牧游社 牧有漢化翻譯

Dev Diary #38 – Trade Routes & Tariffs

PDJR_Alastorn, QA Manager - PDS Red - Victoria 3 and CK3

If money is the sinews of war, then trade is the lifeblood of nations and in no period is this truer than the Victorian Era. Victoria 3 takes place in a period of time where the nations of the world pushed this concept further than before, through a period of industrialization and growing interconnectivity of first homelands and colonies and then among nation-states themselves. The trade routes on the map connecting our nations became the fabric that underpins many of the understandings of our modern world today.

如果說金錢是戰(zhàn)爭的筋骨，那么貿(mào)易Trade就是國家的命脈，沒有哪個時期比維多利亞時代更真實地體現(xiàn)這一點。維多利亞3發(fā)生在世界各國比以往更進一步推動貿(mào)易這一概念的時期，通過工業(yè)化來推動貿(mào)易，以及建立各地區(qū)日益增長的相互聯(lián)系來推動貿(mào)易——先是在本土和殖民地之間，然后是在民族國家之間。地圖上連接各國的貿(mào)易路線成為我們今天對現(xiàn)代世界的許多理解的線索。

But what is trade? It may seem obvious to some but to better understand the systems we need to make sure we understand the foundations they are built upon. Thus, trade is understood to be the movement of goods between two markets as a means of commercial transaction so that the other party is effectively paid for their services. Trade is not conducted between businesses and/or nations but is instead conducted through their national markets and by proxy their trade centers. While this may not seem a meaningful distinction, the market and economy of a nation is not synonymous with its national government; while that government may attempt to influence the economy it does not always have an absolute degree of control over it. Thus the trade that goes on in your market is something that you can influence and encourage (or discourage if you like) but never fully control (unless you are the only nation in existence I guess?).

但什么是貿(mào)易？對一些人來說，這可能是顯而易見的，但為了更好地理解這一系統(tǒng)，我們需要確保理解貿(mào)易建立的基礎。我們理解的貿(mào)易，就是貨物在兩個市場之間的流動，作為商業(yè)交易的一種手段，從而使另一方的服務得到有效支付。貿(mào)易不是在企業(yè)或國家之間進行的，而是通過國家市場和代理其貿(mào)易中心來進行的。雖然這似乎不是一個有意義的區(qū)分，一個國家的市場和經(jīng)濟并不是其國家政府的同義詞——雖然政府可能試圖影響經(jīng)濟，但并不總是對其有絕對程度的控制。因此，在你的市場上進行的貿(mào)易是你可以影響和鼓勵（或阻止，如果你喜歡）的，但永遠不會完全控制它們（除非你是唯一存在的國家，我猜？）。

While trade takes place between national markets at the behest of players and AI, it is conducted in the trade centers of those respective countries. Trade centers function similarly to urban centers, talked about in a previous dev diary. These are not buildings that are constructed manually but develop as a result of their engaging in trade routes as they are representative of the many gray areas of industry that necessitate the collection and movement of goods.

貿(mào)易是在玩家和AI的要求下在國家市場之間進行的，它是在這些國家的貿(mào)易中心Trade Center進行的。貿(mào)易中心的功能類似于之前的開發(fā)日志中談到的城市中心。這些建筑不是玩家手動建造的，而是由于它們參與貿(mào)易路線而發(fā)展起來的，因為它們代表了許多需要集中和運輸貨物的灰色工業(yè)領域。

If you were to create an import route of goods for your industries, a resulting level of trade centers would develop within your nation. While urban centers tend to develop where you have placed many industrial buildings, trade centers develop in the market capitals and the ports of your nation. While you cannot paint the placement of trace centers outright, you can influence their development by creating ports in states that are naturally suited to such, where infrastructure and pops are readily available to staff them.

如果你要為你的工業(yè)創(chuàng)造一條進口商品的路線，那么在你的國家內會發(fā)展出一個相應級別的貿(mào)易中心。城市中心傾向于在你建造了許多工業(yè)建筑的地方發(fā)展，而貿(mào)易中心則會在你國家的市場首都和港口發(fā)展。雖然你不能直接決定貿(mào)易中心的位置，但你可以通過在那些天然適合建立港口的地區(qū)建立港口來影響貿(mào)易中心的發(fā)展，因為那里的基礎設施和人口都可以隨時為它們提供服務。

Where there is a port and people, there is likely to be trade, and hopefully profit!

