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【簡譯】古羅馬城內(nèi)的消防與警務(wù)隊伍——警備隊 (Vigiles)

2022-11-07 11:08 作者:神尾智代 0人讀過 | 我要投稿

The vigiles (or cohortes vigilum) were formed during the reign of Augustus to act as ancient Rome's permanent firefighting service. Evolving from earlier slave teams, the vigiles were organised as an urban military unit and eventually recruits came from the Roman citizenry. The body, with a permanent camp of its own and equipment stations dotted around the city, patrolled the streets of Rome each night and also performed certain nocturnal policing duties to ensure public order.

? ? ? ? ? 警備隊（或稱守夜人隊）是在奧古斯都統(tǒng)治時期成立的，他們?yōu)楣帕_馬的城市消防服務(wù)。他們早期是由被釋放的奴隸自由民組成，后來逐漸發(fā)展為一個城市常備軍事單位，組成人員也變?yōu)榱_馬市民。該隊伍擁有自己的常備營地和遍布城市的哨所，夜間在羅馬的街道上巡邏，并執(zhí)行某些夜間治安任務(wù)以確保公共秩序穩(wěn)定。

演? ? ?變

The vigiles were created by Augustus in 6 CE to meet the high risk of fires in the capital presented by its high population density and widespread use of wooden housing and other buildings which had timber parts. It was not the first time such a force had been created for the avaricious Marcus Licinius Crassus, one of Rome's all-time richest men, had spotted the chance of making money by offering low prices for burning buildings and then having his team of slaves extinguish the fire so that it could be saved for redevelopment. If the property owner refused Crassus' offer, then the fire was left to rage on unabated.

? ? ? ? ? 警備隊是奧古斯都在公元6年創(chuàng)建的，以應(yīng)對首都人口密度高、廣泛使用木制住房和其他有木材部分的建筑物所帶來的火災(zāi)風(fēng)險。這并不是第一次建立這樣的部隊，因為貪婪的馬庫斯·李錫尼·克拉蘇（羅馬有史以來最富有的人之一）發(fā)現(xiàn)了通過為燃燒的建筑物提供低價而賺錢的機(jī)會，然后讓他的奴隸團(tuán)隊將火撲滅，這樣就可以為重新開發(fā)節(jié)省資金。如果業(yè)主拒絕克拉蘇的報價，那么克拉蘇就會讓火繼續(xù)燃燒而不去撲滅。

The next step towards a proper fire service was taken by the aedile Egnatius Rufus who, like Crassus, created a force of slaves to put out fires but, unlike Crassus, seems to have been more motivated by issues of public safety. He may have sought political cachet from his creation, but it did not do him much good as the Senate later dealt him the death sentence for conspiring against the state. Another idea to protect the city, particularly at night, was the creation of the tresviri nocturni - three magistrates set on night watch. Yet again, this trio's workforce was composed of slaves, and it was their duty to prevent any disturbances in the city. Some wealthy private individuals even formed their own personal fire brigades, though, such was the need for a larger ever-present response team to fires.

? ? ? ? ? 埃格內(nèi)修斯·魯弗斯（Egnatius Rufus）在建立適當(dāng)?shù)南婪?wù)方面邁出了下一步，他和克拉蘇一樣，建立了一支由奴隸組成的救火隊伍，但與克拉蘇不同的是，他似乎是出于對公共安全問題的考慮才這樣做的。他可能從他的創(chuàng)造中尋求政治上的好處，但這對他沒有什么好處，因為元老院后來以陰謀反對國家的罪名判處他死刑。另一個保護(hù)城市的想法，特別是在夜間，是設(shè)立了tresviri nocturni——三個負(fù)責(zé)夜間值班的治安法官。同樣，這個三人組的勞動力也是由奴隸組成的，他們的職責(zé)是防止城市中出現(xiàn)任何騷亂。一些富有的市民甚至組建了自己的私人消防隊，盡管如此，城市也很有必要維持一支常備消防隊。

C. 21 BCE Augustus took matters in hand and reorganised what was left of Rufus' slaves, creating a force of 600 slaves to fight fires if and when they arose. The aediles were put in charge of this new force, but they seem to have been ineffectual for, following serious fires in 7 BCE, Augustus reorganised them again. This time the force was split to cover 14 zones, each further divided into vici. Thus, each of the 265 vici had its own designated group of firefighting public slaves commanded by the viciomagister. This was an improvement on the previous system, but there remained problems with coordination between different vici. This led to Augustus finally creating a single force, the vigiles.

