注：英語原文取自最古老版本的帝國(guó)時(shí)代一的幫助文件中，關(guān)于歷史的文本量相當(dāng)巨大，但在win7系統(tǒng)更新后，以win95為基礎(chǔ)的hlp文件被淘汰，如今已經(jīng)很難找到打開hlp文件的方法。如有大佬能提供支援就好了。

注：因?yàn)樵環(huán)lp文件并未隨著羅馬復(fù)興資料片的更新而更新，所以這個(gè)系列不包含新增的羅馬、迦太基、馬其頓和巴爾米拉文明。

注：因?yàn)槟甏眠h(yuǎn)（1996年左右），很多記述可能已經(jīng)與最新的考古發(fā)現(xiàn)有著顯著的差異。

注：蹩腳英語，翻譯腔，懶得潤(rùn)色的語句。

注：英語原文放在前面，漢語翻譯放在后面。

注：文件內(nèi)容為翻譯產(chǎn)物，很多內(nèi)容是歪果仁上個(gè)世紀(jì)對(duì)我國(guó)的刻板印象，請(qǐng)理性辯證看待。

更多資料：世界地理歷史小常識(shí)198——中國(guó)（CV8406346、CV8406449、CV8406487）

Shang Culture（1600BC-221AD）

China has been a mystery to much of the world since word of its existence first spread west in ancient times. It was isolated first by geography, and then by a conscious policy on the part of its rulers. It was thought to be one of the oldest civilizations but modern archaeology and research has revealed that the civilizations on Crete, in Egypt, and in Mesopotamia predate it significantly.

China encompassed a number of fertile river valleys, especially the Huang Ho (Yellow) and Yangtze, that were ideal sites for agriculture. New technologies spread gradually from the west and the first Chinese farming communities appeared along these rivers around 5000 BC. Although all ancient civilizations eventually shared a common threshold of agricultural and technological knowledge, the relative isolation of China allowed it to form a unique culture. The Chinese distinguished their civilization by being first to achieve many important advancements.

Capital

The first recognized dynasty of Chinese kings is that of the Shang, who were located in the north along the Huang Ho River. Their principal city was An-yang, southwest of modern Beijing. The Chou dynasty overthrew a decadent Shang king and ruled for 400 years from the city of Hao in the northwest province of Shensi. When barbarians from the north sacked Hao, the Chou capital was moved east to Loyang. Although the Chou dynasty soon lost control of most of China, it continued to rule a state of varying size from its central position until 221 BC. In 221 BC, China was unified by the Chin, from whom the country gets its modern name. A new capital was built at Hsien-Yang, also southwest of modern Beijing.

Rise to power

The Shang dynasty ruled over a conglomeration of northwestern Chinese feudal territories from 1766 to 1027 BC. The remainder of the country was made up of territories that the Shang could not reach or influence. In 1027 BC a particularly decadent Shang ruler lost control of the kingdom and succumbed to either revolt or the deliberate attack from the more western province of Chou. A Chou dynasty established itself and then expanded its control to the middle and southern areas of China over the next 400 years. With the help of a deposed queen, barbarians from the north invaded Chou in 722 BC and sacked the capital.

The Chou dynasty relocated further to the east but never regained its dominance. The weakening of the Chou led to the Spring and Autumn period (722 to 481 BC) that takes its name from the title of a history of the era. New feudal kingdoms emerged and fought each other for territory, strategic materials, and population centers. Warfare between the feudal territories and barbarians to the north was incessant. By 500 BC, the 200 feudal territories of China had consolidated into 20 independent states.

A peace was arranged around 540 BC at a conference instigated by smaller states that had suffered continual invasion and despoiling. Peace lasted 40 years and then hostilities resumed, setting off the age known as the Warring States (481 to 221 BC). Seven major states emerged in this period, but each was subjugated by the Chin, one after the other, beginning in 230 BC. In 221 BC Prince Cheng, the Tiger of Chin, proclaimed himself Shih Huang-ti, the first emperor of China.

Economy

Early Chinese farmers grew millet and vegetables, and kept dogs and pigs. By 4000 BC rice was being grown and became the most important food crop of Asia. By 2500 BC cattle, chickens, sheep, and goats were raised, and water buffalo were being used to pull plows and wagons.

Despite the ravages of war, the ancient Chinese economy continued to grow and improve. An elaborate road network improved communications and trade. Massive irrigation projects dammed entire rivers, breaking them into small streams that carried water over extensive plains for rice cultivation. Most impressive were canals connecting rivers or taking water into previously arid regions. The first of these was built in 486 BC to supply troops. The eventual dominance of the Chin was due in part to the rapid population growth that resulted from canal and irrigation projects that dramatically increased food production.