有港口和人的地方，就可能有貿(mào)易，甚至有利潤！

Yes, trade centers must be staffed. Goods do not just appear in one nation from the next but require the maintenance of bureaucrats, laborers, clerks, and the like to offload and onload cargo, take account of it, tax it, and move it forward. These are for the most part privately owned enterprises that normally have capitalists in charge, instead of government run services. Without pops staffing your trade centers you will find yourself unable to conduct trade in accordance with your aspirations but that shouldn’t be too hard to manage as trade centers have also been historically known to be centers of migration, the first stop of migrants both domestic and international seeking a better life and sometimes finding it.

是的，貿(mào)易中心必須有工作人員。貨物不只是從一個國家到另一個國家，而是需要官僚、勞工、職員等人員的維護，需要他們來裝貨、卸貨、對其記賬、對其征稅，并推動貿(mào)易繼續(xù)進行。這些大部分是私有企業(yè)，通常由資本家負責，而不是由政府管理的服務。如果你的貿(mào)易中心沒有員工，你會發(fā)現(xiàn)將無法按照你的愿望進行貿(mào)易，但這應該不難處理，因為貿(mào)易中心在歷史上也是眾所周知的移民中心，是國內和國際移民尋求更好生活的第一站，他們不時會在這里找到更好的生活。

All the goods moving to and from New York means it's easier for Pops to hitch a ride.

所有貨物從進出紐約意味著人口更容易搭上順風車。

Trade centers collect revenue on both sides of the routes they manage, in relation to how many goods are moved and how much the routes affect the prices in their respective markets. This revenue is allocated to the employees and taxed by the same logic as any industry, so who makes money off your trade is related to your domestic policies in the same way as the rest of your economy.

貿(mào)易中心在其管理的貿(mào)易路線的兩個方向（進口與出口）獲得收入，收入與貨物量和貿(mào)易路線對各自市場價格的影響程度相關。這些收入會分配給雇員，并按照與其他行業(yè)相同的邏輯來征稅。所以會誰從你的貿(mào)易中賺錢與你的國內政策有關，就像你經(jīng)濟中的其他方面一樣。

While trade is something every nation can take a part of, how they affect trade in relation to conducting it efficiently, preventing it when it hurts them, or profiting off of it when they can is dependent upon its trade policies, which also dictate how a nation can utiize embargoes and tariffs to achieve such. Yes that’s right, I said tariffs, cue historical excitement of the fanbase.

雖然貿(mào)易是每個國家都可以參與的事情，但他們如何影響貿(mào)易——具體而言，他們如何有效地開展貿(mào)易、在貿(mào)易不利于他們時阻止這一貿(mào)易、通過貿(mào)易政策來獲利，這都取決于貿(mào)易政策，貿(mào)易政策決定了一個國家如何利用禁運和關稅來實現(xiàn)上述事情。是的，沒錯，我說的就是關稅Tariffs，這肯定碰到了粉絲們的歷史G點。

Where at first there was one law category, now there are two!

一開始只有一個法律類別，現(xiàn)在有了兩個！

We've done a little restructuring of the economic laws in Victoria 3 since we wrote the Law dev diary, where originally your economic system affected both your domestic and international situations. It has been broken into economic systems which now cover the domestic economy, and trade policy which covers your international endeavors. As such trade policy governs how you interact with a customs union, your ability to set embargoes and tariffs, as well as the general efficiency of your conducted trade.

在我們完成了法律的開發(fā)日志后，我們對維多利亞3的經(jīng)濟法律做了一些調整，原先你的經(jīng)濟體系同時影響你的國內和國際形勢?，F(xiàn)在它已被分成涵蓋國內經(jīng)濟的經(jīng)濟體制，以及涵蓋國際的貿(mào)易政策。貿(mào)易政策制約著你與關稅同盟的互動、你設置禁運和關稅的能力，以及你進行貿(mào)易的一般效率。

The Trade Policy laws are broken down into the four categories of ideology relative to the time period which interact with each of the economic systems you can put into place domestically.