? ? ? ? ? ?公元前21年，奧古斯都接手此事，他重組了魯弗斯剩下的奴隸，建立了一支由600名奴隸組成的部隊，在火災(zāi)發(fā)生時負(fù)責(zé)滅火。市政官被安排負(fù)責(zé)這支新的部隊，但他們似乎效率低下，因為在公元7年發(fā)生嚴(yán)重火災(zāi)后，奧古斯都再次重組了他們。這一次，部隊被劃分覆蓋14個區(qū)域，每個區(qū)域又被劃分為小區(qū)域。因此，265個區(qū)中的每個區(qū)都有自己指定的消防小組，由viciomagister指揮。這是對以前系統(tǒng)的一個改進(jìn)，但不同小區(qū)域之間的協(xié)調(diào)仍然存在問題。這導(dǎo)致奧古斯都最終創(chuàng)建了一支單一的部隊——警備隊（守夜人隊）。

組織與職責(zé)

The vigiles were composed of freedmen, with officers coming from the army. They were organised into seven 1000-man cohorts (although perhaps initially only half this number), each led by an equestrian tribune. Each cohort was divided into seven units led by a centurion. The entire force was commanded by an equestrian prefect, the Praefectus Vigilum. In the reign of Tiberius (14-37 CE) the term of service for vigiles was set at six years, after which they could claim Roman citizenship. During the reign of Trajan (98-117 CE) the prefect was given a sub-prefect as his second-in-command. Eventually, the term of service in the vigiles was reduced to a mere three years and the force began to attract citizens leading to an expansion under Septimius Severus (r. 193-211 CE).

? ? ? ? ? 警備隊是由自由人組成的，其軍官來自軍隊。他們被組織成七個1000人的隊列（盡管最初可能只有這個數(shù)字的一半），每個隊列由一個軍事護(hù)民官領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。每個隊列又分為七個單位，由一個百夫長領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。整個部隊由一名護(hù)民官，即警備隊長（Praefectus Vigilum）負(fù)責(zé)指揮。在提比略統(tǒng)治時期（公元14-37年），警備隊的服務(wù)期限被設(shè)定為六年，之后他們可以申請羅馬公民身份。在圖拉真統(tǒng)治時期（公元98-117年），護(hù)民官配有一個副護(hù)民官作為二把手。在某些時候，警備隊的服役期被縮短到僅為三年，這支部隊開始受公民歡迎，并在塞普蒂米烏斯·塞維魯（Septimius Severus，公元193-211年）時期得到擴(kuò)張。

The 14 zones of the city of Rome were assigned so that each cohort was responsible for fires in two zones. The vigiles had their own camp built in the city while firefighting equipment was kept in each zone in a designated storage facility known as the excubitorium. Here too, a small number of the cohort was stationed on a permanent basis, presumably on rotation. The vigiles patrolled the city each night, literally earning their name and keeping a vigil for any outbreaks of fire. Another duty was to arrest anyone out on the streets at night and looking suspicious. Anyone arrested was taken to the city prefect, the commander of the city's urban cohorts, for judgement.

? ? ? ? ? ?羅馬市的 14 個區(qū)域以這樣的方式進(jìn)行分配，每個隊列負(fù)責(zé)兩個區(qū)域的火災(zāi)。警備隊在城市中有自己的營地，而消防設(shè)備則存放在每個區(qū)的一個被稱為excubitorium的指定儲存設(shè)施中。有少量的部隊長期駐扎，估計是輪流駐扎。警備隊每晚都會在城市里巡邏，并對任何火災(zāi)保持警惕。他們另一項職責(zé)是逮捕任何夜間在街上出現(xiàn)的可疑人物。被逮捕的人都會被帶到城市長官那里，也就是城市的指揮官那，接受審判。

Although officers of the vigiles, particularly centurions and prefects, often rose to take on roles in the more prestigious urban cohorts and Praetorian Guard, Rome's other military organisations, Roman historians such as Tacitus did not consider the vigiles as fighting soldiers. Having said that, in the crises of the 69 CE and 193 CE civil wars, they did see military action. In the 4th century CE, the vigiles were disbanded and replaced by specialised guilds responsible for firefighting.

