? ? 今天繼續(xù)給大家?guī)?strong>《考古學理論、方法與實踐》這本書英文原版

《Archaeology:Theories,Methods and Practice》的帶讀。

往期合集：

文博復試書目帶讀（一） ：《考古學理論、方法與實踐》英文原版?

文博復試書目帶讀（二） ：《考古學理論、方法與實踐》英文原版?

文博復試書目帶讀（三） ：《考古學理論、方法與實踐》英文原版?

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????這本書是之前復試推薦的閱讀書目之一，涉及考古學的歷史、理論、方法、技術和實踐等方面，有很多發(fā)掘實例，書里的考古學專業(yè)名詞解釋的英文表達都是非常正宗的，可以積累相關詞匯，非常適合復試階段的學習。

????需要這本書的同學可以進入我們的QQ交流群獲取電子版資源～（在文末），高清思維導圖獲得方式見本文第四部分。

NO · 1

導讀

????今天的這篇帶讀進入到正文部分，是本書第一編的第三章：

Where??(Survey and Excavation of Sites and Features)

???第三章將關注研究過程的第二階段，也就是關于考古學家獲取證據(jù)的方法和技術，以用于檢驗他們的想法。

????因為考古學研究的主體要靠最新田野工作采集的新材料。

NO · 2

詞 匯 積 累

NO · 3

小 結

• The first step of any archaeological excavation is the development of a research design, which consists of formulating a clear question to answer, collecting and recording evidence, processing and analyzing that evidence, and the publication of the results.
  任何考古發(fā)掘的第一步都是制定一項研究設計。包括提出需要解答的明確問題，采集和記錄證據(jù)，整理和分析證據(jù)，并出版研究成果。

• Archaeologists locate the whereabouts of sites through both ground reconnaissance and aerial survey. Ground reconnaissance can take several forms including surface survey. Surface survey involves walking across potential sites and noting concentrations of features or artifacts to gain some idea of the site’s layout. Aerial survey is done with the aid of aerial imagery, much of which is already available in libraries, collections, and on the Internet. Images taken from a kite, balloon, plane, or satellite often reveal site features that are not visible on the ground. From these images, preliminary maps and plans can be made.

  考古學家通過地上勘探和空中調查來確定遺址所在的位置，地上勘探有幾種方式，包括地表調查，地表調查包括步行穿越潛在的遺址，并留意遺跡或人工制品集中的地方，以獲得對遺址布局的某些了解?？罩姓{查是在航照的幫助下進行的，他們大部分可以從圖書館、許多收藏和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上獲得。從風箏、氣球、飛機或衛(wèi)星上拍攝的圖像往往會顯示地表無法看出的遺跡，根據(jù)這些圖像可制作基本的地圖和平面圖。

• Mapping is the key to the accurate recording of most survey data. GIS (Geographic Information Systems), a collection of computer hardware and software that manages and manipulates geographic data, is one of the primary tools archaeologists use to map sites.制圖是準確記錄大部分調查數(shù)據(jù)的關鍵，地理信息系統(tǒng)集管理和運用地理數(shù)據(jù)的電腦硬件和軟件于一身，是考古學家用來對遺址制圖的基本工具。

• Archaeologists employ several methods of obtaining subsurface information prior to excavation. Some of these methods are non-destructive, meaning they do not require ground to be broken during the collection of information. Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), for example, uses radio pulses to detect underground features. Electrical resistivityand magnetic survey, metal detectors, as well as geochemical techniques are also used to gather information before excavation.在發(fā)掘之前，考古學家采用幾種方法獲取地下信息，其中一些是無損的，也即在采集信息中無需挖開地面，例如探地雷達采用無線電脈沖來探測地下的遺跡，地阻率和磁性調查、金屬探測器以及地球化學技術也被用來在發(fā)掘前采集信息。

• Excavation has a central role in fieldwork as it reveals human activities at a particular period in the past as well as changes in that activity over time. Stratigraphy is based on the law of superposition, namely that if one layer overlies another, the lower was deposited first. Excavation is costly and destructive and should only be undertaken if research questions cannot be answered by non-destructive survey techniques.發(fā)掘在田野工作中占有核心地位，因為它揭示人類在過去特定時期的活動以及這類活動的歷時變遷，地層學立足于地層疊加的法則，如果一層覆蓋在另一層之上，那么下層便沉積在先。發(fā)掘代價不菲且具破壞性，只有當無損調查方法無法解答研究問題時方可進行。

• Artifacts that share similar attributes are often grouped together and the act of creating such groups is called typology. Groups of artifacts from a particular time and place are called assemblages. These assemblages are often used to define archaeological cultures.具有相同特征的器物常常被放在一起歸組，而實施這種歸組的做法被稱為類型學。某特定時期的器物組被稱為組合，這些組合常常被用來定義考古學文化。
  

NO · 4

思維導圖

高清原圖pdf后臺回復關鍵詞【考古學理論、方法與實踐第三章】即可獲??！

PS：這個系列的內(nèi)容會一直更新，但這本書最好還是要自己讀一遍噢，留下自己的筆記和標注，然后再來看帶讀會加深印象，更有利于學習！有任何建議可以留言～

內(nèi)容：阿汐

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