Reflective深思熟慮的 thinking can help? you better understand and?

remember details about an experience in the future.?

★★★SQ4R ：

1.Survey 2.Question 3.Read & Recite敘述 & Reflect反饋 & Review

==Chapter1: Introduction to Psychology and Research Methods

Many people regard themselves as expert “people watchers” and form?

their own commonsense theories of behavior.?

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However, you may be surprised to learn how?

often self-appointed authorities and long-held commonsense?

beliefs about human behavior are wrong.

Critical thinking relies on the following basic principles :

1.Few “truths” transcend the need for logical analysis and empirical testing.

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2.Critical thinkers often wonder what it would take to show that a?

“truth” is false.?

--★Admitting you are wrong is always hard—even though it’s a skill that?

every psychologist has to learn.”

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3.Authority or claimed expertise專門知識或技能 does not automatically?

make an idea true or false.

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4.Judging the quality of evidence is crucial★重要的.

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5.Critical thinking requires an open mind.

--

Carl Sagan once noted, “It seems to me that what is called for is an?

exquisite精密的 balance between two conflicting needs: the most skeptical懷疑的?

scrutiny審查 of all hypotheses that are served up to us and at the same?

time a great openness to new ideas” .

=

To put these principles into action, here are some questions to ask?

as you evaluate new information：

?1. What claims斷言 are being made? What are their implications含義/暗示?

?2. Are the claims understandable? Do they make logical sense??

Is there another possible explanation? Is it a simpler?

explanation?

?3. What tests (if any) of these claims have been made? What?

was the nature and quality of the tests? Can they be repeated??

Who did the tests? How reliable and trustworthy were the?

investigators? Do they have conflicts of interest? Do their?

findings appear to be objective? Has any other independent?

researcher duplicated the findings?

?4. How good is the evidence? (In general, scientific observations?

provide the highest quality evidence.)

?5. Finally, how much credibility can the claim be given? High,?

medium, low, provisional暫時(shí)的?