It was not only the Mughal emperors that left an indelible mark in the history of the Indian subcontinent but also the queens and princesses. The latter's contributions to art, architecture, literature, cuisine, refinement, and administrative institutions were remarkable. The impact of these women is still being felt in the life of the people of India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan today.

? ? ? ? ? 在印度次大陸歷史上留下不可磨滅印記的不僅是莫臥兒王朝的皇帝，還有他們的皇后與公主。后者在藝術(shù)、建筑、文學(xué)、美食、精致生活和行政機(jī)構(gòu)方面都做出了卓越的貢獻(xiàn)。時(shí)至今日，這些女性對印度、孟加拉國和巴基斯坦人民的生活仍然產(chǎn)生著影響。

莫臥兒帝國

The Mughal dynasty, established by Zahiruddin Mohammad Babur (r. 1526–1530), continued with all its splendour and glory until Aurangzeb (1618-1707). A decline began after the rule of the Great Mughals. The Later Mughals' reign witnessed the Mughal Empire's disintegration, and the last Emperor, Bahadur Shah Zafar (r. 1837-1857), was only a nominal ruler. The victory of Babur against the last ruler of the tottering Lodi dynasty on April 21, 1526, at the first battle of Panipat, changed the course of Indian history.

? ? ? ? ? 莫臥兒王朝由查希爾丁·穆罕默德·巴布爾（Zahiruddin Mohammad Babur）建立，其輝煌和榮耀一直延續(xù)到奧朗則布（Aurangzeb，1618-1707 年在位）。偉大的莫臥兒王朝之后開始衰落，后來的莫臥兒皇帝們見證了莫臥兒帝國的解體，最后一位皇帝巴哈杜爾·沙二世（Bahadur Shah Zafar，1837年至1857年在位）只是名義上的統(tǒng)治者。1526 年 4 月 21 日，巴布爾在第一次帕尼帕特戰(zhàn)役中擊敗了搖搖欲墜的洛迪王朝的最后一位統(tǒng)治者，改變了印度歷史的進(jìn)程。

A composite culture evolved with the amalgamation of old with new. The aristocratic Mughal ladies did not lead a secluded life in the cloistered walls of the harem. They had a definite role in various facets of social and political life. Beginning with Aisan Daulat Begum, maternal granddaughter of Babur, the Mughal ladies such as the author of Humayun Nama Gulbadan Banu Begum (daughter of Babur and sister of Humayun), Maham Anaga (foster mother of Akbar), Mah Chuchak Begum (stepmother of Akbar), Nur Jahan (queen of Jahangir), Mumtaz Mahal (queen of Shah Jahan), Jahanara Begum as well as Roshanara Begum (daughter of Shah Jahan) influenced politics, culture, and society of the period.

? ? ? ? ? 隨著新舊文化的融合，一種復(fù)合文化逐漸形成。莫臥兒王朝的貴族淑女們并沒有在后宮的圍墻里過著與世隔絕的生活。她們在社會和政治生活的各個(gè)方面都扮演著重要角色。從巴布爾的外孫女艾桑·道拉特·貝古姆（Aisan Daulat Begum）開始，莫臥兒王朝的貴婦們，如《胡馬雍-納瑪(Humayun-nama)》的作者古爾巴丹·貝古姆（Gulbadan Begum，巴布爾的女兒，Humayun 的妹妹）、馬哈姆·安加（Maham Anga，阿克巴的養(yǎng)母）、 馬楚恰·貝古姆（阿克巴的繼母）、努爾·賈漢（賈漢吉爾的皇后）、穆姆塔茲·瑪哈爾（沙賈汗的皇后）、賈哈納拉·貝古姆以及羅珊娜拉·貝古姆（沙賈汗的女兒）等，這些莫臥兒女性影響了當(dāng)時(shí)的政治、文化和社會。

When the heated debate is going on about wearing hijab by Muslim ladies in India encompassing ideological and religious polemics, it is interesting to go back to the past surrounding the status of Muslim women in Mughal India. The present is intertwined with the past, both supplementing each other. A section of society in contemporary India is imposing a strict dress code for Muslim women. Juxtaposing it with the status of Muslim women about 400 years earlier would give the readers a contrasting view. It would be worthwhile to know the activities of the Mughal queens and princesses. Were they independent in their thought process? What was their contribution to the then society? Did they share power in the Mughal administration? Was there gender empowerment in medieval India?

