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【簡譯】早期耶利哥（亦作艾里哈、杰里科或耶律哥）

2022-10-07 10:27 作者:神尾智代 0人讀過 | 我要投稿

The city of Jericho is remembered for the story in the Book of Joshua in the Bible regarding its destruction by the Israelites. Excavations have revealed that Jericho is one of the earliest settlements dating back to 9000 BCE. It also has the oldest known protective wall in the world. Continuing excavations have revealed stone towers which are even older. The reason for its earliest settlements are the springs which are found in and near the city. These springs supply the area with enough water to sustain a large population. We are going to cover the settlement of Jericho from its earliest beginnings until The Battle of Jericho in the Bible.

? ? ? ? ? 耶利哥城因《圣經(jīng)》中《約書亞記》關(guān)于以色列人摧毀它的故事而被人們記住?？脊磐诰虬l(fā)現(xiàn)，耶利哥是人類最早的定居點之一，它的歷史可以追溯到公元前9000年。耶利哥城還擁有世界上已知最古老的保護墻。考古學(xué)家們還發(fā)現(xiàn)了更古老的石塔。認定其為最早的定居點之一的原因是在城內(nèi)和附近發(fā)現(xiàn)了泉水的痕跡。這些泉水為該地區(qū)提供了足夠的水源來維持大量的人口。我們將介紹耶利哥定居點，從它最早開始到《圣經(jīng)》中的耶利哥之戰(zhàn)。

大約公元前 830 年的巴勒斯坦地圖，顯示了以色列王國和猶大王國，以及周圍的王國和部落。

第一個定居點

Jericho started as a popular camping ground for the hunter-gathers of the Natufian culture dating to 10000 BCE. It wasn't until the cold and drought caused by the last Ice Age, or Younger Dryas, came to an end around 9600 BCE that year-round habitation and permanent settlements began in the area. Tell es-Sultan (Sultan's Hill), 2 kilometers (1.2 miles) north of modern-day Jericho, became the earliest permanent settlement. It was a Pre-Pottery Neolithic (New Stone Age) settlement. It is situated on the Ein as-Sultan spring (later called Elisha's Spring) supplying it with water. By about 9400 BCE the settlement grew to include more than 70 homes. These circular dwellings measured 5 meters (16 feet) in diameter and were built with clay and straw.

? ? ? ? ? 耶利哥一開始是納圖夫文化的狩獵者-采集者鐘愛的露營地，這里的歷史可以追溯到公元前10000年。直到公元前9600年左右，最后一個冰河時期（或稱新仙女木期，指距今12800年至11500年的一段持續(xù)1300年左右的冰期。）造成的寒冷和干旱結(jié)束后，該地區(qū)才開始有了全年居住和永久性定居點。位于現(xiàn)代耶利哥北部2公里（1.2英里）的Tell es-Sultan（蘇丹山）成為當(dāng)?shù)刈钤绲挠谰眯远ň狱c。它是一個前陶器時代（新石器時代）的定居點。它位于為其供水的Ein as-Sultan泉（后來被稱為以利沙之泉，先知之泉）上。到了大約公元前9400年，該定居點發(fā)展到包括70多所房屋。這些圓形住宅的直徑為5米（16英尺），用粘土和稻草建造。

杰里科的城墻遺址石墻最初高 3.6 米（11.8 英尺），底部寬 1.8 米（5.9 英尺）。

耶利哥之墻

Archaeological evidence reveals that by 8000 BCE, the site grew to 40,000 square meters (430,000 square feet) and was surrounded by a stone wall 3.6 meters (11.8 feet) high and 1.8 meters (5.9 feet) wide at the base. Inside the wall was a stone tower 8.5 meters (28 feet) high and 9 meters (30 feet) wide at the base. The tower had an internal staircase with 22 steps. The only older towers than this one have been found at Tell Qaramel in Syria. It is thought that the wall was used to protect the settlement from flood waters. The tower was used for ceremonial purposes. This suggests that there was a social organization happening in the town. Some scholars believe that the tower was used to motivate people into taking part in the communal lifestyle. Estimates vary on the population with a low of 300 to a high of 3000. At this time the inhabitants domesticated wheat, barley and legumes. It is highly probable that irrigation had been invented to provide enough land for the cultivation of these crops. They supplemented their diet by hunting wild animals.