Bronze did not reach China until around 1500 BC, and iron followed in the sixth century BC. Another advantage of the Chin was their iron deposits and iron industry. Iron tools were more efficient and iron weapons gave their soldiers an advantage in battle. The Chinese were casting iron seventeen centuries before that technology was achieved in Europe, and iron-making was a key factor in the shaping of their society.

China was unique to the ancient world for its general lack of slavery and a large peasant class of land owners. The reasons for this are not fully understood. These two conditions probably contributed to the enormous food production and population that China supported.

Religion and culture

The religion of ancient China was dominated by ancestor worship. Kings traced their ancestry back directly to Shang-Ti, the ancestor and founder of the people, and the ruler of the natural world. Shang-Ti and deceased forebears were petitioned by sacrifices for guidance in all aspects of life. Political power was linked to the spiritual. The ruler was the Son of Heaven and ensured the welfare of the people. These ancient beliefs were modified eventually into a state religion by two competing philosophies that developed around the sixth century BC in response to growing dissatisfaction with feudalism.

The oldest of these philosophies was Taoism, based on a collection of profound sayings. Conformity to the Tao was achieved by unassertive action and simplicity. Taoism urged a return to a naturally sharing society that was cooperative, not acquisitive. A typical Taoism saying read "He who feels punctured must have been a bubble."

The second and most influential philosophy was Confucianism, a more practical and socially aware doctrine. This was a philosophy of honesty and cooperation in relationships based on loyalty to principles. Virtue was acquired by self-cultivation and self-denial. The Confucian ideal was a perfection of the human personality through sacrifice in deference to traditional values passed down from one抯 ancestors. Heaven was the reward of the dutiful descendant.

Government

The various dynasties of China ruled over a hierarchy of feudal states linked by kinship and vassalage. Feudal society was supported by peasant farmers who produced a surplus of food and provided unpaid labor.

Following the formation of the first empire in 221 BC, the long failing feudal society was replaced by a new structure. The aristocracy were only relatives of the emperor. Four classes of society were ranked below them. The shih were lesser nobility, land-owners, and scholars. The nung were the peasant farmers who paid taxes, labored on public works, and served in the armies. The kung were the artisans, and the shang were the merchants.

Architecture

Ancient Chinese architecture was concerned primarily with building walls. Walls defended villages and towns, but also divided towns into sections. Controlling access to sections of cities enhanced the power of authorities. The earliest walls were built of earth tamped down between wooden slats that held it in place. The use of earth in this manner led to two major characteristics of Chinese architecture -- walls did not usually bear loads and roofs supported generous overhangs to keep water off the walls. Walls were improved first with sun-dried bricks on their facings and then with fire-baked bricks by the end of the Warring States period.

The Great Wall of China was constructed following the unification of 221 BC for two purposes. It was intended first to keep out or discourage attacks by mounted barbarians from the north. It also was an outlet for the labor of thousands of men who had previously served in the massive armies now made unnecessary by the unification.

Military

The ancient Chinese fielded armies that at times dwarfed those seen previously in the Near and Middle East. Casualties from a battle often numbered 100,000 or more according to records well regarded today for accuracy. Professional armies were supplemented by large militia levies called up for temporary service.

The most militaristic states were those to the north and northwest who were forced to become proficient in war because of repeated attacks by mounted barbarians. Provinces in this region learned to fight large field armies from neighboring states as well as the barbarian hordes. The three dominant dynasties of ancient China originated in the northern provinces.

Chariot archers dominated the battlefields of the Bronze Age Shang era, but they were supplanted by mounted archers and large infantry armies armed with iron weapons. An early technical achievement was the crossbow, not seen elsewhere for many centuries. Crossbows were manufactured in large quantities for the arming of the militia, as well as regular troops. This fact influenced the widespread building of walls for protection. For reasons not known, armor was made predominantly of wood and bamboo.

Decline and fall

The empire established in 221 AD was further modified by the former Han dynasty up to 9 AD. In that year a usurper grabbed the throne and ruled for 16 years. Attempts to reform land ownership failed, however, and the usurper was eventually beheaded. This period makes a convenient break point in Chinese history, even though the empire continued to exist into the twentieth century AD.

Legacy

The principle legacy of ancient China was its philosophy, including the concepts of face, ancestor worship, virtue, and balance with nature (Yin-Yang), which continue to shape its culture today. The most recognizable physical legacy is the Great Wall, the only man-made object on Earth visible from space.