? ? ? ? ? 印度穆斯林女性戴頭巾的問題在意識形態(tài)和宗教領(lǐng)域引起激烈爭論時(shí)，我們不妨回顧一下莫臥兒印度穆斯林女性地位的過去。今昔交織，相輔相成。當(dāng)代印度社會的一部分人正在對穆斯林女性實(shí)施嚴(yán)格的著裝要求。將其與大約 400 年前穆斯林女性的地位并列，會給讀者帶來截然不同的視角。了解莫臥兒王朝皇后和公主的活動也很有價(jià)值。她們的思想是否獨(dú)立？她們對當(dāng)時(shí)的社會有何貢獻(xiàn)？她們在莫臥兒王朝的管理中分享權(quán)力嗎？中世紀(jì)印度是否存在性別賦權(quán)？

女性地位

The Mughal royal women played a significant role in consolidating and holding the stature of the Mughal Empire in South Asia. Their contributions in political, economic, cultural, and religious spheres advanced the Empire's strength, besides the prosperity of the rulers. While the famous men of the Mughal royal family get attention and appreciation, the lives, activities, achievements, and contributions of the royal Mughal ladies have rarely received due attention from scholars. The role of these royal women in politics was noteworthy as these women were actively engaged in both harem and court politics. Their ideas hugely impacted the rulers, and many even ruled the Empire behind the curtains on behalf of the rulers.

? ? ? ? ? 莫臥兒王室的女性在鞏固和保持莫臥兒帝國在南亞的地位方面發(fā)揮了重要作用。她們在政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化和宗教領(lǐng)域所做的貢獻(xiàn)不僅促進(jìn)了統(tǒng)治者的繁榮，還增強(qiáng)了帝國的實(shí)力。雖然莫臥兒王室的名人受到關(guān)注和贊賞，但莫臥兒王室貴婦的生活、活動、成就和貢獻(xiàn)卻很少受到學(xué)者應(yīng)有的關(guān)注。這些王室女性在政治上的作用值得一提，因?yàn)樗齻兎e極參與后宮和宮廷政治。她們的思想對統(tǒng)治者產(chǎn)生了巨大的影響，許多人甚至代表統(tǒng)治者在幕后統(tǒng)治著帝國。

Besides these royal women, the space of the zenana (the women's quarters of a household) has also been overlooked by researchers. In its place, the harem has been depicted as a place of only sensuous indulgence, where thousands of nubile womenfolk were held captive and led cloistered lives as sex objects in an atmosphere of jealousy and frustration. Conspiracies about succession to the throne were rampant. However, the truth is somewhat more complex and surprisingly something else.

? ? ? ? ? 除了這些皇室女性，Zenana（家庭中的女眷區(qū)，后宮）也被研究人員忽視了。取而代之的是，后宮被描述為一個(gè)放縱肉欲的地方，成千上萬的少女被囚禁在這里，在嫉妒和沮喪的氣氛中過著隱居的性生活。關(guān)于王位繼承的陰謀也甚囂塵上。然而，事實(shí)卻更加復(fù)雜，令人驚訝。

The women's quarter was a multicultural space, not only for the rulers' consorts. It was meant for relatives seeking asylum from other kingdoms, widows of important generals, Portuguese and English servants, women soldiers acting as guards, unmarried relatives, respected grandmas and aunts, Rajput princesses and children, attendants, and tradeswomen of all types. The highest-ranking women of the Mughal era enjoyed a highly sophisticated life of luxury, aesthetics, and specific advisory power.

