位于墨西哥南部尤卡坦半島的東海岸，是重要的中美洲中心之一，這里深受瑪雅和托爾特克文化的影響。圖盧姆在公元11世紀(jì)到16世紀(jì)之間是主要的貿(mào)易和宗教中心；而且，它靠近大海，是墨西哥最令人回味的古代遺址之一。

First settled in the 6th century CE, Tulum prospered, especially so under Mayapán influence from c. 1200 CE, and was an important centre trading in such typical barter goods of the period as cotton, foodstuffs, copper bells, axes, and cacao beans. Protected by the jungle of Quintana Roo, the site survived the general Maya collapse and was largely left untouched by the Spanish.

? ? ? ? ? 圖盧姆最早在公元6世紀(jì)有人定居，這里逐漸變得繁榮昌盛，尤其是在公元1200年左右，此地受瑪雅文明影響，是當(dāng)時典型的貿(mào)易中心，如棉花、食品、銅鈴、斧頭和可可豆等。在金塔納羅奧州叢林的保護(hù)下，該遺址在瑪雅人的全面崩潰中幸存下來，得益于它在很大程度上未被西班牙人發(fā)現(xiàn)。

The ceremonial complex of Tulum, built on a 12-metre-high limestone cliff, was surrounded on three sides by fortification walls, while the fourth side faces the Caribbean Sea. Indeed, the very name Tulum is a colonial one and means 'wall'. The original local name may have been Zama meaning 'dawn' in reference to the site's position facing east across the sea.

? ? ? ? ? 圖盧姆的建筑群位于12米高的石灰?guī)r懸崖上，三面被防御墻包圍，而第四面則面向加勒比海。事實上，圖盧姆這個名字本身就是一個殖民時期的名字，意思是 "墻"。當(dāng)?shù)氐脑赡苁荶ama，意思是'黎明'，指的是該遺址朝東隔海相望的位置。

Residential buildings were built outside the sacred walled area which was reserved for the rulers of Tulum. The largest structure is the Castillo (Castle) which is in fact a temple pyramid displaying architectural influences from the Toltec civilization, such as over-door niches and serpent-columns. In addition, the stucco sculpture which decorates the building recalls those at Mayapán. The halls of the Castillo, and also Structure 25, are also notable for their well-preserved examples of beam-and-mortar roofs.

? ? ? ? ? 居住區(qū)建在神圣的墻外，是為圖盧姆的統(tǒng)治者保留的。最大的建筑是Castillo（城堡），它實際上是一個神廟金字塔，體現(xiàn)了托爾特克文明建筑風(fēng)格的影響——如門外壁龕和蛇形柱。此外，裝飾該建筑的灰泥雕塑讓人想起馬雅潘的那些雕塑。城堡的大廳和25號遺址結(jié)構(gòu)也因其保存完好的梁柱式屋頂而備受矚目。

The Temple of the Frescoes is a squat square building which has undergone several modifications over the centuries. In the Classic period there seems only to have been a vaulted shrine, but this was later surrounded by a larger structure which had a four-column facade. Later still, the second storey was added. Stucco faces on the exterior suggest the building was dedicated to the god Itzamnaaj.

? ? ? ? ? 壁畫神廟是一座方形建筑，幾個世紀(jì)以來經(jīng)歷了幾次修繕。在古典時期，這里似乎只有一個拱形的神龕，但后來它被一個更大的建筑結(jié)構(gòu)所包圍，該結(jié)構(gòu)有一個四柱的外墻。后來，又建造了第二層樓。外部的壁畫表明該建筑是供奉伊薩姆納伊神的。

The earliest wall paintings, which give the building its name, date to the 11th or 12th centuries CE, but some are certainly later, perhaps post conquest. They depict figures performing various actions such as a woman grinding corn on a stone (metate), the goddess Chak Chel carrying two images of the god Chahk, and the Aztec god Tezcatlipoca with his black eye band and turquoise mask. The latter strongly suggests contact with central Mexican centres. Most figures are strikingly painted in blue on a black background, and panels are divided by twisted snake-like borders, perhaps representing umbilical cords and therefore a genealogical connection between the figures. Frescoes appear on both the outer and inner walls of several other buildings at Tulum but always using only three colours – red, blue, and yellow – with outlines painted in black and accompanied by Maya glyphs.

? ? ? ? ? 最早的壁畫，也就是該建筑的名稱，可以追溯到公元11或12世紀(jì)，但一些壁畫肯定更晚，也許是在被征服之后才繪畫的。它們描繪了一些人物在做各種動作，如一個女人在石頭上磨玉米（metate），女神Chak Chel帶著兩個Chahk神的圖像，以及具有黑色眼圈和帶著綠松石面具的阿茲特克神Tezcatlipoca。后者強(qiáng)烈表明與墨西哥中部中心的聯(lián)系。大多數(shù)人物都是在黑色背景上用藍(lán)色顏料畫的，面板被扭曲的蛇形邊框分割開來，也許代表著臍帶，可能代表著人物之間的族譜關(guān)系。壁畫出現(xiàn)在圖盧姆其他幾座建筑的外墻和內(nèi)墻，但總是只用三種顏色——紅、藍(lán)、黃，輪廓用黑色畫，并附有瑪雅字樣。

Other structures at Tulum include the dramatically sited Temple of the Winds which was built in honour of the wind god and helped guide sailors through the reef, a palace building in a poor state of preservation, various platforms, and the Temple of the Descending God. This latter building and the presence on several other structures of stucco figures of winged gods descending suggest the site was specifically in honour of this strange deity also known as the 'diving god' and perhaps connected to the planet Venus and the associated Maya god Xux Ek.

? ? ? ? ? 圖盧姆的其他建筑還包括位置顯赫的風(fēng)神廟，它是為了紀(jì)念風(fēng)神并幫助引導(dǎo)水手通過礁石而建造的，還有一座保存狀況不佳的宮殿建筑，那里有許多平臺，以及降神廟。后一個建筑和其他幾個建筑上出現(xiàn)的帶翅膀的神的灰泥形象表明，該遺址是專門為了紀(jì)念這個奇怪的神，也被稱為 "潛水之神"，或許與金星和相關(guān)的瑪雅神Xux Ek有關(guān)。