2. 5 tips to improve your critical thinking
一.單詞
stretch? ? ?? ???? /stret?/? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?v.伸展
politician? ? ?? ? /?p?l??t??(?)n/? ? ? ? n.政客
millionaire? ?? ?/?m?lj??ner/? ? ? ? ????n.百萬富翁
bombbard? ? ??/b?m?bɑ?d/? ? ? ? ? ???v.轟炸、圍攻
particularly?? ???/p?r?t?kj?l?rli/? ? ? ? adv.尤其、非常
approach? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? v.處理 ?n.方法
deconstruct? ? ?/?di?k?n?str?kt/? ?? v.解構(gòu)、分析
manipulation? ?/m??n?pju?le??n/? ? n.操縱、控制
scrutiny? ? ? ? ? ?/?skru?t?ni/? ? ? ? ? ??n.仔細(xì)觀察
skepticism? ?? /?skept?s?z?m/? ? ?? n.懷疑態(tài)度
disposal? ? ? ? ?/d??spo?z(?)l/ ? ? ? ?n.處理、安置
eliminate? ? ? ?/??l?m?ne?t/? ? ? ? ? ???v.剔除
formulate? ? ???/?f??rmjule?t/ ? ? ? ? ?v.規(guī)劃
obscure? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?v.遮蓋
nutrition? ? ? ?? ?/nu?tr??(?)n/? ? ? ??? n.營養(yǎng)
sift? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??? ?v.篩選
fad? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??? ? ? ??? ? ?n.一時(shí)的愛好
seek? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ????? ? v.尋找
testimonies? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??? ?? ?n.證據(jù)、經(jīng)驗(yàn)
weight? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ?v.權(quán)衡
assumption? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ????? ?n. 假定，假設(shè)
assume? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ????? ? ?v. 假定，假設(shè)
election? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? n. 選舉
gasoline? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??? ? n.汽油
unintended? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ?adj. 無意識的、意外的
alternative? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ?? ? n.其他選擇
evaluate? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??? v. 評價(jià)，評估
ultimately? ?? ?/p?r?t?kj?l?rli/ ? ?adv. 最終，最后
informed? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ?adj.明智的
eradicate? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? v. 消除
二.短語
diet craze ? 減肥食譜、減肥方法
vote for sb ? ?為某人投票
try out ? ? ? ? 嘗試
logically sound ? 邏輯上合理
political candidate ?政治候選人
fill up ? 裝滿
be drawn to ? 被……所吸引
the full spectrum of ? 一系列的
sift through ? 篩選
三.全文
Every day, a sea of decisions stretches before us.
無時(shí)無刻，我們都在做各種各樣的決定。
Some are small and unimportant, but others have a larger impact?on our lives.
有些微不足道，有些則對我們的一生都有很大影響。
For example, which politician should I vote for?
比如說，我該投票給哪個(gè)政客？
Should I try the latest diet craze?
要不要試試最新的減肥食譜？
Or will email make me a millionaire?
或是，這封郵件會讓我成為百萬富翁嗎？
We're bombarded with so many decisions that it's impossible to make?a perfect choice every time.
我們被大量的決定圍攻著，很多時(shí)候都沒法做出最好的決定。
But there are many ways?to improve our chances, and one particularly effective technique is critical thinking.
但還有很多提高正確幾率方法，其中最有效的方法之一就是 批判性思維。
This is a way of approaching a question that allows us to carefully?deconstruct a situation, reveal its hidden issues, such as bias and manipulation, and make the best decision.
這種解決問題的思維方式，能讓我們更仔細(xì)地分析形勢，發(fā)現(xiàn)隱藏的問題，比如一些偏見和操縱，并作出更好的選擇。
If the critical part sounds negative that's because in a way it is.
如果你覺得“批判性”有點(diǎn)兒否定意味， 那正說明它在起作用。
Rather than choosing an answer because it feels right, a person who uses critical thinking subjects all available options to scrutiny and skepticism.
一個(gè)具有批判性思維的人，不會因?yàn)槟膫€(gè)聽起來不錯(cuò)就選哪個(gè)，而會仔細(xì)審查每一個(gè)選擇，并抱有懷疑態(tài)度。
Using the tools at their disposal, they'll eliminate everything but the most useful and reliable information.
他們會用一切手段排除其他選項(xiàng)，只留下最有用最有用、最值得信賴的信息。
There are many different ways of approaching critical thinking,?but here's one five-step process that may help you solve any number of problems.
有很多運(yùn)用批判性思維的方法，這里講的方法，只需五步，可以幫你解決各種問題。
One: formulate your question.
第一：明確你的問題。
In other words,?know what you're looking for.
換句話說，知道你想要什么。
This isn't always as straightforward?as it sounds.