? ? ? ? ? 女眷區(qū)是一個(gè)多元文化的空間，不僅僅是為統(tǒng)治者的后妃們準(zhǔn)備的。這里住著從其他王國尋求庇護(hù)的親屬、重要將領(lǐng)的遺孀、葡萄牙和英國仆人、擔(dān)任衛(wèi)兵的女兵、未婚親屬、德高望重的祖母和姑姑、拉其普特公主和女兒、侍從以及各類女商人。莫臥兒時(shí)代最高級別的女性享受著奢華、審美觀和特定顧問權(quán)力的精致生活。

Some noble women in the imperial household are chronicled as powerful as their spouses, occasionally demonstrating more decisive roles in government and acting as patrons of the arts, science, and literature. These royal ladies often understood their power and worked as formidable lobby groups.

? ? ? ? ? 據(jù)載，皇室中的一些貴族女性與她們的配偶一樣有權(quán)有勢，偶爾會在政府中扮演更具決定性的角色，并充當(dāng)藝術(shù)、科學(xué)和文學(xué)的贊助人。這些皇室女眷往往深知自己的權(quán)力，并充當(dāng)強(qiáng)大的游說團(tuán)體。

The contemporary Persian accounts mainly described the court histories concerned with the several eventful activities in the lives of the emperors. Though these records mention the royal women in specific contexts as a part of the more significant account, distinct and detailed descriptions of their lives are absent. While the memoirs of Babar and Jahangir mention the royal women related to them here, details about the ladies still need to be found.

? ? ? ? ? 波斯文獻(xiàn)主要描述與皇帝生活中各種忙碌活動有關(guān)的宮廷故事。雖然這些記錄在特定的背景下提到了皇室女性，作為更重要敘述的一部分，但缺少對她們生活的清晰詳細(xì)的描述。盡管巴布爾和賈漢吉爾的回憶錄在這里提到了與他們有關(guān)的王室女性，但有關(guān)她們的詳細(xì)信息尚未找到。

Below are short biographies of four key Mughal royal women. They are:

1. Nur Jahan (1577-1645)

2. lMumtaz Mahal (1593-1631)

3. Jahanara Begum (1614-81)

4. Roshanara Begum (1617-71)

以下是莫臥兒王朝四位重要皇室女性的簡短傳記:

1. 努爾·賈漢（1577-1645)

2. 穆姆塔茲·瑪哈爾（本名阿珠曼德·芭奴·貝岡）(1593-1631)

3. 賈哈納拉·貝古姆（嘉罕娜拉）(1614-81)

4. 羅珊娜拉·貝古姆(1617-71)

?努爾·賈漢（1577-1645)

The most influential woman at the time of the Mughal Emperor Jahangir (r. 1605-1627), Mehrunnissa was born at Kandahar to Persian immigrant Mirza Ghiyas Baig (Itmatuddaulah) and Asmat Begum. In 1607, she worked in the harem after the death of her husband, Quli Khan. Jahangir met her for the first time in 1611 and was infatuated. Named Nur Mahal or 'Light of the Palace' after marriage with the emperor, she was bestowed with the title Nur Jahan ('Light of the World') five years later.

? ? ? ? ? Mehr-un-Nissa是莫臥兒皇帝賈漢吉爾（1605-1627 年在位）時(shí)代最有影響力的女性，出生于坎大哈，是波斯移民米爾扎·吉亞斯·拜格 (Mirza Ghiyas Baig) (Itmatuddaulah) 和阿斯馬特·貝古姆 (Asmat Begum) 的女兒。1607 年，她的丈夫阿里·庫力·伊斯塔吉魯（Ali Quli Istajlu）去世后，她在后宮工作。1611 年，賈漢吉爾第一次見到了她，并為之著迷。嫁給皇帝后，她被命名為努爾·瑪哈爾（Nur Mahal）（“宮殿之光”），五年后又被授予努爾·賈漢（Nur Jahan）（“世界之光”）的稱號。 ?

Queen Nur Jahan, an intelligent and elegant lady, became very active in court politics, wielding power through her clique, known as the Nur Jahan junta. Her name was inscribed on the coinage, and Nur Jahan sometimes gave audiences in her palace. An ace shooter and hunter of wild animals, Nur Jahan delved into political intrigues. She was instrumental in making her father and brother Asaf Khan high officers in the court. Ladli Begum, her daughter from her first marriage, was married to the son of Jahangir, Shahryar, who became Nur Jahan's candidate for the Mughal throne. Prince Khurram, the future Shah Jahan (r.1 627-1658), rebelled against Jahangir, which was suppressed.

