UNIT9??Social Movements of the 1960s??20世紀60年代的社會運動

1960年2月1日，北卡羅來納州格林斯博羅市一所黑人大學的四名新生來到一家商店，坐在午餐柜臺前。 IntroductionOn February 1, 1960, four freshmen from a black college in Greensboro, North Carolina, went to a store and sat down at a lunch counter. 當他們要咖啡時，女服務(wù)員說她不能為這樣的人服務(wù)。 ?When they asked for coffee, the waitress said she could not serve people like them. 學生們認為禁止黑人和白人一起吃飯的種族隔離法是錯誤的，因此沒有走。 ?The students, believing the segregation law which kept black and white people from eating together was wrong, did not move.經(jīng)理過來和學生們談話。 ?The manager came and talked to the students. 一個警察拿著手杖在他們后面走來走去。 ?A policeman walked up and down behind them, holding his stick. 學生們繼續(xù)坐在柜臺旁。 ?The students continued to sit at the counter. 人們擠進商店看會發(fā)生什么，直到商店關(guān)門。 ?People crowded into the store to watch what might happen, until the store closed. 第二天，更多的學生來到商店，在午餐柜臺坐下。 ?The next day, a greater number of students came to the store and sat down at the lunch counter. 日復(fù)一日，更多的學生來了。 ?Day after day, additional students came.黑人學生在格林斯博羅的這次安靜的“靜坐抗議”開啟了20世紀60年代的民權(quán)運動，這是那個十年中幾次社會運動中的第一次。 ?This quiet "sit-in" by black students in Greensboro began the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s, the first of several social movements during that decade.一位美國歷史學家霍華德·津恩描述了1960年格林斯博羅第一次靜坐后抗議活動是如何蔓延的:“在接下來的12個月里，超過5萬人，大部分是黑人，一些是白人，在100個城市參加了這樣或那樣的示威活動，超過3600人被關(guān)進了監(jiān)獄。 ?One American historian, Howard Zinn, describes how the protests spread after the first sit-in in Greensboro in 1960: "In the next twelve months, more than fifty thousand people, mostly black, some white, participated in demonstrations of one kind or another in a hundred cities, and over 3 600 people were put in jail. 但到了1960年底，格林斯博羅和其他許多地方的午餐柜臺都向黑人開放了。 ?But by the end of 1960,d lunch counters were open to blacks in Greensboro and many other places.民權(quán)運動、青年反戰(zhàn)運動以及隨后的婦女解放運動在美國歷史上有著悠久的根基。 ?"The Civil Rights Movement, and the youth anti-war, and the women's liberation movements which followed, had long roots in United States history. 然而，許多在參與了20世紀60年代運動的人相信他們在創(chuàng)造一些新的、令人興奮的東西，這些東西將給美國社會帶來深刻的變化。 ?However, many people who worked in the 1960s movements believed they were creating something new and exciting which would make deep changes in American society.“我們一定會勝利!”美國黑人唱道，堅定了他們與種族偏見作斗爭的承諾。 ?"We shall overcome!" black Americans sang, affirming their commitment to fightracial prejudice.“把所有的東西都放出來吧!”年輕人互相建議，無視他們的父母，他們的父母控制著他們的情緒，盡量不讓私人事情公諸于眾。 ?"Let it all hang out!" young people advised each other, defying their parents, whocontrolled their emotions and tried to keep personal matters from becoming public.反戰(zhàn)示威者高呼:“見鬼，不，我們不去?！彼麄兙芙^政府征召入伍參加越南戰(zhàn)爭的命令。 ?"Hell, no, we won't go." anti-war demonstrators chanted, refusing government orders to be drafted into the army and fight in Vietnam.“說出你的心聲，不要打斷，”女人們在“觀念覺醒”組織中互相鼓勵 ?"Speak your heart without interruption," women encouraged each other in

?

這些組織幫助女性認識到，在這個男性主導(dǎo)政治、經(jīng)濟、家庭甚至私人話題的社會中，她們是如何受到阻礙的。 "consciousness-raising" groups which helped women recognize how they were beingheld back by a society in which men dominated politics, economics, the family, andeven private conversation.

?

