【簡(jiǎn)譯】腓立比 (Philippi)
Philippi was an important city in eastern Macedon which flourished in the Hellenistic, Roman, and Byzantine Periods. Situated between the Strymon and Nestos rivers, the city was valued in antiquity for its nearby gold mines. Site of the famous Battle of Philippi at the end of the Roman Republic, the city prospered in the Roman imperial era and, after a visit from St. Paul, became an important centre of early Christianity. Philippi continued to flourish as a major Byzantine city. Today the archaeological site has substantial remains including a theatre and four basilicas. Philippi is listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.
? ? ? ? ? 腓立比是馬其頓東部一座重要的城市，在希臘化、羅馬和拜占庭時(shí)期都很繁榮。該城位于斯特里蒙河和奈斯托斯河之間，在古代因附近有金礦而受到重視。羅馬共和國(guó)末期著名的腓立比戰(zhàn)役就發(fā)生在這里，該城在羅馬帝國(guó)時(shí)代繁榮昌盛，在圣保羅訪問后，成為早期基督教的一個(gè)重要中心。腓立比作為拜占庭的主要城市繼續(xù)蓬勃發(fā)展。如今，該考古遺址擁有大量的遺跡，包括一座劇院和四座大教堂。腓立比被聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織列為世界文化遺產(chǎn)。
希臘化時(shí)期
According to tradition, the city, under its first name of Crenides (or Datum), was founded c. 360 BCE by settlers from nearby Thasos who were led by the Athenian Kallistratos. There is no archaeological evidence of a significant settlement prior to the 4th century BCE but there had been small communities in the area since Neolithic times as attested by local rock art.
? ? ? ? ? ?根據(jù)傳統(tǒng)，這個(gè)城市的第一個(gè)名字是Crenides（或Datum），是由雅典人卡利斯特拉圖斯領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的來自附近薩索斯島的定居者于公元前360年左右建立的。沒有任何考古證據(jù)表明公元前 4 世紀(jì)之前這里有重要的定居點(diǎn)，但當(dāng)?shù)貛r石藝術(shù)證明，自新石器時(shí)代以來，該地區(qū)就存在小型社區(qū)。
When Krenides was attacked by Thracians the inhabitants looked to Philip II of Macedon for protection. Philip, no doubt with an eye on the wealth of the local gold mines, responded by taking the city and renaming it Philippi (or Philippoi), after himself, in c. 357 BCE. Fortifications and a theatre were amongst the architectural additions made under Philip's reign and he also drained the surrounding swamps. The city maintained its independence but to ensure continued loyalty from this new asset a number of Macedonians were permanently relocated to the city. According to the ancient historian Diodorus, the mines near Philippi produced a very respectable 1,000 talents each year.
? ? ? ? ? 當(dāng)克雷尼德斯遭到色雷斯人的攻擊時(shí)，居民們向馬其頓的腓力二世尋求庇護(hù)。腓力無疑是看中了當(dāng)?shù)氐慕鸬V，在公元前357年左右占領(lǐng)了該城，并以自己的名字重新命名為腓立比（或Philippoi）。在腓力二世的統(tǒng)治下，該城修建了防御工事和劇院，他還疏通了周圍的沼澤地。這座城市保持了獨(dú)立，但為了確保這個(gè)新資產(chǎn)的持續(xù)忠誠(chéng)度，許多馬其頓人永久遷移到該城市。根據(jù)古代歷史學(xué)家狄奧多羅斯的說法，腓立比附近的礦場(chǎng)每年保持有1000多人在挖礦，非?？捎^。
Following the death of Alexander and the subsequent Successor Wars, Phillipi was much sought after for its gold and convenient harbour, Neapolis (modern Kavala) but continued to act as an independent city under the Antigonid regime. This is attested in a decree found on Kos which dates to 243 BCE and which grants the island's sanctuary to Hera the right of asylum.
? ? ? ? ? 在亞歷山大去世和隨后的繼承者戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)之后，腓力比因其黃金和便利的港口納波利斯（現(xiàn)代卡瓦拉）而備受追捧，但在安提柯政權(quán)下繼續(xù)充當(dāng)獨(dú)立城市。在科斯島發(fā)現(xiàn)的一項(xiàng)法令證明了這一點(diǎn)，該法令可以追溯到公元前243年，該法令授予薩摩斯島避難所的庇護(hù)權(quán)。
羅馬時(shí)期
When the Romans defeated the Macedon king at the Battle of Pydna in 168 BCE, they divided Macedonia into four administrative districts. Philippi is not mentioned specifically but it is assumed it was in the first zone, the prima regio. In 146 BCE Macedon became a single Roman province and Philippi one of its prominent centres. The city benefitted greatly from the construction of the via Egnatia, the major road which connected the area to the Adriatic in the south and the Dardanelles in the north. A well-planned forum was built, along with a basilica, and a commercial street joined the heart of the city to the via Egnatia.