? ? ? ? ? 努爾·賈漢皇后是一位聰慧優(yōu)雅的女性，在宮廷政治中非?；钴S，并通過她的小集團(tuán)“努爾·賈漢軍政府”行使權(quán)力。她的名字被刻在錢幣上，努爾·賈漢有時(shí)還在她的宮殿里舉行覲見。她也是一名王牌射手和獵人，還熱衷于政治陰謀。她幫助父親和哥哥阿薩夫汗成為宮廷中的高級官員。她第一次婚姻所生的女兒拉德莉·貝古姆（Ladli Begum）嫁給了賈漢吉爾的兒子沙赫里亞爾（Shahryar），后者成為努爾·賈漢的莫臥兒王朝王位候選人。胡拉姆王子，也就是未來的沙賈汗（1627-1658 年），反抗賈漢吉爾，但被鎮(zhèn)壓。

Modern historians have questioned the credibility of Nur Jahan's junta. Jahangir was active and did not neglect the affairs of the state. Much of the bias against the queen was the anti-feminist posture of contemporary historians. Nur Jahana's last days were spent supervising her father's mausoleum in Agra. A cultured lady, she was a trendsetter in clothing, cosmetics, and perfumes of the Mughal zenana.

? ? ? ? ? 現(xiàn)代歷史學(xué)家對努爾·賈漢軍政府的可信度提出了質(zhì)疑。賈漢吉爾非?；钴S，并沒有忽視國家事務(wù)。對王后的偏見在很大程度上源于當(dāng)代歷史學(xué)家的反女權(quán)主義立場。努爾·賈漢的最后時(shí)光是在阿格拉看守父親的陵墓度過的。她是一位有教養(yǎng)的女士，引領(lǐng)著莫臥兒王朝服裝、化妝品與香水的發(fā)展潮流。

穆姆塔茲·瑪哈爾（本名阿珠曼德·芭奴·貝岡）(1593-1631)

The wife of Emperor Shah Jahan (r. 1628-1658), Mumtaz Mahal (aka Mumtaz-i-Mahal), has been immortalized because of her deep love for her husband and the source of inspiration behind the Taj Mahal. Known earlier as Arjumand Banu Begum, she was born in April 1593 in Agra to a highly connected and well-placed Persian family. Her father, Asaf Khan (d. 1641), was the Mir Bakshi (War Minister), and her grandfather Itimaduddaula was the Wazir (Revenue Minister) of the Mughal administration. Moreover, Asaf Khan's sister was the famous Nur Jahan (1577-1645). A lady of exceptional beauty and grace, many legends had been woven around Arjumand. Prince Khurram, the future Shah Jahan, was charmed by her in the Meena Bazar (a type of market for the ladies of the Mughals) in 1607. Arjumand was operating a shop of glass beads and silk. Love at first sight blossomed, and both were married after five years, befitting a royal wedding. She received maximum love, care, affection, and passion among the wives of Shah Jahan, who adorned her with the title Mumtaz Mahal Begum ('Beloved Ornament of the Palace'). The couple shared an intimate bond lasting for a lifetime.

? ? ? ? ? 沙賈汗皇帝（1628-1658 年）的妻子穆姆塔茲·瑪哈爾（又名 Mumtaz-i-Mahal）因?qū)φ煞虻纳類鄱来共恍?，她也是泰姬陵的靈感之源。她早先的名字是阿珠曼德·芭奴·貝古姆（Arjumand Banu Begum），1593 年 4 月出生于阿格拉一個(gè)人脈廣泛且地位優(yōu)越的波斯家庭。他的父親阿薩夫汗（Asaf Khan，卒于 1641 年）是米爾·巴克希（Mir Bakshi）（戰(zhàn)爭部長），他的祖父伊蒂馬杜達(dá)烏拉（Itimaduddaula）是莫臥兒政府的Wazir（財(cái)政部長）。此外，阿薩夫汗的姐姐是大名鼎鼎的努爾·賈漢（1577-1645 年）。努爾·賈漢是一位美麗優(yōu)雅的女性，圍繞著阿珠曼德流傳著許多傳奇故事。1607 年，胡拉姆王子（即未來的沙賈汗）在米娜集市（莫臥兒女士的市場）中被她迷住了。當(dāng)時(shí)，阿珠曼德正在經(jīng)營一家玻璃與絲綢店。兩人一見鐘情，五年后便結(jié)為夫妻，就像皇家婚禮一樣。在沙賈汗的妻子中，她得到了最多的愛意、關(guān)懷、親情和激情，沙賈汗還為她取了一個(gè)稱號“Mumtaz Mahal Begum”（“皇宮摯愛珍寶”）。這對夫婦的親密關(guān)系持續(xù)了一生。 ???