社會運動為何開始? ?Why Did the Social Movements Begin?為什么美國黑人要冒著生命危險違反法律，反抗三k黨?” ?Why did Black Americans risk their lives breaking the law and defying the Ku KluxKlan?' 為什么年輕人不服從他們的父母、學校管理人員以及民政和軍事當局? ?Why did young people disobey their parents, school administrators, and civil and military authorities? 是什么讓女性走出家門，參加爭取民權(quán)、反對越南戰(zhàn)爭、爭取從男性統(tǒng)治中解放出來的公開示威活動? ?What brought women out of their homes into public demonstrationsfor civil rights, against the War in Vietnam and for their own liberation from maledominance? 為什么這些社會運動在20世紀60年代變得強大? ?And why did these social movements become strong in the 1960s?從第二次世界大戰(zhàn)結(jié)束到20世紀60年代的15年間，許多美國人努力工作以實現(xiàn)他們的夢想。 ?During the 15 years between the end of World War II and the 1960s, manyAmerican men worked hard to achieve their dreams. 聯(lián)邦政府為第二次世界大戰(zhàn)和朝鮮戰(zhàn)爭的退伍軍人提供教育和住房補貼。 ?The federal governmentsubsidized education and home ownership for veterans of World War Il and theKorean War. 他們記得20世紀30年代大蕭條的艱難時期，并相信他們可以通過長時間努力工作來保護自己的家庭。 ?They remembered the hard times of the depression of the 1930s andbelieved they could protect their families by working hard for long hours. 他們中的許多人鼓勵他們的妻子留在郊區(qū)的中產(chǎn)階級家庭中，撫養(yǎng)他們的三四個孩子。 ?Many of themencouraged their wives to stay in their middle-class homes in the suburbs, raising theirthree or four children. 他們相信自己正在實現(xiàn)美國夢?！??They believed they were living the American Dream".然而，在美國有一些人對什么是美國夢有不同的看法。 ?However, there were some people in the United States who had a different ideaof what the American Dream was. 在20世紀60年代，有三個群體——非裔美國人、年輕人和婦女—對他們的生活不滿意。In the 1960s, three groups-African-Americans,young people and women—were dissatisfied with their lives.第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間，許多美國黑人體驗了南方以外的生活。 ?During World War II, many black Americans had a taste of life outside the South.有些人在軍工和政府工作中獲得了不錯的薪水; ?Some earned good salaries in the war industry and in government jobs; 其他人則加入了陸軍或海軍。 ?others joinedthe army or navy. 他們的孩子上了高中和大學。 ?Their children attended high school and college. 他們知道，在實行種族隔離的南方，黑人找不到好工作，也得不到良好的教育，這不是美國人的生活方式。 ?They knew that lifein the segregated South, where the black people were prevented from working at goodjobs and getting a good education, was not the American way of life.第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間，中產(chǎn)階級白人女性受過良好教育，有機會從事責任重大的工作（軍工生產(chǎn)），收入豐厚。 ?Middle-class white women were well-educated and had the opportunity towork in responsible jobs for good pay during World War II. 但是當男人從戰(zhàn)場上回來后，他們得到了好工作。 ?But when men returnedfrom the war, they were given the good jobs. 與從事同樣工作的男性相比，女性掙的錢更少，晉升的機會也更少，或是她們成為了家庭主婦，獨自在家照顧孩子。 ?Women earned less money and hadfewer opportunities to advance than men working in the same jobs, or they becamehousewives, isolated at home with their children.許多年輕人憎恨美國社會傳統(tǒng)的白人男性價值觀。 ?Many young people resented traditional white male values in US society. 他們認為他們的父親長時間在外工作賺錢養(yǎng)家的行為是自私的??They?believed their fathers, who worked long hours away from home to earn money for

?

?themselves and their families, were selfish. 年輕女性不愿步母親的后塵，呆在家里做無報酬的工作，或者在外打工拿低薪。年輕人認為她們有權(quán)選擇自己的生活方式。 ?Young women did not want to follow theirmothers' examples, staying home doing unpaid work, or working outside the home for low pay, Young people believed they had the right to choose the way they would livetheir lives. 他們想從事有趣的工作，而不僅僅是為了賺錢而工作。 ?They wanted to work at jobs which were interesting, not just work to makemoney. 他們認為自己比老師懂得多。 ?They thought that they knew better than their teachers.當美國軍隊開始在越南作戰(zhàn)時，許多人認為這場戰(zhàn)爭是錯誤的。 ?When the US army began to fight in Vietnam, many people thought the war waswrong.他們不明白美國軍隊為什么要在亞洲作戰(zhàn)。 ?They did not understand why US troops were fighting in Asia. 年輕人，無論黑人還是白人，都不想?yún)④娙ピ侥洗蛘獭??Young people,black and white, did not want to join the army and fight in Vietnam. 母親們不希望自己的兒子應(yīng)征入伍。 ?Mothers did notwant their sons drafted into the army.

?

誰參與了社會運動? ?Who Worked in the Social Movements?許多認為政府和社會是錯誤的人加入了一個或多個社會運動。 ?Many people who believed the government and the society were wrong joinedone or more of the social movements. 黑人和白人年輕人參與了所有的運動，許多中產(chǎn)階級白人女性和一些男性也參與了這些運動。 ?Black and white young people worked in all themovements, as did many middle-class white women and some men.參與民權(quán)運動的人包括年長的(通常是男性)黑人領(lǐng)袖、黑人和白人年輕人、一些白人職業(yè)男女和一些白人家庭主婦。 ?Those who worked in the Civil Rights Movement included older, usually male,black leaders, black and white young people, some white professional men andwomen, and some white housewives.反抗老師、父母和政府當局的年輕人加入了青年運動。 ?Young people who were rebelling against their teachers, parents and governmentauthorities joined the youth movement. 很少有老年人參與其中，因為許多年輕人認為他們不能相信任何超過30歲的人。 ?There were few older people involved, sincemany of the young people believed they could not trust anyone over thirty yearsold. 然而，許多中產(chǎn)階級的白人，尤其是女性，以及中下層的美國黑人積極支持年輕人的反戰(zhàn)運動。 ?However, many middle class white people, especially women, as well as lower and middle class black Americans, actively supported young people in the anti-warmovement. 他們焚燒征兵卡，舉行大型集會和游行，抗議政府的戰(zhàn)爭政策。 ?They burned draft cards, held large rallies and marched in protest of thegovernment war policy.發(fā)起婦女運動的婦女包括專業(yè)人士、受過教育的有色人種婦女、年輕或中年的白人家庭主婦和母親，以及年輕的女性。多種社會運動參與的人群重疊，而且這些運動也使用許多相同的策略、戰(zhàn)術(shù)和歌曲。 ?The women who formed the women's movement included professionals, educated women of color, young or middle-aged white housewives and mothers, as well as young v.Not only did some of the same people work in several movements, but the?movements also used many of the same strategies and tactics, and songs. 當民權(quán)運動開始時，非暴力的直接行動策略，如“靜坐”和抵制被用來抗議種族隔離法。 ?Whenthe Civil Rights Movement began, nonviolent, direct action tactics like "sit-ins" andboycotts were used to protest segregation laws. 年輕人還在學校行政辦公室“靜坐”，并增加了“宣教”來教育人們關(guān)注越南戰(zhàn)爭。 ?Young people also used "sit-ins" atthe administration offices of their schools and added "teach-ins" to educate people?about the war in Vietnam.

?

民權(quán)運動、反戰(zhàn)運動和婦女運動都利用法律體系來挑戰(zhàn)法律并迫使變革。 ?The Civil Rights Movement, the anti-war movement and the women's movement all used the legal system to test laws and to force changes. 在所有的運動中，工人們通過舉行大型集會和游行來獲得公眾的支持，向人們控訴壓迫和歧視，向人們宣傳運動，并招募新成員。 ?In all the movements, workers gathered public support by holding large rallies and marches to educate people about oppression and discrimination, to inform people about the movements, and to recruit new members.

