Questions 1 and 2 are based on this passage.?

Sciences/ecology

bird population / cattle and buffalo / grazing animals

保護(hù)區(qū)鳥類數(shù)量下降

①In the late 1970s, bird populations were found to be declining in India’s Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary in?Rajasthan.?②Grazing cattle and buffalo were the suspected culprits: they were entering the preserve in sufficient numbers to disrupt what was believed to be an otherwise balanced ecosystem. ③Accordingly, grazing was banned in Bharatpur. ④Yet by the mid-1980s, studies found that bird diversity within the preserve had declined further since the ban, and it continued to plummet.?⑤The absence of grazing animals, it turns out, had disturbed the park’s ecology. ⑥Weed species were taking over wetlands and choking canals, thereby reducing the fish populations that had once attracted so many birds, and avian species then went elsewhere in search of more?suitable nesting places.

1970 年代后期，印度拉賈斯坦邦的巴拉特普爾鳥類保護(hù)區(qū)的鳥類數(shù)量正在下降。牛被認(rèn)為是罪魁禍?zhǔn)祝核鼈冞M(jìn)入保護(hù)區(qū)破壞了原本被認(rèn)為是平衡的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。 因此，巴拉特普爾禁止放牧。 然而，到 1980 年代中期，研究發(fā)現(xiàn)保護(hù)區(qū)內(nèi)的鳥類多樣性自禁令以來進(jìn)一步下降，并且繼續(xù)直線下降。 事實(shí)證明，食草動(dòng)物的缺失擾亂了公園的生態(tài)。 雜草占據(jù)了濕地并堵塞了運(yùn)河，從而減少了曾經(jīng)吸引如此多鳥類的魚，鳥類就到其他地方尋找更合適的筑巢地了。

1. The passage suggests which of the following about the “fish populations”?

細(xì)節(jié)題 推斷題 易

B

A. They were more diverse in the late 1970s than observers recognized at the time. 沒有提及1970s研究者認(rèn)為的魚類種類。

B. They were more adversely affected by the growth of vegetation after the ban on grazing than by avian?predation. 符合

C. They required a habitat that could not be sustained without measures to limit animal grazing. 它們需要一個(gè)沒有動(dòng)物放牧的限制措施就無法維持的棲息地。這句話不太像人話。其實(shí)就是魚類棲息地需要有放牧限制。相反。有限制就有多余的草，魚也不好活。

D. They proliferated following changes to Bharatpur’s ecosystem introduced by the ban on grazing. 相反。

E. They migrated to habitats that were inhospitable to grazing cattle and buffalo. 沒有證據(jù)。

2. Which of the following statements, if true, would best explain the changes in "Weed species"?

細(xì)節(jié)題 加強(qiáng)題 易

提供額外的證據(jù)可以加強(qiáng)。

C

A. The species were not native to Bharatpur but spread rapidly once they were introduced. 沒有證據(jù)。不知道是不是外來物種。

B. The species had been kept in check by the large avian populations that once nested in Bharatpur. 草被鳥控制。沒有證據(jù)

C. The species were among the preferred forage plants grazed on by cattle and buffalo. 可以。

D. The species were necessary for maintaining suitable habitats for fish populations in Bharatpur's?wetlands. 相反。

E. The species were unable to tolerate changing water conditions in the canals of Bharatpur. 沒有water conditions的證據(jù)?

Questions 3 to 5 are based on this passage

Arts/history

Ringstrasse / working class / political federalism / middle classes /?

維也納的環(huán)形大道

①Vienna's Ringstrasse district, erected between 1860 and 1890 amidst the sedate structures of the old?imperial capital, was conceived during an era of marked political federalism, in part as a monument to the working classes.?②In this carefully plotted redevelopment, planners concentrated a complex of boldly designed?buildings?museums, theaters, government buildings?and expensive apartments for the newly affluent middle?classes. ③Conspicuously missing from this model city-within-a-city, however, was any place designed specifically?for use by the industrial workers to whom it was nominally dedicated.