Mumtaz Mahal was unlike some other queens in the medieval and early-modern era, simply living a life of luxury or indulging in court intrigues. She was many times a companion to Shah Jahan on military campaigns. Mumtaz was a pillar of support to the emperor in times of tribulation through her care, comfort, and counsel. She was the favorite wife while queens like Akbarabadi Mahal (d. 1677), Kandahari Mahal (b. 1594), Hasina Begum Sahiba (m. 1617), Manbhavathi Sahiba (m. 1626), and others all had a perfunctory relationship with Shah Jahan. He trusted Mumtaz Mahal so much that the Muhr Uzah (imperial seal) was given to her. The couple had seven surviving children out of fourteen, many of whom had left their mark on Mughal history. Jahanara Begum (1614-1681), a gifted and cultured lady, was the Padishah Begum, Empress of Princesses, who tended the imprisoned Shah Jahan. The eldest son, Dara Shikoh (1615-1659), was the Emperor's favourite and a reputed scholar. Mumtaz did not survive the bloody War of Succession among her sons: Dara (1615-1659), Shuja (1616-1660), Aurangzeb (1618-1707), and Murad (1624-1661). Mumtaz had, at least, taken care of the education of her children. Her secretary Sati-un Nissa tutored the royal siblings. A pious and kind lady, Mumtaz assisted needy and destitute women.

? ? ? ? ? 穆姆塔茲·瑪哈爾不像中世紀(jì)和近代早期的其他女王，只是過著奢華的生活或沉迷于宮廷陰謀。她經(jīng)常是沙賈汗在軍事行動中的同伴。穆姆塔茲通過她的關(guān)懷、安慰和建議，在皇帝遭受磨難時(shí)成為他的支柱。她是最受寵愛的妻子，而阿克巴拉巴迪·瑪哈爾（Akbarabadi Mahal，卒于 1677 年）、坎達(dá)哈里·瑪哈爾（Kandahari Mahal，卒于 1594 年）、哈西娜·貝古姆·薩希巴（Hasina Begum Sahiba，卒于 1617 年）、曼巴瓦蒂·薩希巴（Manbhavathi Sahiba，卒于 1626 年）等王后都與沙賈汗保持著較淺的關(guān)系。沙賈汗非常信任穆姆塔茲·瑪哈爾，因此將Muhr Uzah（帝國印章）賜給了她。這對夫婦共有十四個(gè)孩子，其中七個(gè)幸存，他們中的許多人都在莫臥兒王朝的歷史上留下了濃墨重彩的一筆。賈哈納拉·貝古姆（Jahanara Begum，1614-1681 年）是一位才華橫溢、富有教養(yǎng)的女士，她被授予Padishah Begum和“公主皇后”的頭銜（Padshah Begum是授予莫臥兒帝國皇后或“第一夫人”的最高帝國頭銜，被認(rèn)為是莫臥兒后宮中最重要的頭銜），后來負(fù)責(zé)照顧被監(jiān)禁的沙賈汗。長子達(dá)拉·?？疲―ara Shikoh，1615-1659）是皇帝的寵臣，也是一位著名的學(xué)者。在血腥的王位繼承戰(zhàn)爭中，穆姆塔茲的兒子們都沒能幸存下來：達(dá)拉（1615-1659 年）、舒賈（1616-1660 年）、奧朗則布（1618-1707 年）和穆拉德（1624-1661 年）。穆姆塔茲至少對子女的教育都給予了關(guān)注。她的秘書薩蒂-恩·妮莎（Sati-un Nissa）負(fù)責(zé)輔導(dǎo)王室兄弟姐妹。穆姆塔茲是一位虔誠而善良的女士，她會幫助貧困的婦女。 ?