? ? ? ? ? 公元前168年，羅馬人在彼得那戰(zhàn)役中打敗了馬其頓國(guó)王，他們將馬其頓分為四個(gè)行政區(qū)。腓立比沒有被具體提及，但可以推測(cè)它位于第一區(qū)，即第一行政區(qū)。公元前146年，馬其頓成為羅馬的一個(gè)行省，腓立比成為其重要的中心之一。該市受益于艾格納提亞大道的建設(shè)，這是連接該地區(qū)南部與亞得里亞海和北部達(dá)達(dá)尼爾海峽的主要道路。一個(gè)精心規(guī)劃的廣場(chǎng)和一座大教堂一起建成，一條商業(yè)街將城市中心與艾格納提亞大道連接起來。
In 42 BCE the city famously gave its name to the battle which saw Mark Antony and Octavian gain revenge on Julius Caesar's assassins, Brutus and Cassius. The battle had involved the largest number of troops in Roman warfare up to that point. 19 legions of 110,000 men on the Triumvirate side faced 17 Republican legions of 90,000 men, and the result was 40,000 casualties and another nail in the coffin of the Republic.
? ? ? ? ? 公元前 42 年，這座城市因馬克·安東尼和屋大維向刺殺尤利烏斯·凱撒的刺客布魯圖斯和卡西烏斯復(fù)仇的一場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)役而得名。這場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)斗是迄今為止羅馬戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中軍隊(duì)人數(shù)最多的一次。三巨頭一方的19個(gè)軍團(tuán)共11萬人面對(duì)17個(gè)共和國(guó)軍團(tuán)共9萬人，結(jié)果是4萬人傷亡，共和國(guó)的棺材上又釘上了一顆釘子。
Philippi then became a Roman colony settled by army veterans and produced its own coinage. When Octavian defeated Mark Antony at the Battle of Actium in 31 BCE, the city received another influx of new residents, this time settlers who had lost their land during reforms in Italy. From 27 BCE the city gained the honorary title of Colonia Iulia Augusta Philippensis.
? ? ? ? ? 腓立比隨后成為退伍軍人定居的羅馬殖民地，并生產(chǎn)自己的貨幣。公元前31年，屋大維在阿克提姆戰(zhàn)役（亞克興戰(zhàn)役）中擊敗了馬克·安東尼，該城又有新的居民涌入，這次是在意大利改革中失去土地的定居者。從公元前27年起，該城獲得了Colonia Iulia Augusta Philippensis的榮譽(yù)稱號(hào)。
The first Christian church in Europe was founded at Philippi (built on top of a tomb of a Hellenistic hero) which had become an important early Christian centre following a visit to the city by Paul the Apostle in 49 CE. Lydia was notable as the first European to be baptized there. In the following centuries Philippi flourished and benefitted from an extensive building programme. In Late Antiquity Philippi was a prominent city in the Eastern Empire and an episcopal seat. Once more the city's urban landscape evolved to include large churches, towered buildings, and new city walls.
? ? ? ? ? 歐洲第一座基督教教堂建于腓立比（建在一位希臘化時(shí)代的英雄的墳?zāi)鬼斏希谑雇奖Ａ_于公元49年訪問該城之后，該城成為重要的早期基督教中心。呂底亞是第一個(gè)在那里受洗的歐洲人，這一點(diǎn)值得注意。在接下來的幾個(gè)世紀(jì)里，腓立比繁榮并受益于廣泛的建筑計(jì)劃。在古代晚期，腓立比是東羅馬帝國(guó)的一座著名城市和主教所在地。這座城市的城市景觀再次演變?yōu)榘ù笮徒烫?、高聳的塔樓和新城墻?/strong>
考古遺跡
Portions of the city's fortifications, built by Philip and employing large marble blocks, are still visible today. The walls originally encircled the city and joined the nearby hill which protrudes from Mt. Orvelos. The ancient fortified acropolis was built on top of this hill and a square tower from the Byzantine period, built during the reign of Justinian I (527 to 565 CE), still stands there. The city's outer fortifications had square towers built at intervals and gates gave access to the city, three of which survive today. The eastern Naples Gate, which led to the port of Neapolis, has a tower on each side.