?

什么是社會運動? ?What Is a Social Movement?“社會運動”有很多定義。 ?There are many definitions of "social movement". 一位教授認為，“社會運動是一種行為，在這種行為中，大量參與者有意識地試圖改變現(xiàn)有的制度，建立一種新的生活秩序?！??One professor argues that "a social movement is a type of behavior in which a large number of participants consciously attempt to change existing institutions and establish a new order of life." 換句話說，人們共同努力改變政府政策和社會。 ?In other words, people work together to change government policies and society. 另一位教授說，所有的社會運動都有兩個基本特征:“結(jié)構(gòu)和自發(fā)性?！??Another professor says all social movements have two basic characteristics: "structure and spontaneity." 必須有一個或多個組織(結(jié)構(gòu))，人們的行動應(yīng)該來自他們自己(自發(fā)性)。 ?There must be one or more organizations (structure) and people's actions should come from thernselves (spontaneity). 社會運動的其他必要部分是:1; ?Other necessary parts of a social movement are:1. 一個能就同一問題相互交流的社會共識，如民權(quán)運動中的黑人教會成員。 ?a social base of people who can communicate with each other about the same problem, such as black church members in the civil rights movement.2. 用某種“信息”或意識形態(tài)來指出一個問題并指出如何解決它。 ?a "message" or ideology that names a problem and shows how to solve it. 靜坐示威、要求同工同酬的婦女集會中使用的非暴力反抗就是這樣的信息。 ?Nonviolent civil disobedience used in sit-ins, women's rallies demanding equal pay for equal work are such messages.3. 傳播信息并獲得更多支持者的能力。 ?the ability to spread the message and get more supporters. 舉行大規(guī)模集會和游行，以吸引媒體報道支持一項運動。 ?Mass rallies and marches are held to attract media coverage for supporting a movement. 因此，社會運動需要社會變革的理念，需要集體行動來實現(xiàn)變革，需要組織來指導(dǎo)行動并吸引支持者。 ?Therefore, social movements need ideas for social change, collective action to make the change,d and organization to direct the action and attract supporters.民權(quán)運動美國南部各州的種族隔離法禁止黑人和白人在電影院坐在一起，在同一家餐館吃飯，從同一個飲水機喝水，使用同一個洗手間，或一起乘坐公共汽車或火車。 ?The Civil Rights MovementSegregation laws in Southern states in the US prevented black and white people from sitting together in movie theaters, eating in the same restaurants, drinking from the same water fountain, using the same washrooms or riding together on buses or trains. 黑人和白人的孩子不能上同一所學校，大多數(shù)黑人不被允許投票。 ?Black and white children could not go to the same schools, and most black people were not allowed to vote. 盡管根據(jù)美國憲法第14修正案，這些種族隔離法是非法的，但美國政府從不做宣布南方法律違憲，直到有案件被提交到聯(lián)邦法院。 ?Although these segregation laws were illegal under the 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution , the US government would not?declare the Southern laws unconstitutional until there were cases brought in federal courts. 民權(quán)運動始于黑人自發(fā)地抗議種族隔離法律，并成立組織使抗議活動取得成功。 ?The Civil Rights Movement began when black people spontaneously protested segregation laws and created organizations to make the protests successful. 早在北卡羅來納州格林斯博羅的學生開始靜坐之前，就有很多人抗議種族隔離法。 ?Long before the students in Greensboro, North Carolina began their sit-ins, there were many others who protested the segregation laws.一位名叫羅莎·帕克斯的婦女的自發(fā)行動被認為是民權(quán)運動的真正開端，比格林斯博羅學生“靜坐”早了五年。 ?The spontaneous action of one woman, Rosa Parks, was believed to be the true beginning of the civil rights movement," five years before the Greensboro students "sitin".1955年，工作了一整天的羅莎·帕克斯在阿拉巴馬州的蒙哥馬利登上了一輛公共汽車。 ?In 1955, Rosa Parks, tired from working all day, boarded a public bus in Montgomery, Alabama. 根據(jù)阿拉巴馬州的法律，只有白人可以坐在公共汽車的前部。 ?According to Alabama law, only white people could sit in the front of the bus. 由于公共汽車的后面已經(jīng)坐滿了人，羅莎·帕克斯坐在了公共汽車中間的一個空座位上。 ?Since the back of the bus was full, Rosa Parks sat down in an empty seat in the middle of the bus. 當公交車司機叫她站起來給一個白人讓座時，她拒絕了。 ?When the bus driver told her to get up and give her seat to a white man, she refused to do so. 羅莎·帕克斯厭倦了種族隔離法，因為它使黑人無法享有與白人同樣的權(quán)利。 ?Rosa Parks was tired of segregation laws which kept black people from having the same rights as white people. 她因為沒有給白人讓座而被警察逮捕。 ?She was arrested by the police for not giving her seat to the white man. 在監(jiān)獄里，她打電話給全國有色人種協(xié)進會(NAACP)主席，尋求幫助。 ?From jail, she called the president of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and asked for help.全國有色人種協(xié)進會成員籌集了保釋金，將帕克斯從監(jiān)獄中保釋出來。 ?NAACP members raised money for bail to release Ms Parks from jail. 他們還向其他組織通報了她的非暴力反抗行為 ?They also informed other organizations about her act of civil disobedience.2 阿拉巴馬州蒙哥馬利市的黑人自發(fā)地開始抵制公交系統(tǒng)，拒絕乘坐公共汽車。 ?Black people in Montgomery, Alabama spontaneously began to boycott the bus system, refusing to ride on public buses. 他們在周日的禮拜中向教會成員傳播了抵制公共汽車的消息。 ?They spread the news of the bus boycott to church members at Sunday church services. 牧師和其他教會領(lǐng)袖組織汽車和司機接送黑人上班，組織團體一起步行，以保護黑人免受白人種族主義者的暴力侵害。 ?Ministers and other church leaders organized cars and drivers to take Negroes to work and organized groups to walk together for protection against violence from white racists.從羅莎·帕克斯自發(fā)的非暴力反抗行動，到黑人教堂、社區(qū)和政治組織的社會基礎(chǔ)，越來越多的人支持反對種族隔離的抗議。 ?From Rosa Parks' spontaneous action of nonviolent civil disobedience, and from the social base of black churches, community and political organizations grew support for protest against segregation. 民權(quán)運動開始在整個南方蔓延。 ?The Civil Rights Movement began to spread all over the South. 結(jié)果，種族隔離在20世紀60年代被打破。 ?As a result, segregation was breaking down in the 1960s.組織格林斯博羅的靜坐之所以成功，其中一個原因是黑人學生成立了一個新的組織——學生非暴力協(xié)調(diào)委員會 ?OrganizationsOne reason that the sit-ins in Greensboro were successful was that black students had formed a new organization, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee?(SNCC)