While accompanying the emperor on a military campaign, the pregnant Mumtaz died on June 17, 1631, after delivering the fourteenth child, Gauhara Begum (1631-1706). The story goes that she made her last wish of erecting a monument as a symbol of true love. A remorseful Shah Jahan kept his promise and ordered the construction of the magnificent Taj Mahal. After six months, the Queen's body was exhumed from Zainabadi garden, Burhanpur, where it was given a temporary burial. The Taj became her mausoleum finally. The tomb, a symbol of undying love, is one of the "Seven Wonders" of the modern world and a major tourist destination.

? ? ? ? ? 1631 年 6 月 17 日，懷有身孕的穆姆塔茲在陪同皇帝出征時(shí)，在生下第 14 個(gè)孩子高哈拉·貝古姆 (Gauhara Begum，1631-1706 年) 后去世。據(jù)說他的遺愿是立一座紀(jì)念碑作為真愛的象征?；谖虻纳迟Z汗信守諾言，下令建造宏偉的泰姬陵。6 個(gè)月后，穆姆塔茲的遺體布爾漢普爾的扎伊納巴迪花園中遷出，并暫時(shí)安葬在那里。泰姬陵最終成為她的陵墓。這座象征著永恒愛情的陵墓是世界新七大奇跡之一（由瑞士的新七大奇跡協(xié)會（New 7 Wonders Foundation，N7W）所發(fā)起的票選活動），也是主要的旅游勝地。 ??

賈哈納拉·貝古姆（嘉罕娜拉）(1614-81)

Jahanara Begum was the second and the eldest living child of Emperor Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal. After Mumtaz’s unfortunate death in 1631, the 17-year-old Jahanara was assigned to the royal seal and received the title of Padshah Begum (First lady) of the Mughal Empire. However, her father had three other wives. Being Shah Jahan’s favourite daughter, she wielded key political influence during her father’s rule and was often known as “the most powerful woman in the empire” during that time. She strongly supported her brother, Dara Shikoh as her father’s successor. She sided with the heir-apparent Dara during the war of succession after Shah Jahan’s illness in 1657. She finally joined her father in Agra Fort, where her father had been placed under house arrest by Aurangzeb. Being a dedicated daughter, she cared for Shah Jahan until his death in 1666. Later, she reconciled with Aurangzeb, who conferred the title ‘Empress of Princesses’ and replaced her younger sister, Roshanara Begum, as the First Lady. She was re-engaged in politics, was influential in several crucial matters, and had certain special privileges which other royal women could not enjoy. Jahanara died a spinster during Aurangzeb’s reign.

? ? ? ? ? 賈哈納拉·貝古姆是沙賈汗皇帝和穆姆塔茲·瑪哈爾的第二個(gè)孩子，也是最大的女兒。1631 年，穆姆塔茲不幸去世后，17 歲的賈哈納拉被授予皇家印章，并被授予莫臥兒帝國 Padshah Begum（第一夫人）的頭銜。然而，她的父親還有另外三位妻子。作為沙賈汗最寵愛的女兒，她在父親的統(tǒng)治時(shí)期發(fā)揮了重要的政治影響力，并經(jīng)常被稱為當(dāng)時(shí)“帝國最有權(quán)勢的女性”。她堅(jiān)決支持她的哥哥達(dá)拉·?？疲―ara Shikoh）成為父親的繼承人。在 1657 年沙賈汗患病后的繼承戰(zhàn)爭中，她站在了繼承人達(dá)拉一邊。最后，她與父親一起被奧朗則布軟禁在阿格拉堡。作為一個(gè)盡職盡責(zé)的女兒，她一直照顧著沙賈汗，直到 1666 年沙賈汗去世。后來，她與奧朗則布和解，奧朗則布授予她“公主皇后”的稱號，并取代她的妹妹羅珊娜拉·貝古姆成為第一夫人。她重新進(jìn)入政壇，在一些重要事務(wù)中發(fā)揮了影響力，并享有一些其他王室女性無法享有的特權(quán)。賈哈納拉在奧朗則布統(tǒng)治期間以未婚的身份去世。 ????

