lexical level

1Lexical

1.1Academic terms

Maneuver ??n策略 v操縱、調(diào)遣?????? manipulate?? vt.熟練控制

scalability 可擴(kuò)展性

leverage?? n.杠桿 v促使…改變

flexibility 彈性 ?dispatch n.急件，調(diào)度

leverage ?撬動(dòng)

robustness? 魯棒性

comprehensive review?? 綜述

applicability ?適應(yīng)性 ?application? 應(yīng)用

use cases用例

keywords 關(guān)鍵詞 ??Indexterms 索引項(xiàng)

dispatch? 調(diào)度、派遣

distributed energy resources (DERs) 分布式能源

distributed optimization 分布式優(yōu)化

optimal power flow (OPF) 最優(yōu)潮流計(jì)算

siloed data center 孤立的數(shù)據(jù)中心

heterogeneous 異構(gòu)的 ?privacy-preserving 隱私保護(hù)

canonical application 典型應(yīng)用

scenario 場(chǎng)景

paradigm 范式

minibatch 小批量

orders-of-magnitude 數(shù)量級(jí)的

alternating direction method of multipliers （ADMM）交叉乘子法

Proximal Atomic Coordination （PAC）近端原子協(xié)調(diào)?

empirically and theoretically ?實(shí)踐和理論上

stochastic gradient descent（SGD）隨機(jī)梯度下降法

communication topology 通信拓?fù)?/span>

high latency 高延遲

asynchronous communication 異步通信

straggler 干擾

heuristics 啟發(fā)式方法

aggregate n.集合，總計(jì) adj.總的，結(jié)合的 v總計(jì)達(dá) vt 聚集

accountability 責(zé)任歸屬 interpretability 可解釋性

convergence guarantees? 收斂保證

homomorphic encryption 同態(tài)加密

secure function evaluation （SFE）安全函數(shù)評(píng)估

malicious 惡意的 ?trusted

divide-and-conquer 分而治之

nascent 新生的，初生的，尚不發(fā)達(dá)的

advanced distribution and management system（ADMS）高級(jí)分布式管理系統(tǒng)

with the inclusion of …

reliability n可靠性 resiliency n彈性、恢復(fù)力、適應(yīng)力

underlying 底層的

a comprehensive taxonomy 分類法

dual method 對(duì)偶方法

optimal power flow (電力)最優(yōu)潮流計(jì)算

variant 不同的，n變體

along with ， in addition to ，beyond（除了、超過）

denote A as B? 將A記為B

Second-Order Cone Programming (SOCP) 二階錐規(guī)劃

Semidefinite Programming (SDP)半定規(guī)劃

Peer-to-peer （P2P）

Advantages and disadvantage??? =?? upsides and downsides

Model compression 模型壓縮

Pareto frontier 帕累托前沿

bulk synchronous approaches 批量同步方法

siloed 孤立的

pivotal 關(guān)鍵的

dual variable 對(duì)偶變量

primal variable 原始變量

Primal-dual algorithm 原始對(duì)偶算法

Dual-ascend algorithm 對(duì)偶上升法

Network-sparsity 網(wǎng)絡(luò)稀疏性

Activate power curtailment (APC) 有功功率削減

Conservation voltage reduction （CVR） 保護(hù)電壓削減

Nomial voltage 標(biāo)稱電壓

disparate = different

rogue agent 惡意智能體

enumerated 枚舉的

hereafter? 此后

auxiliary 輔助的

adversarial? 對(duì)抗的

rigorous 嚴(yán)格的

granular 顆粒的

nascent新生的 nascent field

off-the-shelf 現(xiàn)成的

tractability ?易處理性

revert 恢復(fù)，歸還

Proximal Atomic Coordination (PAC) 近端原子協(xié)調(diào)

Reasonably 相當(dāng)?shù)?/span> = very

Quality of Service，QoS 服務(wù)質(zhì)量

Stringent = strict 嚴(yán)格的

actuation

啟動(dòng); 傳動(dòng); 激勵(lì); 沖動(dòng); 激動(dòng); 動(dòng)作; 接通; 執(zhí)行; 促動(dòng); 開動(dòng); 致動(dòng); 驅(qū)動(dòng); 使動(dòng); 傳動(dòng)動(dòng)作; 致動(dòng)裝置; 驅(qū)動(dòng)裝置; 感動(dòng); 致[作]動(dòng); 活〔開、驅(qū)、啟、傳〕動(dòng)

fault-tolerant 容錯(cuò)

congestion 擁堵 traffic congestion 流量擁堵

malicious agent 惡意的智能體

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多術(shù)語以及相應(yīng)的縮略詞、以及詞匯的通用表達(dá)與學(xué)科釋義的異同

以及注意表達(dá)的多樣性，避免單一

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銜接詞及連詞的使用使得過渡自然，邏輯清晰

However

Hence

Additionally = In addition

In the context

For instance 舉例來說

In practice 實(shí)際上

In particular特別地

Furthermore 更進(jìn)一步，此外

Moreover = In addition

Indeed 實(shí)際上

In contrast 相比之下

Ultimately = Finally

To summarize

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陳述性表達(dá)

Advantages of dis-tributed algorithms include …列舉優(yōu)點(diǎn)

The major contributions of this work are listed as列舉工作

This paper has the following major differences relative to the work in [4] and [9]as follows

The importance of these metrics motivates the following open questions:

A short discussion on the simulation results using the PAC algorithm is presented below

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2. Syntactical

2.1 Expressions

Paper（1）

【例1】With the rapidly increasing integration of

隨著…的快速集成

【例2】This paper presents a review of distributed algorithms found in the literature, a new taxonomy using key attributes, and a comparison of some use cases. Finally, future research needs for practical implementation of such distributed algorithms are also discussed.?