①Not surprisingly, then, the Ringstrasse was from its beginning a subject of controversy. ②Historian Heinrich?Friedjung viewed the redevelopment as proof that power had finally passed from aristocracy to the bourgeoisie. ③His contemporary, architect Adolph Loos, saw the Ringstrasse not as a symbol of a fuller life for the ascendant middle classes, but as a false front, screening the hypocrisy of a society whose dedication to its working classes?was only superficial.

建于 1860 年至 1890 年間，位于舊帝國首都的沉悶建筑中的維也納環(huán)形大道，被視為政治聯(lián)邦制時(shí)代工人階級(jí)的紀(jì)念碑。在這個(gè)精心策劃的重建項(xiàng)目中，規(guī)劃者設(shè)計(jì)了一個(gè)大膽的建筑群——博物館、劇院、政府大樓——以及為新興的中產(chǎn)階級(jí)提供的昂貴公寓。然而，在這個(gè)模范城中城中，明顯缺少的是他們聲稱專門供工人使用而設(shè)計(jì)的地方。

毫不奇怪，環(huán)形大道從一開始就頗具爭議。歷史學(xué)家海因里?！じダ锏氯荩℉einrich Friedjung）將重建視為權(quán)力最終從貴族手中轉(zhuǎn)移到中產(chǎn)階級(jí)手中的證據(jù)。與他同時(shí)代的建筑師阿道夫·盧斯（Adolph Loos）并不認(rèn)為環(huán)形大道是上升中產(chǎn)階級(jí)更充實(shí)生活的象征，而是作為一個(gè)虛假的表面，掩飾了一個(gè)只是表面上尊重工人階級(jí)的社會(huì)的虛偽。

3. According to the passage, which of the following inconsistencies formed the basis of Adolph?Loos's objections to the Ringstrasse district?

細(xì)節(jié)題 易

AL認(rèn)為環(huán)形大道是虛偽的，在文中找到表現(xiàn)這種虛偽的證據(jù)即可。來自一段最后一句。

B

A. Though nominally intended for use by the working classes, the Ringstrasse was in fact available only?to the old imperial aristocracy. 后半句沒有證據(jù)。

B. Though the Ringstrasse was nominally dedicated to the working classes, their interests were not?reflected in its design. 確實(shí)

C. Though superficially attractive, the Ringstrasse had a distinct element of tawdriness. 沒有tawdriness的證據(jù)

D. Though constructed in the midst of the old imperial capital, the Ringstrasse served as an unfortunate?symbol of the ascendancy of the bourgeoisie. 相反

E. Though well intentioned in its political aims, the Ringstrasse redevelopment was too small to effect?any real change in Viennese society. 沒有證據(jù)

4. Which of the following statements about the redevelopment of the Ringstrasse district can be?inferred from the passage?

細(xì)節(jié)題 推斷題 易

D

A. It provoked controversy between architectural traditionalists and architectural innovators. 沒有這個(gè)controversy的證據(jù)