??

SNCC是民權(quán)運動中的第三個主要組織，其他兩個是種族平等大會(CORE)和南方基督教領(lǐng)導(dǎo)會議(SCLC)。 ?SNCC was the third main organization in the Civil Rights Movement, the others being the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). 這三個團體為反對南方種族隔離提供了領(lǐng)導(dǎo)、非暴力策略、支持和人手。 ?These three groups provided the leadership, the nonviolent tactics, the network and the people to fight against Southern segregation.??CORE是由詹姆斯·法默(James Farmer)和其他一些人在20世紀40年代用非暴力直接行動來推動芝加哥餐館種族融合的人創(chuàng)立的。 ?CORE was founded by James Farmer and others who used nonviolent direct action to integrate restaurants in Chicago in the 1940s. 1947年，黑人和白人的核心成員加入了非暴力的“自由之旅”，以整合南方的公共汽車和公交車站。 ?In 1947, CORE members, black and white, joined other groups in a nonviolent "freedom ride" to integrate buses and bus stations in the South. 自由乘車在20世紀60年代成為一種融合策略。 ?Freedom rides became an integration strategy in the 1960s. 由浸信會牧師馬丁·路德·金領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的南方基督教領(lǐng)袖大會(SCLC)是最強大的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者。這個區(qū)域性組織成立于1957年，旨在將南方黑人教堂與民權(quán)運動聯(lián)系起來，由教會牧師們創(chuàng)立，他們是黑人社區(qū)的道德和文化領(lǐng)袖。 ?The strongest leadership came from the SCLC, headed by Baptist minister Martin Luther King, Jr This regional group, organized in 1957 to link Southern black churches in the work for civil rights, was begun by church ministers who were the moral and cultural leaders of black communities. 部長們在地區(qū)會議上定期會面，跨州合作。 ?Ministers, who met regularly in regional meetings, worked together across state lines. 由于教會成員每周聚會一次，參加教會組織會議和禮拜活動，牧師們很方便地向他們的成員傳遞信息和組織活動。 ?It was convenient for the ministers to pass information to their members and organize activities because church members met weekly for meetings of church organizations and for church services.?SNCC是由一群想要結(jié)束一切形式的種族主義的學生建立的。 ?SNCC was founded by a group of students who wanted to end all forms of racial domination. SCLC執(zhí)行主任埃拉·貝克幫助學生們組織活動。 ?Ella Baker, SCLC executive director, helped the students organize. 與南方基督教領(lǐng)袖大會不同，SNCC有一個集體領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，遵循“讓人民決定”的原則。 ?SNCC, unlike SCLC, had a collective leadership which followed the principle, "Let the people decide." SNCC教導(dǎo)他們的成員在抗議南方各州的種族隔離法時要非暴力，即使他們遭到毆打和逮捕。 ?SNCC taught their members to be nonviolent when they protested segregation laws in Southern states, even when they were beaten and arrested. SNCC很快從一個“協(xié)調(diào)委員會”轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)樵谀戏礁沟亟M織直接行動。 ?SNCC moved quickly from being just a "coordinating committee" to organizing direct action in the Deep South. 在運動開始時，他們的成員基礎(chǔ)是南方大量的黑人學生。 ?At the beginning of the movement, the base of their membership was the large number of black students in the South.直接行動策略民權(quán)活動家首先使用“靜坐”戰(zhàn)術(shù)來反對種族隔離，后來又使用“自由乘車”戰(zhàn)術(shù)。 ?Direct Action TacticsCivil rights activists first used "sit-in" tactics to fight segregation and later, "freedom rides". 在南卡羅萊納和阿拉巴馬州，黑人和白人共同乘坐公共汽車挑戰(zhàn)種族隔離法律的核心成員遭到白人暴徒的嚴重毆打。 ?Black and white CORE members traveling together on buses to challenge segregation laws were badly beaten by white mobs in South Carolina and Alabama. 當CORE決定結(jié)束自由乘車時，SNCC的人決定繼續(xù)。 ?When CORE decided to end the freedom rides, SNCC workers decided to continue. SNCC自由乘車者乘坐公共汽車進入密西西比州，在那里他們遭到毆打和逮捕。 ?SNCC Freedom Riders rode buses into Mississippi, where they were beaten and arrested. 越來越多的學生加入了自由乘車運動，直到密西西比州的監(jiān)獄裝不下更多的囚犯。 ?An increasing number of students joined the freedom rides until the Mississippi jails had no more places for prisoners. 1961年9月，聯(lián)邦政府 ?In September 1961, the federal

?

