Questions 1 and 2 are based on this passage. ?

The musical taxonomy we take for granted today arose in the early 1900s. Musical genres were invented as ?a means of marketing records. Before the recording era, working musicians were expected to play a range of?music that would surprise modern listeners, who generally expect classical musicians to play classical, country musicians to play country, and so on. With respect to blues, there were probably few musicians working in the?1920s or 1930s who played only that style. If recordings imply that certain artists could play only the most basic?twelve-bar blues pattern, the reason lies with recording companies’ preferences, not musicians’ capabilities. Performers whose entire recorded repertoire consists of blues might have been earning a living playing in jazz?groups or country bands.?

1. The author mentions “country bands” primarily in order to?

A. cast doubt on a particular assumption often made about working musicians before the recording era?

B. emphasize how unrepresentative a musician's blues recordings might be of that musician’s range ?

C. compare the demands of playing blues music to the demands of playing in other musical styles?

D. identify a significant source of income for some musicians who recorded blues music in the 1920s and 1930s ?

E. note an important influence on some musicians whose only recorded music consisted of blues songs?

Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.?

2. The passage suggests which of the following about “modern listeners” ??

A. They tend to make certain assumptions about musicians that have been influenced by recording?companies’ ways of categorizing musical styles.?

B. They generally have broader musical tastes than did listeners before the recording era. ?

C. They tend to expect more virtuosity from musicians who play only one style of music than they expect from musicians who play many different styles.?

Questions 3 to 6 are based on this passage.?

For most of the twentieth century, scholars generally accepted the proposition that nations are enduring?entities that predated the rise of modern nation-states and that provided the social and cultural foundations of the state. This perspective has certainly been applied to Korea; most historians have assumed that the Korean?nation has existed since the dawn of historical time. In recent years, however, Western scholars have questioned?the idea of the nation as an enduring entity. Both Gellner and Anderson have argued, in their studies of?European, Latin American and Southeast Asian cases, that the nation is strictly a modem phenomenon, a?forging of a common sense of identity among previously disparate social groups through the propagandizing efforts of activist intellectuals and the homogenizing organizational activities of the modern state. In short, it?was the state that created the nation; not the other way around.?

Younger Koreanists, with Em prominent among them, have begun to apply this approach to Korea. These?scholars, noting the isolated nature of village life in premodern Korea and the sharp difference in regional?dialects, suggest that ordinary villagers could not possibly have thought of themselves as fellow countrymen of?villagers in other regions. These scholars also note that elites, conversely often had outward-looking, universalistic orientations, as did aristocracies elsewhere, such as in premodern Europe. Finally, they observe ?that the very word for "nation" in Korean, minjok, is a neologism first employed by Japanese scholars as a translation of the Western concept and that it was first appropriated by Korean activists in the early twentieth?century. They argue, therefore, that a Korean "nation" came into being only after that time.?

In short, in the case of Korea we have an argument between "primordialists," who contend that nations are natural and universal units of history, and "modernists," who assert that nations are historically contingent?products of modernity. The positions of both groups seem problematic. It seems unlikely that in the seventh century the peoples of the warring states of Koguryo, Paekche, and Shilla all thought of themselves as members?of a larger "Korean" collectivity. On the other hand, the inhabitants of the Korean peninsula had a much longer?history—well over one thousand years-- as a unified political collectivity than did the peoples studied by Gellner and Anderson. Not only does the remarkable endurance of the Korean state imply some sort of social and cultural basis for that unity but the nature of the premodern Korean state as a centralized bureaucratic polity also suggests the possibility that the organizational activities of the state may have created a homogenous?collectivity with a sense of shared identity much earlier than happened in the countries of western Europe that?provided the model for ''modernist" scholarship.?