?羅珊娜拉·貝古姆(1617-71)

The third daughter of Emperor Shah Jahan and his wife, Mumtaz Mahal, Roshanara Begum, was a bright princess and a talented poet. She supported her younger brother, Aurangzeb in the war of succession after Shah Jahan's illness in 1657. Roshanara had sibling rivalry with Jahanara, resenting the latter's influence with Shah Jahan. When Aurangzeb became the emperor in 1658, she was awarded the title of Padshah Begum and became the 'First Lady of the Mughal Empire.'

? ? ? ? ? 羅珊娜拉·貝古姆是沙賈汗皇帝和他的妻子穆姆塔茲·瑪哈爾的第三個(gè)女兒，她是一位聰明的公主，也是一位才華橫溢的詩人。1657 年沙賈汗患病后，她在繼承戰(zhàn)爭中支持弟弟奧朗則布。羅珊娜拉與賈哈納拉之間存在手足之情，她不滿后者對沙賈汗的影響。1658 年奧朗則布稱帝后，她被授予 Padshah Begum 封號，成為“莫臥兒帝國第一夫人”。 ???

A captivating but overlooked area is now receiving due attention. A fresh look at royal Mughal ladies with their social and cultural engagement with the outside world has been highlighted. These regal women were not in historical focus for a considerable time, but recent research has positioned them in the mainstream study of Mughal and medieval South Asian history. Their role in political and financial decisions has now been acknowledged.

? ? ? ? ? 現(xiàn)在人們對一個(gè)迷人但被遺忘的領(lǐng)域給予了應(yīng)有的關(guān)注。莫臥兒王室貴婦及其與外界的社會和文化接觸已經(jīng)煥然一新。這些皇室女性在相當(dāng)長的一段時(shí)間內(nèi)并未受到歷史關(guān)注，但最近的研究已將她們納入莫臥兒和中世紀(jì)南亞歷史研究的主流。它在政治和金融決策中的作用現(xiàn)已得到認(rèn)可。

參考書目：

Andrea Butenschon. The Life of a Mogul Princess Jahanara Begum. Sang-e-Meel Publications, 2004.

Bokhari, Afshan. Imperial Women in Mughal India. I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd., London, 2013

Findly, Ellison Banks. Nur Jahan. Oxford University Press, 1993.

Hambly, Gavin R.G. Women in the Medieval Islamic World. Palgrave Macmillan, 1999.

Ira Mukhoty. Daughters of the Sun. Aleph Book Company, 2018.

Kausar, Zinat. Muslim Women in Medieval India. South Asia Books, 1992.

Lal, Ruby. Empress. W. W. Norton & Company, 2018.

Mishra, Patit P... "Mughal Empire." Berkshire Encyclopedia of World History, vol. 3, edited by William H. McNeill, ed. Berkshire Publishing Group, Great Barrington, Massachusetts, 2005

Misra, Rekha. Women in Mughal India, 1526-1748 A.D. Munshiram Manoharlal, Delhi, 1967

Rogers, Alexander. Tuzuk-I-Jahangiri or Memoirs of Jahangir - 2 Vols. in 1; Vo. Atlantic Publishers and Distributors, 1970.

Sen Gupta, Subhadra. Mahal: power and pageantry in the Mughal harem. Hachette India, 2019.

Soma Mukherjee. Royal Mughal Ladies. Gyan Publishing House, 2022.

原文作者：Patit Paban Mishra

? ? ? ? ? 印度桑巴爾普爾大學(xué)(Sambalpur University)和馬來西亞北方大學(xué)（Universiti Utara Malaysia）的歷史學(xué)教授（已退休），專門研究世界歷史，尤其是南亞和東南亞歷史。

原文網(wǎng)址: https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2098/royal-women-in-the-mughal-empire/