商文明（公元前1600~公元221年）

中國(guó)在第一次被西方所知之后就一直是一個(gè)神秘的存在，不論是因?yàn)檫b遠(yuǎn)的地理位置還是后來閉關(guān)鎖國(guó)的政策。中國(guó)被認(rèn)為是世界最古老的文明之一，與埃及、希臘克里特島和美索不達(dá)米亞的文明并列。

中國(guó)有很多肥沃的河谷，例如黃河（黃色的）和長(zhǎng)江。新技術(shù)是從中國(guó)的西部傳播進(jìn)來，約公元前5000年用于這些河谷之中。雖然所有的文明都有相同的農(nóng)業(yè)和技術(shù)門檻，但是中國(guó)因?yàn)榈乩砩系母綦x成就了一個(gè)獨(dú)特的文化。中國(guó)通過很多獨(dú)創(chuàng)的發(fā)明將自己的文明傳播到世界。

首都

中國(guó)第一個(gè)公認(rèn)的君主是在黃河之北的商王，首都位于安陽，在現(xiàn)在北京的西南。周王朝推翻了腐朽的商王，并統(tǒng)治了400多年，首都在陜西西北的鎬。北方的野蠻人攻陷鎬之后，周王朝東遷到洛陽，雖然很快失去了對(duì)土地的控制，但仍然在中原區(qū)域有一定的地盤。直到公元前221年，秦（Chin）統(tǒng)一了中國(guó)，并讓中國(guó)有了現(xiàn)在的名字。秦的首都在咸陽，也在現(xiàn)在北京的西南。

發(fā)展壯大

商王朝在公元前1766年至公元前1027年統(tǒng)治了中國(guó)西北，其余的部分由不能完全控制的領(lǐng)地所組成。公元前1027年，某個(gè)商王遭到了西部一個(gè)叫周的省份蓄意攻擊，接下來的400年里周王朝建立并擴(kuò)大了對(duì)中國(guó)中部和南部的控制。公元前722年，在一個(gè)王后的幫助下，北方的野蠻人入侵并控制了首都。周王朝遷到了東方，但失去了控制力，導(dǎo)致了春秋時(shí)代的來臨（公元前722年至公元前481年）這段時(shí)期的名字來源于后來的一本史書。新的封建王國(guó)涌現(xiàn)，并為了戰(zhàn)略資源，土地和人口互相爭(zhēng)斗。封建王國(guó)與野蠻人的爭(zhēng)斗也不間斷。最后200多個(gè)封建領(lǐng)地已經(jīng)合并為20多個(gè)封建國(guó)家。公元前540年曾經(jīng)有一段時(shí)間的和談，和平持續(xù)了40多年，之后敵對(duì)的狀態(tài)恢復(fù)，被稱為戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)代。有七個(gè)主要的國(guó)家，但最后被秦國(guó)一個(gè)接一個(gè)征服。公元前221年，王子：政，秦國(guó)的老虎，自稱為Shih Huang-ti，意思是第一個(gè)皇帝。

經(jīng)濟(jì)

最初，中國(guó)農(nóng)民種植小米和蔬菜，飼養(yǎng)狗和豬。公元前4000年，水稻成為亞洲最重要的糧食作物。公元前2500年，牛、雞、羊、山羊和水牛被馴養(yǎng)，用來拉犁和車。盡管有戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的蹂躪，中國(guó)古代的經(jīng)濟(jì)仍然持續(xù)增長(zhǎng)。完善的道路網(wǎng)絡(luò)加速了通信和貿(mào)易。大規(guī)模灌溉壩遍布整個(gè)河流，打破了只能在河流附近的平原進(jìn)行水上種植水稻的局限。最典型的是將河流引入以前干旱地區(qū)的運(yùn)河。最初建于公元前486年用于方便糧食供應(yīng)部隊(duì)。秦國(guó)正是憑借這些讓人口迅速增長(zhǎng)并最后統(tǒng)一全國(guó)。后來運(yùn)河也持續(xù)地增加糧食產(chǎn)量。

秦國(guó)的另一個(gè)優(yōu)勢(shì)是他們的鐵工業(yè)。鐵制工具更好用，鐵制武器給士兵戰(zhàn)斗中的優(yōu)勢(shì)。中國(guó)人比歐洲早十七個(gè)世紀(jì)開始鑄鐵，這是他們社會(huì)形成的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵因素。

中國(guó)有一個(gè)與眾不同的地方就是他們?nèi)狈ε`，也沒有一個(gè)大的土地?fù)碛姓?，這個(gè)現(xiàn)象的根源還未能被理解，但這可能是他們保持巨大糧食產(chǎn)量和人口的原因。

