Assessing the Risk

How do we judge whether it is right to go ahead with a new technology? Apply the precau-tionary principle properly and you won’t go far wrong, says Colin Tudge.

Section 1

As a title for a supposedly unprejudiced debate on scientific progress, “Panic attack: inter-rogating our obsession with risk” did not bode well. Held last week at the Royal Institution in London, the event brought together scientists from across the world to ask why society is so obsessed with risk and to call for a “more rational” approach. “We seem to be organis-ing society around the grandmotherly maxim of ‘better safe than sorry’,” exclaimed Spiked, the online publication that organised the event. “What are the consequences of this over-bearing concern with risks?”

The debate was preceded by a survey of 40 scientists who were invited to describe how awful our lives would be if the “precautionary principle” had been allowed to prevail in the past. Their response was: no heart surgery or antibiotics, and hardly any drugs at all; no aeroplanes, bicycles or high-voltage power grids; no pasteurisation, pesticides or bio-technology; no quantum mechanics; no wheel; no “discovery” of America. In short, their message was: no risk, no gain.

They have absolutely missed the point. The precautionary principle is a subtle idea. It has various forms, but all of them generally include some notion of cost-effectiveness. Thus the point is not simply to ban things that are not known to be absolutely safe. Rather, it says: “Of course you can make no progress without risk. But if there is no obvious gain from taking the risk, then don’t take it.”

Clearly, all the technologies listed by the 40 well-chosen savants were innately risky at their inception, as all technologies are. But all of them would have received the green light under the precautionary principle because they all had the potential to offer tremendous benefits — the solutions to very big problems — if only the snags could be overcome.

If the precautionary principle had been in place, the scientists tell us, we would not have antibiotics. But of course we would — if the version of the principle that sensible people now understand had been applied. When penicillin was discovered in the 1920s, infective bacteria were laying waste to the world. Children died from diphtheria and whooping cough, every open drain brought the threat of typhoid, and any wound could lead to septi-caemia and even gangrene.

Penicillin was turned into a practical drug during the Second World War, when the many pestilences that result from war threatened to kill more people than the bombs. Of course antibiotics were a priority. Of course the risks, such as they could be perceived, were worth taking.

And so with the other items on the scientists’ list: electric light bulbs, blood transfusions, CAT scans, knives, the measles vaccine — the precautionary principle would have pre-vented all of them, they tell us. But this is just plain wrong. If the precautionary principle had been applied properly, all these creations would have passed muster, because all offered incomparable advantages compared to the risks perceived at the time.

Section 2

Another issue is at stake here. Statistics are not the only concept people use when weigh-ing up risk. Human beings, subtle and evolved creatures that we are, do not survive to threescore years and ten simply by thinking like pocket calculators. A crucial issue is consumer’s choice. In deciding whether to pursue the development of a new technology, the consumer’s right to choose should be considered alongside considerations of risk and benefit. Clearly, skiing is more dangerous than genetically modified tomatoes. But people who ski choose to do so; they do not have skiing thrust upon them by portentous experts of the kind who now feel they have the right to reconstruct our crops. Even with skiing, there is the matter of cost effectiveness to consider: skiing, I am told, is exhilarating. Where is the exhilaration in GM soya?

Indeed, in contrast to all the other items on Spiked’s list, GM crops stand out as an example of a technology whose benefits are far from clear. Some of the risks can at least be defined. But in the present economic climate, the benefits that might accrue from them seem dubious. Promoters of GM crops believe that the future population of the world cannot be fed without them. That is untrue. The crops that really matter are wheat and rice, and there is no GM research in the pipeline that will seriously affect the yield of either. GM is used to make production cheaper and hence more profitable, which is an extremely ques-tionable ambition.

The precautionary principle provides the world with a very important safeguard. If it had been in place in the past, it might, for example, have prevented insouciant miners from polluting major rivers with mercury. We have come to a sorry pass when scientists, who should above all be dispassionate scholars, feel they should misrepresent such a principle for the purposes of commercial and political propaganda. People at large continue to mis-trust science and the high technologies it produces, partly because they doubt the wisdom of scientists. On such evidence as this, these doubts are fully justified.

Questions 27 – 32

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?

In boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE? if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE? if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN??if there is no information on this

• 27.The title of the debate is not unbiased.

• 28.All the scientists invited to the debate were from the field of medicine.

• 29.The message those scientists who conducted the survey were sending was people shouldn’t take risks.

• 30.All the listed technologies are riskier than other technologies.

• 31.It is worth taking the risks to invent antibiotics.

• 32.All the other inventions on the list were also judged by the precautionary principle.

Questions 33 – 39

Complete the summary below using?NO MORE THAN THREE WORDSfrom the passage.

Write your answers in boxes 33-39 on your answer sheet.

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Question 40

Choose the correct letter,?A,?B,?C?or?D.

Write your answer in box 40 on your answer sheet.

• 40.What is the main theme of the passage?

A?People have the right to doubt science and technologies.

B?The precautionary principle could have prevented the development of science and technology.

C?There are not enough people who truly understand the precautionary principle.

D?The precautionary principle bids us to take risks at all costs.