政府宣布在所有開往另一個州的州際公交車站中實行種族隔離是非法的。 government declared segregation illegal in all interstate bus stations which served buses traveling to another state.三個民權(quán)組織的下一個重要直接行動是選民登記。 ?The next important direct action of the three civil rights organizations was voter registration. 南方各州的選舉法試圖阻止黑人投票。 ?Voting laws in southern states tried to prevent Blacks from voting. 隨著1962年和1963年反種族隔離和投票登記工作的繼續(xù)，民權(quán)工作者在密西西比州、阿拉巴馬州和佐治亞州遭到毆打、監(jiān)禁和謀殺。 ?As anti-segregation and voting registration work continued in 1962 and 1963, civil rights workers were beaten, jailed and murdered in Mississippi, Alabama and Georgia.1963年夏天，成千上萬的和平示威者來到華盛頓特區(qū)，馬丁·路德·金在那里發(fā)表了著名的演講“我有一個夢想”。 ?In the summer of 1963, hundreds of thousands of peaceful demonstrators went to Washington, D.C., where Martin Luther King Jr. gave the famous speech "I have a dream." 同年，白人在阿拉巴馬州伯明翰市炸毀了一座黑人教堂，導(dǎo)致四名黑人女孩喪生。 ?That same year, four black girls were killed when whites bombed a black church in Birmingham, Alabama. 北方的白人學生開始前往南方與SNCC和其他民權(quán)組織合作。 ?Northern white students began to go to the South to work with SNCC and other civil rights groups. 當民權(quán)工作者在南方遭到毆打和謀殺時，肯尼迪總統(tǒng)在德克薩斯州被暗殺的消息震驚了全國。 ?While civil rights workers were beaten and murdered in the South, news of the assassination of President Kennedy in Texas shocked the country. 當被指控暗殺肯尼迪總統(tǒng)的人在電視鏡頭前被謀殺時，美國人更加震驚了。 ?Americans were further shocked when the man charged with President Kennedy's assassination was murdered in front of TV cameras.1964年，數(shù)百名志愿者從全國各地來到密西西比州，為黑人登記投票。 ?In 1964, hundreds of volunteers from all over the country came to Mississippi to register Blacks to vote. 針對民權(quán)工作者的暴力事件有所增加。 ?Violence against civil rights workers increased. 一名白人工作人員和兩名黑人工作人員被謀殺。 ?One white and two black workers were murdered. 為了改善種族關(guān)系，1964年夏天，國會通過了《民權(quán)法案》，并由約翰遜總統(tǒng)簽署成為法律。 ?To improve the race relations, the Civil Rights Act was passed by Congress and signed into law by President Johnson in the summer of 1964. 1964年12月，馬丁·路德·金被授予諾貝爾和平獎。 ?In December 1964, Martin Luther King was given the Nobel Peace Prize.1965年1月，約翰遜總統(tǒng)開始了他的“向貧困宣戰(zhàn)”。 ?ChangesIn January 1965, President Johnson began his "war on poverty"1. 隨著種族暴力的持續(xù)，黑人開始質(zhì)疑南方使用的非暴力策略，美國其他地區(qū)的黑人領(lǐng)袖發(fā)表講話，支持黑人分離主義，反對以非暴力方式對抗歧視和種族主義。 ?As racial violence continued, black people began to question the nonviolent tactics used in the South, and black leaders in other parts of the country spoke in favor of black separatism and against nonviolence in fighting discrimination and racism. 一位強有力的黑人領(lǐng)袖是馬爾科姆·艾克斯(Malcolm X)，他是一位在北部貧民區(qū)工作的黑人穆斯林領(lǐng)袖。 ?One strong black leader was Malcolm X, a black Moslem leader who worked in northern ghettos. 他認為黑人應(yīng)該武裝自己，與三k黨和其他白人恐怖分子作斗爭。 ?He believed that blacks should arm themselves and fight the Ku Klux Klan and other white terrorists. 盡管他和馬丁·路德·金(Martin Luther King Jr.)都致力于結(jié)束歧視，提高黑人的自我形象，但他們在實現(xiàn)目標的手段上存在分歧。 ?Although he and Martin Luther King Jr. both worked to end discrimination and raise the self-image of blacks, they disagreed about the means to achieve their goal. 1965年，馬爾科姆·艾克斯在紐約被暗殺。 ?In 1965, Malcolm X was assassinated in New York.南方對黑人和白人民權(quán)工作者的謀殺有所增加。 ?Murders of black and white civil rights workers in the South increased. 人們繼續(xù)在電視上看到白人對非暴力黑人的暴力。 ?People continue to see white violence against nonviolent blacks on TV. 那個夏天，黑色 ?That summer, black

?