3. The primary purpose of the passage is to?

A. evaluate two competing views regarding the origin of the Korean nation ?

B. rebut a controversial perspective on the origin of the Korean nation ?

C. question the idea of the Korean nation as an enduring entity ?

D. consider the influence of the modernist position on younger Koreanists?

E. explain some of the unique features of the Korean nation?

4. The primary purpose of the passage is to ?

A. evaluate two competing views regarding the origin of the Korean nation ?

B. rebut a controversial perspective on the origin of the Korean nation ?

C. question the idea of the Korean nation as an enduring entity ?

D. consider the influence of the modernist position on younger Koreanists?

E. explain some of the unique features of the Korean nation?

5. According to the author of the passage, a difference between Korea and the “European, Latin American, and Southeast Asian cases” has to do with?

A. the extent of the differences among various regional dialects prior to the establishment of a national language?

B. the number of disparate social groups that existed prior to the creation of a national identity. ?

C. when a nationally unified political entity came into existence. ?

D. whether the bureaucratic state played a role in the creation of the nation?

E. the extent to which the creation of the nation fostered significantly greater social and cultural unity?

6. Regarding the observation discussed in the highlighted sentence, the author would probably agree with which of the following statements??

A. It tells more about the nature of the Korean language than it does about the creation of the Korean nation in the twentieth century ?

B. It contradicts the idea that Korean elites had outward-looking universalistic orientations. ?

C. It shows the inappropriateness of trying to apply Western concepts to the Korean experience. ?

D. It may be true, but it does not mean that the creation of the Korean nation is a twentieth-century?phenomenon. ?

E. It testifies to the influence of Western and Japanese thinking on the origin of the Korean nation.?

Question 7 is based on this passage.?

A long-term medical study found that certain common types of cancers occur 40 percent less frequently among people who live and work on farms than in the general population. This suggests to scientists that some factor in the farming lifestyle provides protection against the types of cancers. If there is such a factor it?probably provides more protection against cancer than is indicated by the 40 percent lower incidence found by?the study, since?_______.?

7. Which of the following most logically completes the reasoning?

A. the pesticides used by many farmers constitute a significant risk factor for developing the types of cancers investigated ?

B. farmers are more active than the general population, and physical exercise provides some protection against the types of cancers investigated ?

C. the frequency of certain other medical conditions, such as heart disease is also lower among farmers?than in the general population?

D. the study found that there was no reduction of risk among those who lived on a farm but did not?engage in farmwork?

E. the study found that the frequency of the types of cancers investigated was marginally higher among ?the members of certain professional groups than in the general population

Questions 8 to 10 are based on this passage.?

Many paleontologists have linked the origin of the vertebrate skeleton to the need for defense. According?to this hypothesis, the first, soft-bodied vertebrates, living in the seas of the Cambrian period, began to evolve?extensive covering of bony scales or plates as the result of predation by numerous invertebrate carnivores. Teeth are thought to have been secondary features evolved over millions of years from those plates that had?migrated to the mouth. Another hypothesis, however, contends that many of the definitive characteristics of ?vertebrates, such as paired eyes, would not have evolved unless the first vertebrates were predatory.?

Tiny, spiky Cambrian fossils from small, eel-like animals known as conodonts have important implications?for this debate. It has been shown that these fossils are teeth from the mouths of conodonts,?which may have?been among the curliest vertebrates and which otherwise lacked any mineralized skeleton. If teeth are more primitive than external plates, then the vertebrate skeleton may have evolved from adaptations to facilitate ?predation rather than from adaptations to facilitate protection. ?

8. Select the sentence that spells out the significance of a finding. ?

Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.?

9. The passage suggests that paleontologists who argue that the vertebrate skeleton evolved from adaptations to facilitate protection would agree that the "carnivores” mentioned in the passage?

A. did not have mineralized teeth?

B. were covered in bony scales or plates ?

C. evolved paired eyes to facilitate predation ?

10. In the context in which it appears, "contends” most nearly means ?

A. competes ?

B. disputes ?

C. maintains ?

D. remonstrates?

E. struggles