做總結(jié)

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【例3】Stability is also an issue for purely local feedback based schemes as they are unable to consistently regulate the voltage/frequencythroughout the system[2]

As 引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句

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【例4】The cyber layer, which can be classi?ed into two more sublayers-(i)control and management sublayer where the Advanced Distribution Management System (ADMS) runs an optimization tool and is responsible for making control decisions of power system operations throughout the day.

Which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，where引導(dǎo)定語從句

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【例5】Since each agent only needs to communicate with its neighbors, distributed algorithms are naturally capable of adapting to changing conditions such as modi?cations to the network topology and communication infrastructure.

Since 表示原因

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【例6】The organization of the paper is as follows. Section II formulates the OPF problem in both centralized and distributed settings and discusses various power ?ow approximations and relaxations used for distribution system analyses. Section III surveys different distributed algorithms applied for optimal control in distribution grids and discusses comparisons among them. Section IV discusses several use cases for distributed optimization algorithms. Section V presents an overview of research needs for ?eld implementations of distributed algorithms inactive distribution systems.

Content organization可以如何寫

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【例7】

有where引導(dǎo)的定語從句，同時(shí)有let祈使句，多為被動(dòng)語態(tài)

【例8】Once convex, the problem can be solved using any off-the-shelf convex programming solver with polynomial runtime.

情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+被動(dòng)語態(tài)

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【例9】One advantage of using convex relaxations is that they always provide lower bounds of the original minimization problem of ACOPF.

表語從句，解釋說明

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【例10】Distributed control algorithms provide multiple complementary advantages relative to traditional centralized and local control approaches in terms of computation, communication, privacy, ?exibility, and scalability with increasing DERs at the edge. However, distributed control approaches often require several iterations and communication rounds to reach convergence, which can make them unsuitable for practical implementations in a federated or P2P manner. Existing work also lack a thorough analysis of parametric sensitivity towards algorithm performance and communication requirements for practical implementation. This paper presents a review of distributed algorithms found in the literature, a new taxonomy using key attributes, and a comparison of some use cases. Finally, future research needs for practical implementation of such distributed algorithms are also discussed.

Conclusion怎么寫

回顧現(xiàn)有方法的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)，現(xiàn)有工作的不足，簡(jiǎn)述論文的新工作、新進(jìn)展，并作出展望

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paper（2）:

【例1】Beyond the major challenges discussed in this article，…除了文中討論的挑戰(zhàn)外…

【例2】It is increasingly attractive to …越來越有吸引力

【例3】It remains to be seen how much communication is necessary in federated learning. Indeed, it is well known that optimization methods used for machine learning can tolerate a lack of precision.

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【例4】As we discuss in this article, learning in such a setting differs significantly from traditional distributed environments, which require fundamental advances in areas such as privacy, large-scale machine learning, and distributed optimization and raise new questions at the intersection of diverse fields such as machine learning and systems.

As引導(dǎo)定語從句，which引導(dǎo)非定語從句

這里的require 為什么不用三單呢？

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【例5】Federated learning is a promising solution for these applications [19], as it can reduce privacy leakage and naturally eliminate these constrains to enable private learning between various devices/organizations.

As引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句

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【例6】Federated learning methods can help train models that efficiently adapt to changes in these systems, while maintaining user privacy.

while承前省略，相當(dāng)于介詞，that引導(dǎo)定語從句

【例7】

?多處使用where引導(dǎo)的定語從句來說明符號(hào)，全部用了被動(dòng)語態(tài)，無祈使句

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【例8】To fit a model to data generated by the devices in the federated network, it is therefore important to develop communication-efficient methods that iteratively send small messages or model updates as part of the training process, as opposed to sending the entire data set over the network.

動(dòng)詞不定式作目的狀語，it 作形式主語，that引導(dǎo)定語從句，as從句省略

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【例9】Minibatch optimization methods, which involve extending classical stochastic methods to process multiple data points at a time, have emerged as a popular paradigm for distrib-uted machine learning in data center environments. In practice, however, they have shown limited flexibility to adapt to communication-computation tradeoffs [53], which would maximally leverage distributed data processing.

Which做非限制性定語從句插入

Minibatch optimization methods （which …）have emerged as a popular paradigm…

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【例10】Similarly, in federated learning, decentralized algorithms can, in theory, reduce the high communication cost on the central server.

小短句，in theory做插入語

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【例11】Global privacy requires that the model updates generated at each round are private to all untrusted third parties other than the central server, while local privacy further requires that the updates are also private to the server.

While 表示對(duì)比

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【例12】In this article, we provided an overview of federated learning, a learning paradigm where statistical models are trained at the edge in distributed networks. We discussed the unique properties and associated challenges of federated learning compared with traditional distributed data center computing and classical privacy-preserving learning. We provided a broad survey on classical results as well as more recent work specifically focused on federated settings. Finally, we outlined a handful of open problems worth future research effort. Providing solutions to these problems will require interdisciplinary effort from a broad set of research communities.

Conclusion怎么寫