Francisco Cardinal Ximenes de Cisneros 1436-1517

• 1492, personal confessor to Queen Isabella
• 1495, archbishop of Toledo, Chancellor of Castile
• 1500, founded the University of Alcala to promote the "new learning" in Spain (the Christian humanism); "Complutensian Polyglot Bible", Complutum=Alcala, Polyglot="Multi-language"

Filippo Neri 1550-1595

1564, Congregation of the Oratory; "Oratorians" (oratorio)

Society of Jesus (the "Jesuits")

founded by St. Ignatius Loyola 1491-1556

Spiritual Exercises (1541)

1534, He and a number of companions (eg. Francis Xavier, 1506-1552) formed themselves into the Society of Jesus.

Angela Merici (1474-1540)

• Created the "Ursulines": An order of teaching women dedicated to St. Ursula
• A Franciscan "Tertiary": A lay woman who adopted some aspects of the lives of the Franciscans
• 1535, created a school in Brescia for women

Teresa of Avila 1515-1582

Libro de la Vida (1562)

Council of Trent 1545-1563

"Confessionalization": The breaking down of Europe into a number of different religious confessions

1540, Augsburg Confession

1555, The Peace of Augsburg set down the notion: "Cuius region, emus religio" ("whose rule, his religion"); The princes of Germany were given the right to declare whether their lands would be Protestant or Catholic.

Queen Mary, "Bloody Mary", ruled 1553-1558

Elizabeth I, ruled 1558-1603

1569, The Book of Common Prayer; "Anglican"

"Radicals"

• got "right to the root of things"; root=radix
• Anabaptists, "re-baptisers"