貿(mào)易政策依據(jù)時間段被分為四類意識形態(tài)，這些意識形態(tài)與你可以在國內建立的每一個經(jīng)濟體系相互作用。

Embargos represent the ability of a national government to extend its influence in protecting its national market and subsequent interests. Most, if not all nations can engage in embargoing a good but their effectiveness of doing such is dependent upon the trade policy the national government is centered around. A government centered around the ideas of protectionism has an easier time implementing a more efficient embargo on goods vs those that are committed to a more mercantilism or free trade policy. Notice I said influence, not authority there? While it costs authority to enact taxes domestically it costs influence to place embargos as whether or not they are able to be enforced is dependent upon your ability to influence other nations to respect them. Refusing to make fair trade deals will strain your diplomatic corp.

禁運代表了國家政府使用自身的影響力Influence保護國內市場以及相關利益的能力。最重要的是，雖然絕大部分國家都可以實行禁運，但具體的效果取決于國家政府采用的貿(mào)易政策。采用保護主義理念的政府相比注重重商主義或者自由貿(mào)易政策的政府，能夠較輕松地實行更有效的禁運。注意到我說的是影響力而不是權威力Authority了嗎？在國內征稅需要消耗權威力，而實行禁運就要靠你讓其他國家接受這些禁運的能力了。拒絕制定公平的貿(mào)易協(xié)議會讓你的外交團隊不堪重負。

Protectionism means that not only are embargoes easier to maintain, they are also more efficient.

保護主義不僅意味著禁運更容易維持，也會讓禁運更加有效。

And now for the potentially more controversial statement, embargoes are not absolute. Sure you may embargo trade of a specific good into your country but that's not going to stop it outright, only hinder the ease of its trade. Another nation might try and continue to push goods into your country but it will certainly require more of an effort to facilitate such, it all depends. In history there's certainly something we can agree upon, embargoing something, making it illegal, or hindering its trade reduces the flow of the good but does not stop it outright if there is a vested interest by another nation and a profit to be made.

現(xiàn)在就要說一個可能更有爭議性的表述了，禁運不是絕對的。當然你可以禁止通過貿(mào)易讓某種商品進入你的國內，但也沒法完全阻止它，只能在貿(mào)易上設置障礙。另一個國家可能會嘗試繼續(xù)讓商品進入你的國家，但就要付出更多的努力了，這都取決于具體情況。歷史上我們肯定能在某些地方達成共識，比如禁運某個東西，讓它非法化，或者阻礙貿(mào)易來降低商品的流動性，但如果另一個國家在這上邊有既得利益，還指著能賺上一筆的話，也不會完全不能貿(mào)易。

Tariffs are the means where a national government extends its influence as an intermediary in the trade between national markets, if not for the means of protecting its national interests, to at the very least ensure it gets its fair share of the profits that such entails. Tariffs are set on both exports and imports leaving the national economy because yes the government is interested in its fair share and if it cannot get the revenue by means of a consumption tax it will find other means. The ratio of this tariff level is dependent on the trade policy set. A more mercantilist trade policy would seek to ensure exports exceed imports so tariffs on exports will undoubtedly be lower. Protectionism is equal in its ratio as it seeks to shelter the domestic economy from booming or busting on either side of the equation. Free Trade, well free trade cares not for tariffs and seeks to profit through other means.

關稅意味著國家政府使用自身的影響力來作為國家市場之間貿(mào)易的中介，如果不是出于保護本國利益的目的，那至少也是確保能從貿(mào)易中抽走自己的那一份利潤。關稅是加在國民經(jīng)濟的出口和進口上的，因為——是的，政府對于自己的那一份非常感興趣，如果沒法通過消費稅從利潤中抽成，就得動用其他手段了。關稅等級的比例取決于設定的貿(mào)易政策。更偏向重商主義的貿(mào)易政策會試圖確保出口超過進口，所以出口關稅就毫無疑問會低一些。保護主義在稅率上就是一樣的了，因為它會試圖在方程的兩端采取措施來保證國內經(jīng)濟不會過熱或過冷。自由貿(mào)易的話，自由貿(mào)易就不管什么關稅了，而是會試圖從其他地方謀利。

While the laws set the tariff ratio of import/exports these can be customized further in the budget screen by setting their tax levels. Tax levels don’t just bring in revenues but offer incentives to your economic actors, your pops. Lower tariffs encourage trade while higher tariffs will hinder their efficiency because well if the nation is getting a bigger cut, how motivated can you expect the pop to be in engaging in such trade?