在洛杉磯瓦茨區(qū)，黑人為回應(yīng)白人的暴力而發(fā)生暴亂。 people rioted in the Watts section of Los Angeles in response to white violence.SNCC也在改變。 ?SNCC was also changing. 許多成員厭倦了挨打和看著自己的朋友挨打，開始認為非暴力的策略是錯誤的。 ?Many of the members, tired of being beaten and watching their friends beaten, began to think the tactic of nonviolence was wrong. 一些成員還認為，他們需要一個強有力的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人，而不是集體領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。 ?Some members also thought they needed one strong leader rather than collective leadership. 他們選出了一位新主席，斯托克利·卡邁克爾，他認為黑人應(yīng)該在沒有白人幫助的情況下努力結(jié)束歧視。 ?They elected a new chairman, Stokeley Carmichael, who believed that black people should work to end discrimination without the help of white people. 他談到了“黑人權(quán)力”，并鼓勵SNCC的白人成員離開南方，到白人社區(qū)工作。 ?He spoke about "black power" and encouraged white members of SNCC to leave the South and work in white communities.1966年6月，第一位進入密西西比大學的黑人學生開始了一場“對抗恐懼的游行”，獨自走過密西西比。 ?In June 1966, the first black student to enter the University of Mississippi began a "march against fear", walking all alone through Mississippi. 他中槍受了重傷。 ?He was shot and seriously injured. 民權(quán)領(lǐng)袖們決定在以下條件下繼續(xù)游行:沒有白人和他們一起游行; ?The civil rights leaders decided to continue the march, under these conditions: no white people would march with them; 他們會得到執(zhí)事福特正義捍衛(wèi)組織的保護，這是一個成立于1964年的黑人武裝組織; ?they would be defended by the Deacons ford Defense of Justice, a black, armed organization founded in 1964; 他們會在游行的地方組織獨立的黑人組織。 ?and they would organize independent black organizations in the places wherever they marched.不同意這些觀點的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人離開了運動。 ?The leaders who did not agree with these ideas left the movement. 當民權(quán)領(lǐng)袖們繼續(xù)進行“對抗恐懼的游行”時，他們遭到了白人警察的惡毒攻擊和逮捕。 ?As the civil rights leaders continued the "march against fear," they were viciously attacked by whited police and arrested. 當斯托克利·卡邁克爾被從監(jiān)獄釋放出來時，他對一大群人說:“這是我第二十七次被捕——我再也不想進監(jiān)獄了!” ?When Stokeley Carmichael was released from jail, he told a large crowd, "This is the twenty-seventh time I have been arrested-and I ain't going to jail no more!" 他說，從現(xiàn)在開始，黑人將高呼:“黑人權(quán)力!” ?He said that from now on, the black people would be shouting, "Black Power!" 1966年，用于自衛(wèi)的黑豹黨在奧克蘭成立。 ?In 1966, the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense was organized in Oakland. 他們的主要工作是執(zhí)行民權(quán)法，告訴黑人他們的權(quán)利。 ?Their major work was to enforce civil rights laws, telling black people of their rights. 馬丁·路德·金反對。 ?Martin Luther King Jr. disagreed. 雖然他理解為什么黑人想要黑人權(quán)力，但他認為這個想法會被媒體誤解，最終會導(dǎo)致運動失敗。 ?Although he understood why black people wanted black power, he thought the idea would be misunderstood by the media, and in the end would defeat the movement. 他說，黑人權(quán)力應(yīng)該通過運動而不是口號來實現(xiàn)。 ?Black power, he said, should come through programs, not slogans.1968年又是一個暴力的年份。 ?1968 was another violent year. 今年4月，馬丁·路德·金在田納西州被暗殺。 ?In April, Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated in Tennessee. 許多黑人認為是聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局干的。 ?Many black people believed the FBI22 was responsible. 28個州的125個城市的黑人社區(qū)爆發(fā)了騷亂。 ?Rioting broke out in black communities in 125 cities in 28 states. 正在競選總統(tǒng)的羅伯特·肯尼迪也被暗殺。 ?Robert Kennedy, who was running for president, was also assassinated.

?

青年運動/反戰(zhàn)運動

1964年“自由之夏”期間，許多來自北方的白人學生在外貌、態(tài)度和信仰上都發(fā)生了巨大的變化。

The Youth Movement /Anti-War Movement

After working in the South during "Freedom Summer"24 1964, many white students from the North changed greatly, both in appearance and in their attitudes and beliefs. 9月，當他們回到大學校園時，他們繼續(xù)穿著在南方穿的工作服和其他農(nóng)民服裝，也沒有剪頭發(fā)。 ?When they returned to their college campuses in September, they continued to wear the same overalls and other farmers' clothing they had worn in the South, and they did not cut their hair. 在看到他們的朋友被南方警察毆打和逮捕，并被南方法官判處長期監(jiān)禁后，他們失去了對權(quán)威的尊重; ?They had lost respect for authority after seeing their friends beaten and arrested by Southern policemen and sentenced to jail for long terms by Southern judges; 他們看到南方的市長和州長拒絕遵守聯(lián)邦法律。 ?they had seen Southern mayors and governors refusing to obey federal laws. 他們就民權(quán)運動、非暴力和改變社會的必要性發(fā)表演講，并努力爭取對民權(quán)運動的支持。 ?They gave speeches about the Civil Rights Movement, nonviolence, and the need to change society, and worked to gain support for the Civil Rights Movement.1964年10月，一名CORE組織者坐在加州大學伯克利分校校園人行道上的一張小桌子旁，分發(fā)信息和籌集資金。 ?In October 1964, a CORE organizer sat at a small table on a sidewalk at the campus of the University of California at Berkeley, distributing information and collecting money. 校園警察局長和兩位大學院長來到他的桌子前，告訴他，他的行為違反了學校的規(guī)定。 ?The chief of the campus police and two university deans came to his table informing him that what he was doing was against university policy. CORE的組織者拒絕就此罷手。 ?The CORE organizer refused to stop. 他說，大學當局不應(yīng)該阻止CORE為南方的民權(quán)運動招募新人，根據(jù)美國憲法第一和第十四修正案，大學的規(guī)定是非法的。 ?He stated that university authorities should not keep CORE from recruiting new workers for the Civil Rights Movement in the South and that the university's rule was illegal under the 1st and 14th Amendments to the United States Constitution. 當警察局長逮捕他時，一大群學生聚集在一起，高喊:“逮捕我們所有人!” ?When the police chief arrested him a large crowd of students gathered, shouting, "Arrest all of us!" 一輛警車來了，CORE的組織者被關(guān)進了車里。 ?A police car came and the CORE organizer was put inside. 這群學生自發(fā)地圍住了警車，坐在地上，阻止了警車的移動。 ?The crowd of students spontaneously surrounded the car and sat down on the ground, preventing the police car from moving.馬里奧·薩維奧(Mario Savio)是一名學生，剛從SNCC的密西西比自由之夏活動中回來，他脫下鞋子，站在警車頂上。 ?Mario Savio, a student who had just returned from working with SNCC in the Mississippi Freedom Summer, took off his shoes and stood on top of the police car. 他要求釋放CORE的人，并改變反對言論自由的規(guī)定。學生們在汽車周圍靜坐了32個小時，進行了自發(fā)的、非暴力的、直接的行動。 ?He demanded that the CORE worker be freed and the rules against free speech be changedThe students sat around the car for 32 hours in spontaneous, nonviolent, direct action. 其他學生“靜坐”在行政大樓，組織“自由大學”課程。 ?Other students "sat-in" at the administration buildings and organized "Free University" classes. 加州州長召集了數(shù)百名警察到校園。 ?The California governor called hundreds of police to the campus. 800名學生被捕。 ?800 students were arrested. 研究生們組織了一次罷課并關(guān)閉了大學。 ?Graduate students organized a strike and closed the university. 教師和教授們投票決定改變違反第14修正案的規(guī)定。 ?The teachers and professors voted to change the rule that violated the 1stand 14th Amendments. 年輕人的“言論自由運動”開始時取得了成功。 ?The young people's "Free Speech Movement" began with success.