這有時(shí)并不如想象中的直接。
For example, if you're deciding whether to try out the newest diet craze, your reasons for doing so may be obscured by other factors, like claims that you'll see results in just two weeks.
比如說，你在考慮嘗試最近流行的飲食方法，這種方法聲稱”兩周內(nèi)就能看到效果”，你的初衷可能被其它因素而遮蓋。
But if you approach the situation with a clear view of what you're actually trying to accomplish by dieting, whether that's weight loss, better nutrition, or having more energy,
但如果你面對選擇時(shí)有更明晰的觀點(diǎn)，你真正想要通過這個(gè)飲食方法達(dá)到什么效果——為了減重也好，為了更均衡的營養(yǎng)也好，或是為了更有活力，
that'll equip you to sift through?this information critically, find what you're looking for, and decide whether the new fad really suits your needs.
就使你更批判地篩選信息，從而找到你真正想要的答案，決定這個(gè)點(diǎn)子是否能真正符合你的需要。
Two: gather your information.
第二：搜集信息。
There's lots of it out there, so having a clear idea of your question will help you determine what's relevant.
信息無所不在，所以明晰你的問題 可以幫你決定哪些信息是有用的。
If you're trying to decide on a diet to improve your nutrition, you may ask an expert for their advice, or seek other people's testimonies.
如果你想通過飲食方式來攝取更多營養(yǎng)，你可以咨詢下營養(yǎng)師，或是向他人尋求經(jīng)驗(yàn)。
Information gathering helps you weigh different options, moving you closer to a decision that meets your goal.
搜集幫助你權(quán)衡不同方案，使你做出更接近目標(biāo)的決定。
Three: apply the information
第三：運(yùn)用信息
Something you do?by asking critical questions.
可以通過問關(guān)鍵性問題對信息加以運(yùn)用。
Facing a decision, ask yourself, "What concepts are at work?"
面對一個(gè)選擇時(shí)，問問自己 “哪些概念要用到？”
"What assumptions exist?"
“存在幾種假設(shè)？”
"Is my interpretation of the information logically sound?"
“我對信息的解讀符合邏輯嗎？”
For example, in an email that promises you millions, you should consider, "What is shaping my approach to this situation?"
比如，一個(gè)郵件聲稱能讓你成為百萬富翁，你可以考慮下面幾個(gè)問題： “什么因素決定我對此做出判斷？”
"Do I assume the sender?is telling the truth?"
“我認(rèn)為發(fā)件人說的是實(shí)話嗎？”
"Based on the evidence, is it logical?to assume I'll win any money?"
“從現(xiàn)實(shí)來看，我有可能贏錢嗎？”
Four: consider the implications.
第四，考慮后果及影響。
Imagine it's election time, and you've selected a political candidate based on their promise to make it cheaper for drivers to fill up on gas.
想象一下現(xiàn)在是大選期，你選擇支持一個(gè)候選人是因?yàn)樗兄Z要讓汽油更便宜。
At first glance, that seems great.
初聽上去還不錯(cuò)。
But what about the long-term?environmental effects?
但長期來講會對環(huán)境造成什么影響？
If gasoline use is less?restricted by cost, this could also cause a huge surge in air pollution, an unintended consequence that's important to think about.
如果不用高價(jià)限制汽油的使用，大氣污染將變得極其嚴(yán)重，而這是必須考慮的一個(gè)意外后果。
Five: explore other points of view.
第五：了解其他觀點(diǎn)。
Ask yourself why so many people are drawn to the policies of?the opposing political candidate.
問問自己為什么那么多人被對方候選人政策吸引。
Even if you disagree with?everything that candidate says, exploring the full spectrum of viewpoints might explain why some policies that don't seem valid to you appeal to others.
即使你一點(diǎn)都不認(rèn)同那個(gè)候選人所說的，你也要探究他的一系列觀點(diǎn)，弄清楚為什么他的政策你覺得沒用，但別人喜歡。
This will allow you?to explore alternatives, evaluate your own choices, and ultimately help you make more informed decisions.
你就讓你能進(jìn)一步探究其他選擇，衡量你自己的選項(xiàng)，最后做出更好的決定。
This five-step process is just one tool, and it certainly won't eradicate difficult decisions from our lives.
這五個(gè)步驟僅僅是工具，也不可能完全消除我們所面對的難題。
But it can help us increase?the number of positive choices we make.
但卻可以幫我們做出更多更好的決定。
Critical thinking can give us the tools to sift through a sea of information and find what we're looking for.
批判性思維方式能幫我們篩選信息，找到我們真正想要的。
And if enough of us use it, it has the power to make the world a more reasonable place.
而且如果更多的人具備批判性思維的能力，這個(gè)世界將變得更加理性。