盡管法律設定進出口關稅的比例，但它們可以通過在預算界面設置稅率水平來進一步調整。稅率水平不僅僅只是帶來收益，而是會給你的經(jīng)濟活動者，也就是你的Pop提供動機。低關稅會鼓勵貿(mào)易，而高關稅會影響貿(mào)易效率，因為如果大頭都被國家抽走了，你能指望Pop有多大動力進行這種貿(mào)易呢？

A higher tariff means minimizing the profit to be had by business and disincentivizing trade.

高關稅意味著企業(yè)本來可以拿到的利潤變少了，從而減少了進行貿(mào)易的動機。

So how do treaty ports play into these systems, as they certainly existed during the time period? Treaty ports are a means to ensure that you have access to a national market despite such embargoes and tariffs. They are a wedge in the barriers to trade another nation may put up so the goods may be funneled out of the market. Treaty ports have the special function that they permit the bypassing of embargoes and tariffs set in land adjacent markets through trading. They are a more permanent means of opening the market to your access but in the same vein also require a more permanent investment. Since treaty ports are first and foremost ports they will certainly become trade centers and will require the infrastructure and staffing to function. As you invest in this profitable endeavor, be aware that you will need to protect such from the eyes of other imperialist nations who might seek to take it away from you.

那么通商口岸Treaty Ports要怎么在這個系統(tǒng)中處理呢？畢竟那個時候確實有這種東西。通商口岸是用于確保你能在有禁運和關稅的情況下還能進入某個國家市場的手段。它們是其他國家的貿(mào)易壁壘上打進去的一個楔子，這樣商品就能通過這里離開市場。通商口岸的特殊功能是，它們允許通過貿(mào)易來繞過陸地上相鄰市場設置的禁運和關稅。它們是一種讓市場為你開放的比較永久的方式，代價則是需要一些永久性投資。因為通商口岸首先是個港口，基本上它們就會成為貿(mào)易中心，也會需要基礎設施和雇員來正常工作。當你投資這有利可圖的事業(yè)時，注意你也需要好好保護它，其他帝國主義國家也許會試圖把這里搶走。

At game start Portugal finds itself holding the Treaty Port of Macao, a very profitable trade endeavor, but will such profits attract the attention of greater powers?

游戲開始時葡萄牙擁有澳門這一通商口岸，貿(mào)易上非常有利可圖，但這利潤是否會吸引更大強權的注意呢？

How do Customs unions come into play here? If you recall from the previous developer diary, customs unions are an agreement between one or more nations where one nation agrees to subject itself to another's national market. By agreeing to subject your national market to another nation you are agreeing to take on the structure set into place by their economic system and policies. While you are still able to enact trade between that national market and another you lose the ability to set embargoes on specific goods and tariff policies across the market, though you do receive your contributing share of the profit of such tariffs. Sometimes this development can be beneficial, sometimes it can majorly hurt your national sources of income, as the previous dev diary goes to great length to summarize "it depends."

關稅同盟在這里要怎么處理呢？如果你還記得上一篇開發(fā)日志是怎么說的，關稅同盟是兩個（譯注：原文疑似有誤，一個國家怎么關稅同盟）或更多國家之間設立的協(xié)定，其中一個國家同意從屬于另一個國家的國家市場。同意讓你的國家市場從屬于另一個國家，意味著你要同意接受他們的經(jīng)濟體系和政策所建立的結構。雖然你還可以在該國家市場和其他國家市場之間進行貿(mào)易，但你會失去在市場上對特定商品進行禁運或設置關稅政策的能力，不過要是有關稅的話，還是會根據(jù)你的貢獻分給你一些利潤的。有時候這種發(fā)展是有利可圖的，有時候卻會重創(chuàng)你的國家的收入來源，就像上一期開發(fā)日志里邊長篇大論的一樣，總結一下就是“要看實際情況”。

And that's a bit about trade, tariffs, and more! I may not have succeeded in delivering a concise explanation this time but it's certainly a shorter one. Next week is going to be the Kaiser himself (Johan Jons) to talk about Shipping Lanes. I'll let the fanbase craft their own conspiracy theories about whether or not we are being literal with that one.

這就是關于貿(mào)易，關稅以及其他的內容了！我這次或許還是沒能成功寫出“清晰明了的解釋”，但比起上一次還是短多了。下周就要有請我們的凱撒（Johan Jons）本人來說一說航線Shipping Lanes。大家可以盡情提出一些關于我們說的到底是不是字面意義上那樣的陰謀論。

翻譯：鏗爾舍瑟 AntiAccess

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