? ? ? ? ? 這座城市的部分防御工事是由馬其頓的腓力二世采用大型大理石塊建造的，至今仍然清晰可見。城墻最初環(huán)繞著城市，并與附近從奧維洛斯山突出的山丘相連。這座山頂上建有古老的防御衛(wèi)城，查士丁尼一世統(tǒng)治時(shí)期（公元 527 年至 565 年）建造的拜占庭時(shí)期的方塔至今仍矗立在那里。城市的外圍防御工事每隔一段距離就建有方形塔樓，并有通往城市的大門，其中三座至今仍存。東部的那不勒斯門通向納波利斯港，兩側(cè)各有一座塔樓。
The 4th-century BCE theatre built by Philip II, one of the largest built in Greece, has been excavated and been partially reconstructed. The forum, built around a central square, can be seen today, as can four support pillars of its basilica (Basilica B) built c. 550 CE and which had three aisles and a dome. A curiosity is the so-called 'cell of St. Paul' where it is claimed the apostle was imprisoned but it is, in fact, an old water cistern which was subsequently converted into a cult shrine. On the other side of the via Egnatia, opposite the forum and reached by a monumental staircase, was another basilica (known simply as Basilica A) which was constructed in the 5th century CE. Measuring 130 x 50 metres and having three aisles, it was the largest basilica built in that period.
? ? ? ? ? 公元前4世紀(jì)由腓力二世建造的劇院，是希臘最大的劇院之一，已被挖掘并部分重建。今天可以看到圍繞中央廣場(chǎng)建造的論壇，以及建于公元550年的大教堂（Basilica B）的四根支撐柱，它有三個(gè)過道和一個(gè)穹頂。令人好奇的是所謂的“圣保羅牢房”，據(jù)說使徒曾被囚禁在那里，但事實(shí)上，它是一個(gè)古老的蓄水池，后來被改造成一個(gè)崇拜的圣地。在艾格納提亞大道的另一邊，廣場(chǎng)對(duì)面，通過一個(gè)巨大的樓梯即可到達(dá)，是另一座建于公元 5 世紀(jì)的大教堂（簡(jiǎn)稱為大教堂 A）。它的尺寸為130×50米，有三個(gè)過道，是那個(gè)時(shí)期建造的最大的大教堂。
Finally, the small first Christian church has a surviving mosaic floor with an inscription indicating that the church was dedicated to St. Paul. The church was replaced by a larger octagonal one, built on the same site c. 400 CE. This new building had a double colonnade inside and a pyramid roof but was altered some 50 years later to take on a square form. The area around the church was made into an enclosure with stoas (colonnaded halls), accommodation for pilgrims, a large two-storey bishopric building for priests, and a monumental gate leading to the via Egnatia.
? ? ? ? ? 最后，這座小型的歐洲第一座基督教教堂有一塊現(xiàn)存的馬賽克地板，上面的銘文表明該教堂是獻(xiàn)給圣保羅的。教堂被一個(gè)更大的八角形教堂所取代，該教堂大約于公元400年建在同一地點(diǎn)。這座新的建筑內(nèi)部有一個(gè)雙柱廊和一個(gè)金字塔形屋頂，但在大約50年后被改建成了方形。堂周圍的區(qū)域被圍成一個(gè)圍墻，內(nèi)有柱廊（柱廊）、朝圣者的住處、一座供牧師使用的大型兩層主教大樓，以及通往艾格納提亞大道的紀(jì)念性大門。
參考書目：
Ananiadis, D. Ancient Greece - Temples & Sanctuaries. Toubis Editions, 2016.
Bagnall, R. et al. The Encyclopedia of Ancient History. Wiley-Blackwell, 2012
Hornblower, S. The Oxford Classical Dictionary. Oxford University Press, 2012.
Kinzl, H. A Companion to the Classical Greek World. Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.
原文作者：Mark Cartwright
????????? 駐意大利的歷史作家。他的主要興趣包括陶瓷、建筑、世界神話和發(fā)現(xiàn)所有文明的共同思想。他擁有政治哲學(xué)碩士學(xué)位，是《世界歷史百科全書》的出版總監(jiān)。
原文網(wǎng)址：https://www.worldhistory.org/Philippi/
