留學生朋友們在英文論文寫作中肯定會遇到一些需要舉例舉證的部分，尤其是在議論文中常常需要一些舉例論證。那么這篇文章就為大家解析一下六種”（such as, for example, e. g. , i. e. , etc. 和et al.）例如的用法，這些“例如”的用法雖然大體都差不多，但是還是有很多情況都容易混淆，希望留學生朋友們要引起注意，留學生圈內，眾所周知，在國外的大學對于學術成果的檢驗是很嚴格的，考官們也是很嚴謹的，所以朋友們盡量不要出現一些低級錯誤。?

1) for example

用來舉例說明,由它引出介紹普遍概念的例子,使用范圍要比such as自由。可以出現在句首、句末或有時可作為獨立語,插在句中,不影響句子其他部分的語法關系。

例如, Cryptography operations, for example, decryption or signing, in a given period only involve the corresponding temporary secret key without further access to the helper.

同樣for example ( e. g. )表示泛泛地舉幾個例子,并沒有囊括所有的實例,其中就已經包含“等等”,如果再加etc. 或and so on,就畫蛇添足了。

如論文中出現的這句話是不當的:Writing instructors focus on a number of complex skills that require extensive practice (e. g. , organization, clear expression, logical thinking, etc. 正確的為e. g. , organization, clear expression, and logical thinking.

2)such as

常列舉同類人或事物中的幾個例子。

其典型的表示式為a plural + such as + single instance( s) of the group to which the plural refers。

正確使用的是: The Arts Faculty deals only with humanities subjects such as history and literature.

混淆使用的是: The Science Faculty deals only with the measurable such as physics and seismology.

論文中常出現such as與and so on或etc. 連用, 這是不正確的。

① 如 It is noted that the features such as clean cut ratio denoted by Rc , die roll height denoted by Hdr and die roll width denoted by Wdr , and so on (有的出現etc.) , are better than the ones with the other models.

應為 It is noted that the features, such as clean cut ratio denoted by Rc , die roll height denoted by Hdr and die roll width denoted by Wdr , are better than the ones with the other models.

當使用such as時,讀者已理解后面接著的會是一些不完整的列舉,因此不需加上and so on或 etc. 等。

② 因為such as是對前面的復數名詞部分起列舉作用,若全部列舉出,要改用namely,意思為“即”。文章中出現的He knows four languages, such as Chinese, English, Japanese and German,應將such as改成namely(或i. e. )及后面加逗號, 即He knows four languages, namely, Chinese, English, Japanese and German.

③ 用such as來形容復數名詞( the plural)可以放在such與as中間,一般插在被列舉事物與前面的名詞之間。

3) e. g.

是拉丁文exempli gratia的縮寫,意思是“舉個例子,比如”,等同于“for example”,目的是用例子來說明前面的觀點,用法與for example相同。

4) i. e.

源于拉丁語,是id est的簡略形式。其意思就是“那就是說,換句話說”,等同于“that is, in other words”和“namely”,目的是用來進一步解釋前面所說的觀點。

正確的用法是Use a comma to enclose ( i. e. , both before and after) the year in a month day year sequence. 而文章中出現的這句The evaluation noted that the employee had frequently exhibited irresponsible behavior ( i. e. , coming to work late, failing to complete projects) ,應該用“e. g. ”而不是用“i. e. ”,因為插入句是對“irresponsible behavior”的列舉補充。

5) etc.

是et cetera的縮寫,意思是“等等”,相當于“and so on”?？捎脕砹信e事物,若要列舉人,則需用et al. 或用and others。

6) et al.

是拉丁文簡寫。其一為et alibi (以及其他地方) ,相當于and elsewhere;其二為et alii (以及其他人) ,相當于and others。

選自：https://www.ukassignment.org/lxslw/24326.html