?

隨著青年運動蔓延到校園之外，一些年輕人形成了“反主流文化”。 As the youth movement spread outside the campuses, some young people formed a "counterculture.他們拒絕資本主義和其他美國原則。 They rejected capitalism and other American principles. 他們的道德觀與父母所教導(dǎo)的不同。 ?They had morals that were different from those taught by their parents. “嬉皮士”稱自己為“愛的一代”。 ?The "Hippies" called themselves the "love generation." 幸福成了他們生活的唯一目標。 ?Happiness became their only goal in life. 他們的音樂與其他任何音樂都不同，他們唱的歌詞對老年人來說聽起來很叛逆。 ?Their music was different from any other music, and the words they sang sounded rebellious to older people. 一小群年輕人在舊金山等城市一起生活，把他們的生活變成了一個大派對。 ?Small groups of youth lived together in cities like San Francisco, turning their lives into one big party. 他們留著長發(fā)，穿著奇怪而多彩的衣服，其中許多人吸毒。 ?They wore long hair, strange and colorful clothes and many of them used drugs. 他們大批地去聽搖滾音樂會。 ?They went in huge numbers to rock music concerts. 他們在電視上做了非常有趣的新聞。 ?And they made very interesting news on TV.大學生和一些高中生紛紛“輟學”。 ?College students, and some high-school students, were "dropping out" of school. 有些人成了嬉皮士，脫離了社會。 ?Some became Hippies and dropped out of society. 其他人則為了躲避參軍離開了這個國家。 ?Others left the country to avoid the army.反戰(zhàn)運動變得更加有組織，許多組織和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人組成了一個松散的聯(lián)盟，由一系列“結(jié)束越南戰(zhàn)爭動員委員會”組成。 ?The anti-war movement became more organized as a loose coalition of many organizations and leaders was formed under a series of "Mobilization Committees to End the War in Vietnam." 這些組織包括教會團體、SNCC、爭取民主社會學生組織(SDS)和許多為抗議戰(zhàn)爭而成立的較小的團體。 ?The organizations included church groups, SNCC, the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) and many smaller groups which were formed to protest the war. 他們的直接行動策略包括在大學校園里進行宣講會，舉行抗議游行和集會，攻擊聯(lián)邦辦公室，銷毀激進反戰(zhàn)團體的征兵記錄。 ?Their direct action strategies included teach-ins on college campuses, protest marches and rallies, and attacks on federal offices to destroy draft records by radical anti-war groups. 公眾對反戰(zhàn)運動的支持越來越強烈，盡管大多數(shù)美國人并不支持激進的暴力行為。 ?Public support for the anti-war movement grew stronger, although most people in the U.S. did not support radical acts of violence. 隨著美國政府向越南派遣更多的軍隊和戰(zhàn)爭死亡人數(shù)的增加，公眾對政府政策的不滿情緒變得如此強烈，以至于約翰遜總統(tǒng)決定在1968年不再競選連任。 ?As the US government sent more troops to Vietnam and the number of war deaths grew, public feeling against government policy grew so strong that President Johnson decided not to run for re-election in 1968.

?

婦女運動

20世紀60年代的婦女運動是從三群婦女和一次事故開始的。 ?

The Women's Movement

The women's movement in the 1960s was started by three groups of women and an accident. 第一個群體是一群職業(yè)婦女，她們于1961年被肯尼迪總統(tǒng)任命為婦女地位委員會成員。 ?The first was a group of professional women who were appointed to a Commission on the Status of Women by President Kennedy in 1961. 直到她們開始調(diào)查美國婦女的處境，大多數(shù)人才成為了女權(quán)主義者。 ?Most were not feminists until they began to investigate the situation for women in the United States. 他們發(fā)現(xiàn)，在美國，女性與男性并不平等，一些女性的處境令人震驚。 ?They found that women in the US were not equal with men, and that the situation of some women was shocking. 因此，她們建議在所有50個州設(shè)立委員會，在委員會工作的婦女人數(shù)很快增加到 ?So they recommended that Commissions be established in all 50 states, and the number of women working on Commissions soon grew to

?