宗教文化

中國(guó)古代的宗教以祖先崇拜為主。國(guó)王的祖先就是上帝，是人民的祖先和創(chuàng)始人，是自然世界的統(tǒng)治者。上帝和已故的祖先是生活中各個(gè)方面的向?qū)А?quán)力與精神聯(lián)系在一起。統(tǒng)治者是上天的兒子，保證了人民的福利。這些古老的信仰逐漸成為一個(gè)國(guó)家的兩個(gè)相互制衡的哲學(xué)，這些理論在公元前第六世紀(jì)左右形成，用于反駁不滿封建制度的理論。

這些哲學(xué)中最古老的是道教，有著一系列深?yuàn)W的諺語。符合道的行動(dòng)應(yīng)該是堅(jiān)定的、簡(jiǎn)單的。道家主張回歸自然，共享社會(huì)，是合作的，是沒有需求的。就像典型的道教諺語說的：“一個(gè)人感覺被刺了，那一定是因?yàn)樗?jīng)是個(gè)泡泡?！?/p>

第二個(gè)最有影響的哲學(xué)就是儒家思想，是實(shí)用的社會(huì)意識(shí)的學(xué)說，給予誠(chéng)信原則的關(guān)系的合作哲學(xué)，美德通過自我修養(yǎng)和自我否定而得。儒家思想是通過犧牲和最受祖先傳承下來的價(jià)值觀而達(dá)到的完美人格的體現(xiàn)，天堂是對(duì)遵守美德的人的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。

政權(quán)

中國(guó)各朝各代都有封建統(tǒng)治著的親屬存在，得到了農(nóng)民的支持，他們生產(chǎn)了多余的食物，提供了無償?shù)膭趧?dòng)。公元前221年，新的帝國(guó)誕生，原有的結(jié)構(gòu)逐漸改變，皇帝的親戚是唯一的貴族，其他四個(gè)階級(jí)低于他們，分別是士農(nóng)工商，士是小貴族，土地的擁有者，農(nóng)是農(nóng)民，納稅并建設(shè)公共設(shè)施，必要時(shí)成為軍隊(duì)，工是工匠，商是商人。

建筑學(xué)

中國(guó)古代建筑主要是建墻，用來防衛(wèi)村鎮(zhèn)，并將其分為不同區(qū)域，控制城市的入口提高了政權(quán)力量。最早的墻使用土填在木板之間壓實(shí)而成，這種造墻方法導(dǎo)致墻的荷載降低，并且需要屋檐來擋雨。墻體使用曬干的泥土改善了這一局面，戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)期用火燒制的磚出現(xiàn)結(jié)束了這一局面。

中國(guó)的長(zhǎng)城修建于公元前221年統(tǒng)一之后，有兩個(gè)目的，首先是為了阻擋北方野蠻人的出入，其次是為了讓原來是軍隊(duì)的上千萬人的勞力有地方用。

軍事

中國(guó)派出的軍隊(duì)，有時(shí)往往比中東那些浩大的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，需要的人數(shù)更多，根據(jù)現(xiàn)在的準(zhǔn)確估計(jì)，超過了十萬，以專業(yè)軍隊(duì)為主，雇傭軍隊(duì)為輔。

最尚武的封建國(guó)家位于中國(guó)的北部和西北，最初是被迫為了防御北方的野蠻人。中國(guó)古代三大主流王朝發(fā)源于北方。青銅時(shí)代，商朝時(shí)期戰(zhàn)車弓箭手比較常見，后來逐漸被戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)期的騎射手和步兵所取代。中國(guó)最早發(fā)明了弩，比其他地區(qū)早了幾百年，弩大量用于武裝部隊(duì)，這一現(xiàn)象影響了城墻的防御，由于不知道的原因，盾牌往往由木頭或竹子制成。

衰亡

公元9年，西漢王朝被篡位者統(tǒng)治了16年，嘗試改革土地所有制失敗，篡位者被斬首。公元221年漢朝的崩潰成為一個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)。雖然中國(guó)的帝國(guó)一直存在直到20世紀(jì)初。

遺產(chǎn)

中國(guó)的主要遺產(chǎn)是哲學(xué)，包括面相，祖先崇拜，美德以及自然平衡（陰陽）。這些直到現(xiàn)在還在影響他們的文化，最容易識(shí)別的象征是長(zhǎng)城，是唯一一個(gè)在太空中肉眼可見的人造建筑。

這是帝國(guó)時(shí)代一相關(guān)文明說明文件翻譯的第（10/12）部：

1.埃及：CV13647116?

2.希臘：CV13828033

3.巴比倫：CV13907052

4.亞述：CV13984562

5.米諾斯：CV14070144

6.赫梯：CV14097823

7.腓尼基：CV14186644

8.蘇美爾：CV14251992

9.波斯：CV14307291

10.商：本篇

11.朝鮮：

12.大和：?