? ? ? ? ? 盡管警備隊的官員，特別是百夫長和護(hù)民官，經(jīng)常在更有聲望的城市隊列和禁衛(wèi)軍（羅馬的其他軍事組織）中擔(dān)任職務(wù)，但塔西佗等羅馬歷史學(xué)家并不認(rèn)為警備隊是作戰(zhàn)士兵。然而，在公元69年和193年的內(nèi)戰(zhàn)危機(jī)中，他們確實參與了軍事行動。在公元4世紀(jì)，警備隊被解散，由負(fù)責(zé)消防的專門組織所取代。

消? ? ?防

As equipment was primitive and the only sure way to contain a fire was to demolish a building (and sometimes its neighbours to prevent the blaze spreading), the best action the vigiles could provide was to spot a fire before it took a real hold. Another preventative measure was to limit the height of the large tenant blocks in Rome, increase the space between buildings and the width of streets, and build firewalls.

? ? ? ? ? 由于設(shè)備很原始，控制火勢唯一可靠方法是拆除建筑物（有時還包括其鄰居，以防止火勢蔓延），警備隊能夠提供的最佳行動是在火災(zāi)真正發(fā)生之前排除隱患。另一個預(yù)防措施是限制羅馬的大型租戶街區(qū)的高度，增加建筑物之間的空間和街道的寬度，并建立防火帶。

If a serious fire did break out, then the vigiles had the following equipment at their disposal, which was also required by tenants to provide too: fire buckets (amae), sponges (spongiae), force-pumps (siphones), axes (dolabrae), picks (secures), ladders (scalae), grappling hooks (falces), quilted blankets (centones), wicker mats (formiones), poles (perticae), brooms (scopae) and vinegar. With these, they could douse the fire, smother it, and pull down parts of or all of the burning buildings.

? ? ? ? ? 如果真的發(fā)生了嚴(yán)重的火災(zāi)，那么警備隊有以下設(shè)備可供使用，業(yè)主和租戶也需要提供這些設(shè)備：消防桶（amae）、海綿（spongiae）、水力泵（siphones）、斧頭（dolabrae）、鎬（secures）、梯子（scalae）、抓鉤（falces）、軟墊毯子（centones）、柳條墊（formiones）、桿（perticae）、掃帚（scopae）和醋。有了這些東西，他們就可以參與滅火，撲滅并全部或部分拆除正在燃燒的建筑物。

傳? ? ?承

The ruins of the excubitorium of cohors VII can still be seen today in Rome near the bridge which crosses to the Tiber Island. Another excubitorium, that of the cohors V, is known to lie beneath the church of Santa Maria in Domnica, which was built in the 19th century CE. The idea of a permanent firefighting service spread to other Roman cities. Claudius (r. 41-54 CE) created two additional units of vigiles to safeguard Ostia and Puteoli, and other fire brigades are known at Carthage, Lyon, Ravenna, and Constantinople in Late Antiquity. The vigiles name also lives on in the city of Rome and across the country as Italy's fire and rescue service is today called the Vigili del Fuoco.

? ? ? ? ? 今天，在羅馬通往臺伯河島的橋附近，仍然可以看到第七列隊的excubitorium遺址。另一處excubitorium，即第五excubitorium，位于多姆尼卡的圣瑪麗亞教堂下面，該教堂建于公元19世紀(jì)。常備消防服務(wù)的想法傳播到了其他羅馬城市。克勞狄烏斯（公元41-54年）組建了兩個額外的治安隊來保護(hù)奧斯蒂亞和波佐利，其他消防隊在迦太基、里昂、拉文納和君士坦丁堡也有記載。警備隊的名字也在羅馬和全國各地流傳，意大利的消防和救援服務(wù)今天被稱為Vigili del Fuoco（意大利消防部隊）。