B. It provoked controversy between political liberals and political aristocracy. 沒有證據(jù)

C. Its artificiality alienated both the working classes and the aristocracy. 沒有證據(jù)

D. It did not include residences that were affordable for industrial workers of the time. 符合

E. It did not represent a marked stylistic departure from the city's older buildings. 沒有證據(jù)

5. The author of the passage most probably cites Heinrich Friedjung in order to

功能題 目的題 易

二段的兩個(gè)人都是為了說明環(huán)形大道的爭議性的。HF是正方。

C

A. present the view of the Ringstrasse held by the Viennese working classes 沒有證據(jù)。不知道他是否能夠代表工人階級(jí)。

B. provide support for the interpretation of the Ringstrasse that prevails today 沒有prevails today的證據(jù)

C. help illustrate the divergence of nineteenth-century opinions about the Ringstrasse 符合

D. argue for the idea that architecture can be discussed in symbolic terms 沒有證據(jù)

E. demonstrate the fact that historians engage in debate as often as do architects 沒有證據(jù)

生詞摘錄：

tawdriness 庸俗，俗麗而不值錢

背景拓展：

Question 6 is based on this passage

Sciences

enbargo / fungus / fruit

水果禁運(yùn)防止真菌傳播

Partha’s five-year-old embargo on the importation of fruit from Vallone was intended to keep a fungus?from being accidentally brought into Partha. The fungus was nevertheless discovered to be present in Partha about a year ago. At about that time, it was also discovered in neighboring Morland. Clearly, what must have happened is that Vallonean fruit exporters circumvented the embargo by exporting fruit to Morland and then?reexporting it from there to Partha.?

P五年不從?Vallone 進(jìn)口水果為了防止真菌被意外帶入 。 然而大約一年前，人們還是在P發(fā)現(xiàn)這種真菌。 大約在那個(gè)時(shí)候，旁邊的M也有真菌。 顯然，一定是瓦隆尼水果出口商繞過禁運(yùn)，將水果出口到Morland，然后再從那里出口到Partha。

6. Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?

邏輯單題 邏輯反對(duì) 易

有他因。M搞不好還是P傳染的呢。

B

A. Morland’s annual crop fruit is just large enough to support its own domestic marker adequately. 也就是想說，M自己種的水果剛夠吃，自己水果不出口。那又不影響從V來的水果出口。不能削弱。

B. The fungus colonies discovered in Partha and in Morland with a distinct strain that has never been?found to occur in Vallone. 你這倆地兒的真菌都跟我V沒關(guān)系啊。可以削弱

C. The yields from Vallonean fruit crops have been well below normal in the last two years because of?unexpected late frosts. 自己收成少了，就不能出口了么。不能削弱。

D. The fungus had been only a minor nuisance in Vallone until Vallone’s Great Valley was converted,?about ten years ago, into a major fruit-growing area. 你想表達(dá)什么。。

E. Partha’s embargo on Vallonean fruit was put in place after Parthan fruit growers had suffered losses?because of accidentally imported insect pests. 禁令在P遭受蟲災(zāi)之后生效。那跟我V也沒關(guān)系咯。

Questions 7 to 9 are based on this passage

Sciences/geology

erosion and deposition / surface water / faint yound Sun paradox / greenhouse gases

太古時(shí)期溫室氣體使地球表面有液態(tài)水

①The Isua rock formations in southwestern Greenland, which formed 3.8 to 3.7 billion years ago, include a?variety of sedimentary rocks, which are records of?erosion and deposition by surface water. ②Their testimony?to abundant water at Earth's surface 3.8 billion years ago would seem to be at odds with models of stellar?evolution, which predict that our Sun,?a yellow dwarf?star, would have been about 30% less luminous than it is today.?③With so much less incoming solar energy, any water on Earth should have been frozen. ④This is the?faint young Sun?paradox first recognized by astrophysicist Carl Sagan in 1972.?⑤Although there have been many creative proposals about how to?reconcile?this apparent contradiction between astrophysical theory and the rock?record,?the prevailing view?is that an atmosphere dominated by greenhouse gases could have compensated for the dimmer Sun and made the early Earth's climate clement enough to keep ancient rivers rolling down to an open sea. ⑥Based on the atmospheres of neighboring Venus and Mars--the lingering breath of volcanoes--carbon dioxide (CO2) and water vapor are likely to have been the primary heat-trapping gases, although methane, ethane, nitrogen, ammonia, and other compounds may also have acted as additional blankets that kept the?Archean world warm.