? ? ? ? ? 考古證據(jù)顯示，到公元前8000年，耶利哥遺址擴大到40000平方米（43萬平方英尺），被一堵高3.6米（11.8英尺）、底寬1.8米（5.9英尺）的石墻包圍。墻內(nèi)是一座高8.5米（28英尺）、底寬9米（30英尺）的石塔。該塔有一個內(nèi)部樓梯，有22個臺階。唯一比這個更古老的塔樓是在敘利亞的泰爾·卡拉梅爾（Tell Qaramel）發(fā)現(xiàn)的。人們認為，這堵墻是用來保護定居點不受洪水侵襲或用于某種儀式。這表明耶利哥曾存在某種社會組織關(guān)系。一些學(xué)者認為，該塔是用來激勵人們參與社區(qū)生活方式的?？脊艑W(xué)家們對這里人口的估計各不相同，最少有300人，最高則有3000人。當(dāng)時，居民們馴化了小麥、大麥和豆類。他們很可能是為了提供足夠的土地來種植這些作物而發(fā)明了灌溉。他們通過獵殺野生動物來補充自己的食物。

第二個定居點

After a few centuries, the first settlement was abandoned. Around 7000 BCE, a second settlement was established by an invading people that absorbed the original inhabitants into their culture. It too was a Pre-Pottery Neolithic settlement. This new settlement expanded the range of domesticated plants. There is evidence for the possible domestication of sheep at this time. Buildings were rectilinear structures made of mudbricks. Each building consisted of several rooms situated around a central courtyard. The rooms had terrazzo floors made of lime and the courtyard had a floor made of clay. Other advancements include flints in the shape of arrowheads, sickle blades, burins (used as chisels), scrapers, and axes. Also found were grindstones, hammerstones, and axes made of greenstone. Dishes and bowls were carved from soft limestone. The greatest distinction of this culture was that they kept the heads of deceased relatives by plastering the skulls and painting the features of the person on it. These skulls were kept in the home and the rest of the body was buried. This settlement lasted until about 6000 BCE. There is then little evidence of occupation at Jericho for at least 1000 years.

? ? ? ? ? 幾個世紀后，第一個定居點被遺棄了。大約在公元前7000年，一個入侵的民族建立了第二個定居點，將原來的居民吸收到他們的文化中。這也是一個前陶器時代的新石器時代定居點。這個新定居點擴大了馴化植物的范圍。有證據(jù)表明，在這個時期人們可能馴化了羊。這個時期的建筑物是由泥磚制成的直線型結(jié)構(gòu)。每座建筑由幾個房間組成，房間圍繞著一個中央庭院。房間里有石灰制成的水磨石地板，院子里有粘土制成的地板。其他較為先進的東西包括箭頭形狀的燧石、鐮刀、鏨子（用作鑿子）、刮刀和斧頭。此外，考古學(xué)家們還發(fā)現(xiàn)了青石制成的磨石、錘石和斧頭。盤子和碗是由材質(zhì)柔軟的石灰石雕刻而成。這種文化最大的特點是，他們把已故親屬的頭顱用石膏貼在上面，并在上面畫上人的特征。這些頭骨被保存在家中，身體的其余部分被埋葬。這種定居方式一直持續(xù)到公元前6000年左右。此后，在至少1000年的時間里，幾乎沒有關(guān)于耶利哥被占領(lǐng)的證據(jù)。

青銅時代：耶利哥的陷落

After this, new settlements were established in Jericho periodically. These settlements were still Neolithic, but there is evidence that they were producing pottery. It became a walled town again at the end of the 4th millennium BCE. Evidence shows that the walls have been rebuilt many times. The largest of these settlements was constructed in 2600 BCE by the Amorites. About 2300 BCE, there was once more a break in the occupation of the site. It was taken over by the Canaanites in 1900 BCE and reached its greatest prominence between 1700 BCE and 1550 BCE. This was due to the rise of aristocrats that utilized chariots called the Maryannu in the Mitannite state to the north. Their rise caused a greater urbanization in the surrounding area, including Jericho. By this time, there were two walls around the city in a double enclosure made of mud brick. The outside wall rested on top of a stone base. Though they were impressive in size, they were not stable. Bronze Age Jericho fell in the 16th century around 1573 BCE when it was violently destroyed by an earthquake. Charred wood found at the site suggests that the remains of the city were burned. Buried food supplies also suggest that it was not captured following a siege. It remained unoccupied until the late 10th century or early 9th century BCE when it was rebuilt.