超過了1000人。 over 1 000.第二個群體主要是白人家庭主婦和母親，她們閱讀了貝蒂·弗里丹(Betty Friedan) 在1963年出版的《女性的奧秘》一書(The Feminine Mystique)。 ?The second group was mostly white housewives and mothers who read Betty Friedan's book, The Feminine Mystique, published in 1963. 這本書改變了1萬到2萬名女性對自己和其他女性的看法。 ?The book changed the way large numbers of women — between 10 000 and 20 000—thought about themselves and other women.第三群人是民權(quán)和反戰(zhàn)運動中的年輕積極分子。 ?The third group were young activists in the civil rights and anti-war movements. 她們認為這些運動的男性領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人在運動中歧視女性。 ?They believed the male leaders of these movements were discriminating against women in the movement. 她們被稱為“婦女解放”組織，她們使用激進的策略，并遭受到了大量的負面宣傳。 ?They became known as the "women's liberation" group, or "women's lib", used radical tactics and received a great deal of bad publicity. 這個組織得到了其他組織的大量年輕活動家的大力支持。 ?This group found strong support among large numbers of young activists from other organizations.事故是1964年通過的民權(quán)法案中的一個詞。 ?The accident was a word in the Civil Rights Act passed in 1964. 該法律將基于種族或性別的就業(yè)歧視定為非法，將婦女納入不受歧視的群體。 ?The law made discrimination in employment based on race or sex illegal, adding women to those groups not to be discriminated against.從這三個群體和幾乎偶然的詞中，婦女運動開始了。 ?From these three groups and the almost accidental word, began the women's movement. 當然，在此之前，婦女爭取平等權(quán)利的歷史悠久，正如美國黑人爭取平等權(quán)利的歷史悠久一樣。 ?There was, of course, a long history of women working for equal rights before this, just as there had been a long history of Afro-American effort for equal rights. 1966年，前兩個團體成立了全國婦女組織(NOW)。 ?In 1966, the National Organization for Women (NOW) was formed by the first two groups. 隨著運動的壯大，許多激進、活躍的女權(quán)主義者也加入了進來。 ?Many radical, active feminists joined as the movement grew stronger. 許多激進分子都是年輕女性，有黑人也有白人，她們曾參與民權(quán)運動，對領(lǐng)導(dǎo)層歧視女性持批評態(tài)度。 ?Many of the radicals were young wornen, both black and white, who had worked in the civil rights movement and were critical of the leadership for discriminating against women. 她們說，女性是強有力的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者和組織者，但男性只允許她們做飯和做秘書工作。 ?Women were strong leaders and organizers, they said, but the men only allowed them to cook and do secretarial work.婦女要爭取的變化包括經(jīng)濟權(quán)利，例如不僅要求同工同酬，而且要求在科學技術(shù)、管理和政治等領(lǐng)域獲得平等的工作機會。 ?The changes women worked for included changes in economic practices, such as not only asking equal pay for equal work, but also equal opportunity for jobs infields such as science and technology, management and politics. 婦女還要求改變社會習俗和態(tài)度，承認婦女在智力或能力方面并不亞于男性。 ?Women also wanted changes in social practices and attitudes which would acknowledge that women were not inferior to men in intelligence or ability.為了教育公眾并獲得對其目標的支持，婦女們使用了許多與民權(quán)運動和反戰(zhàn)運動相同的策略，并添加了一些自己的策略。 ?To educate the public and gain support for their objectives, women used many of the same tactics used by the civil rights and anti-war movements and added some of their own tactics. 報紙和電視把參加這場運動的婦女描繪成拒絕女性化并憎恨男人的婦女 ?The newspapers and TV made the women in the movement seem to be men-hating women who did not want to be feminine.???20世紀70年代，女性努力改變這種形象。 ?Women worked hard in the 1970s to change this image.

?

由于民權(quán)運動，南方法律上的種族隔離結(jié)束了。 ConclusionLegal segregation ended in the South as a result of the civil rights movement.d南部的非洲裔美國人可以投票。 ??Southern Afro-Americans can vote. 然而，種族主義在美國仍然是一個極其嚴重的社會、政治和經(jīng)濟問題。 ?However, racism is still an extremely serious social, political and economic problem in the US. 盡管美國兩次選舉巴拉克?奧巴馬(Barack Obama)為非裔美國人總統(tǒng)，這在上世紀60年代是沒有人敢相信的事情，但在他的第二個任期結(jié)束時，社會出現(xiàn)了強烈的反彈。 ?Although the United States twice elected Barack Obama, an African-American president, something that no one dreamed possible in the 1960s, at the end of his second term a backlash developed. 這表現(xiàn)在警察對非洲裔美國人的暴力行為和使他們難以或不可能投票的歧視性投票行為上。 ?This is shown in police violence against African-Americans and discriminatory voting practices, which make it difficult or impossible for them to vote. 不僅在南方，還有幾個州頒布了禁止非洲裔美國人投票的法律。 ?Several states, not only in the South, have enacted laws that keep African-Americans from voting. 在學校、州和聯(lián)邦立法機構(gòu)等機構(gòu)中，存在著持續(xù)而微妙的歧視。 ?There is a continued, subtle discrimination in institutions such as schools and state and federal legislatures. 這體現(xiàn)在州和聯(lián)邦立法機構(gòu)、法官、學校領(lǐng)導(dǎo)、商業(yè)和公司管理中，這些都是白人男性主導(dǎo)的。 ?This is shown in state and federal legislatures, judgeships, the leadership in schools, and management in business and corporations, which are all dominated by white men. 然而，與奧巴馬當選總統(tǒng)之前相比，在表演藝術(shù)、電影、報紙和雜志中出現(xiàn)的有色人種的人數(shù)要多得多。 ?There are, however, more people of color seen in the performing arts movies, newspapers and magazines in much larger numbers than before President Obama was elected.到1971年，超過60%的美國人認為越南戰(zhàn)爭是錯誤的，希望戰(zhàn)爭結(jié)束。 ?By 1971, more than 60% of people in the US thought the war in Vietnam was wrong and wanted the war to end. 1973年，美國簽署了一項和平條約。 ?In 1973, the US signed a peace treaty.婦女運動繼續(xù)為婦女爭取更多的權(quán)利和機會。 ?The women's movement continued to gain more rights and opportunities for women. 事實上，婦女運動并不是在20世紀60年代開始的，而其實是在更早的19世紀開始的。 ?In fact the women's movement didn't begin in the 1960s, but much earlier in the 19th century. 那么20世紀60年代之前發(fā)生了什么，今天美國女性的地位又發(fā)生了什么變化呢? ?So what happened before the 1960s and what is happening today in the women's status in America? 我們需要一個單獨的單元來討論這個寬泛的主題。 ?We need a separate unit for this broad subject.20世紀60年代的社會運動對人們的思維和行為方式產(chǎn)生了強烈的影響，并導(dǎo)致許多法律發(fā)生了變化。 ?The social movements of the 1960s had a strong effect on the way people think and act, and caused changes in many laws. 然而，他們希望解決的許多問題仍然是美國社會的主要問題。 ?However, many of the same problems they hoped to solve are still major problems in US society.