格陵蘭島西南部的伊蘇阿巖層形成于 38?至 37 億年前，包括各種沉積巖，是地表水侵蝕和沉積的記錄。它們表明?38 億年前地球表面有大量的水似乎與恒星演化模型不一致，因?yàn)楫?dāng)時(shí)我們的太陽，一顆黃矮星，比今天的亮度要低 30%。由于傳入的太陽能如此之少，地球上的任何水都應(yīng)該被凍結(jié)。這就是 1972 年天體物理學(xué)家卡爾·薩根首次發(fā)現(xiàn)的弱太陽悖論。盡管有很多可以調(diào)和天體物理學(xué)理論與巖石記錄之間明顯矛盾的創(chuàng)見，但普遍的觀點(diǎn)是，大氣層中的溫室氣體可能補(bǔ)償了較暗的太陽，并使早期地球的氣候變得溫暖，足以讓古老的河流流向大海。根據(jù)鄰近的金星和火星的大氣——火山長期的噴發(fā)——二氧化碳（CO2）和水蒸氣可能是主要的溫室氣體，盡管甲烷、乙烷、氮?dú)?、氨和其他化合物同時(shí)使太古宙世界保持溫暖。

7. The passage is primarily concerned with

功能題 主旨題 易

文章在討論地球早期在太陽能量不足的時(shí)候地球表面是否可能有地表水。屬于現(xiàn)象解釋類文章。

C

A. chronicling a long-standing debate within the scientific community 沒有chronicling的證據(jù)

B. discussing new evidence that challenges a widely accepted scientific theory 不是駁論文，沒有反駁什么觀點(diǎn)

C. presenting a possible explanation for an apparent scientific inconsistency 符合

D. evaluating two popular arguments aimed at settling an important scientific dispute 沒有two popular的證據(jù)

E. illustrating how a recent observation has sparked a new scientific debate 沒有recent和new debate的證據(jù)

8. The reference to “erosion and deposition by surface water” serves to?

功能題 目的題 難

給出現(xiàn)象產(chǎn)生的原因，解釋這些石層是怎么產(chǎn)生的。

E

A. underscore the extent of time required for the Isua rock formations to take shape 沒有time的證據(jù)

B. justify a contested date for the formation of certain geological features in Greenland 沒有date的證據(jù)

C. explain the process by which sedimentary and other classes of rocks are formed 強(qiáng)干擾項(xiàng)。解釋不了other classes of rocks.只能解釋sedimentary

D. emphasize that the formation of the Isua rocks was influenced more by subtractive processes than by?additive ones 強(qiáng)調(diào)伊蘇瓦巖的形成更多地受到減法作用的影響，而不是加法作用的影響。沒有證據(jù)

E. describe an empirical finding that supports a claim about surface temperatures on Earth 3.8 billion?years ago 符合。整篇文章都在論述當(dāng)時(shí)地球應(yīng)該足夠溫暖從而有液態(tài)水的存在。

9. The author's assertion in the final sentence about "carbon dioxide" (CO2) and water vapor" relies?on which of the following assumptions?

細(xì)節(jié)題 加強(qiáng)題 易

D

A. The rates at which?CO2?and water vapor were released into the atmosphere 3.8 billion years ago were?comparable. 這兩種氣體釋放的速率一不一致無所謂。

B. Methane and other compounds trap as much heat as?CO2?and water vapor. 能不能夠吸收相同的熱量也無所謂。只要能吸收足夠熱量就行了。

C. Volcanic activity is the exclusive source of?CO2?and water vapor in planetary atmospheres. 這個(gè)不一定。只要有這些氣體就行了，不一定非得是來自火山。

D. The composition of Earth's atmosphere 3.8 to 3.7 billion years ago was similar to that of its?neighboring planets. 這個(gè)需要，不然就不能類比了~

E. There are significant continuities between the Earth's present atmosphere and its atmosphere 3.8 to?3.7 million years ago.? 跟現(xiàn)在大氣沒關(guān)系。

生詞摘錄：

clement?/?klem?nt/

溫暖的，溫和的；仁慈的，寬厚的