? ? ? ? ? 在這之后，新的定居點群在耶利哥建立。這些定居點仍然是新石器時代的，但有證據(jù)表明他們開始生產(chǎn)陶器。在公元前四千年末，它又成為一個有墻的城鎮(zhèn)?？脊抛C據(jù)顯示，城墻曾多次被重建。其中最大的定居點是在公元前2600年由亞摩利人建造的。大約在公元前2300年，該地的占領(lǐng)再次出現(xiàn)中斷。公元前1900年，它被迦南人占領(lǐng)，并在公元前1700年至公元前1550年之間成為當(dāng)?shù)刈钪匾膿?jù)點之一。這是由于在北邊的米坦尼，使用稱為戰(zhàn)車射手的貴族的崛起。他們的崛起導(dǎo)致了包括耶利哥在內(nèi)的周邊地區(qū)的城市化進程加快。這時，城市周圍有兩道墻，是用泥磚砌成的雙層圍墻。外面的墻是建立在一個石基之上的。雖然它們的規(guī)模令人印象深刻，但它們并不穩(wěn)定。青銅時代的耶利哥在公元前1573年左右淪陷，當(dāng)時它被一場地震猛烈地摧毀了?？脊艑W(xué)家們在遺址發(fā)現(xiàn)的燒焦的木材表明，城市有被燒毀的痕跡。埋藏的食物供應(yīng)也表明它不是在圍攻后被占領(lǐng)的。地震后，這里一直無人居住，直到公元前10世紀末或9世紀初才被重建。

以色列人與耶利哥之戰(zhàn)

According to the Bible, at around 1,400 BCE, Jericho was the first city attacked by the Israelites after they crossed the Jordan River and entered Canaan. The Wall of Jericho was destroyed when the Israelites walked around it for seven days carrying the Ark of the Covenant. On the seventh day, Joshua commanded his people to blow their trumpets made of rams' horns and shout at the walls until they finally fell down. Excavations of the site reveal a network of collapsed walls that date to around the late 17th century or early 16th century BCE. The most likely cause of the collapse was an earthquake. Descriptions of later earthquake destruction (1267 CE & 1927 CE) match the description of the collapsed walls in the Bible. In each description, the cliffs above the Jordan River fell into the river and dammed it up. It also reveals that Jericho was unoccupied from the late 15th century to around the 10th century BCE. Non-Biblical Scholars now believe that the Bible story is an allegory. The story was written sometime after 722 BCE, long after the date of the event, and was used to claim the territory for the Kingdom of Israel. Biblical Scholars point to the destruction of the walls 175 years earlier as proof that the story in the Bible is true. They state that the only thing amiss is the dating in the Bible and that the earthquake was God rewarding the Israelites for following his commands. According to the Bible, Jericho remained abandoned until Hiel the Bethelite established himself there in the 9th century BCE.

? ? ? ? ? 根據(jù)《圣經(jīng)》所述，在公元前1400年左右，耶利哥是以色列人渡過約旦河進入迦南地后攻擊的第一個城市。當(dāng)以色列人抬著約柜在耶利哥城墻上走了七天后，耶利哥城墻被摧毀。第七天，約書亞命令他的子民吹響用公羊角做成的喇叭，向城墻呼喊，直到城墻最終倒下。考古學(xué)家對該遺址的挖掘發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個倒塌的墻網(wǎng)，其年代大約是在公元前17世紀末或16世紀初。坍塌的最可能原因是地震。對后來地震破壞的描述（公元1267年和公元1927年）與《圣經(jīng)》中對倒塌城墻的描述一致。在描述中，約旦河上方的懸崖都掉進了河里，把河水?dāng)r截了。這也揭示了耶利哥從公元前15世紀末到公元前10世紀左右是無人居住的。非信教學(xué)者認為，圣經(jīng)故事是一個寓言故事。這個故事是在公元前722年之后的某個時候?qū)懙?，比事件發(fā)生的日期晚了很久，并被用來為以色列王國要求領(lǐng)土。信教學(xué)者指出，城墻在175年前被毀，證明《圣經(jīng)》中的故事是真實的。他們說，唯一有問題的是《圣經(jīng)》中的年代，地震是上帝對以色列人遵守他命令的獎勵。根據(jù)《圣經(jīng)》，我們可以了解到耶利哥一直被遺棄；直到公元前9世紀，伯特利人Hiel在那里重建了耶利哥。