Questions 1 and 2 are based on this passage.?

Arts/anthropology

Ojibwe / Tlingits / subsistence strategies?

新方法歡迎，老方法也不丟

①While Ojibwe Native American adapted traditional subsistence strategies to the changing conditions of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, they also continued to practice older forms of subsistence. ②This pattern was successfully employed in many similar communities. ③Arnold has demonstrated that for Tlingits in Alaska, the commercial fishing industry offered new economic opportunities, even as the continuation of subsistence fishing enabled Tlingits to avoid domination by the market and to sustain their particular culture. ④Similarly, as the market economy expanded in the Lake Superior region,?berry harvest and sale?became an important source of seasonal income for the Ojibwe and was?combined with wage labor in the lumber, mining,?and fishing industries, while the older practice of berrying for subsistence continued.

盡管奧吉布瓦人為應(yīng)對(duì)19世紀(jì)和20世紀(jì)早期的變化調(diào)整了傳統(tǒng)生存策略，他們?nèi)匀槐Ａ袅死系膫鹘y(tǒng)。這種模式在很多相似的群體都可以成功應(yīng)用。A證實(shí)了對(duì)于阿拉斯加的特林吉特人來(lái)說(shuō)，盡管繼續(xù)保持原有自給自足的捕魚(yú)方式可以使他們避免市場(chǎng)控制并保持特定文化，商業(yè)捕魚(yú)產(chǎn)業(yè)還是帶來(lái)了新的經(jīng)濟(jì)機(jī)會(huì)。同樣，當(dāng)市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)擴(kuò)展到蘇必略湖區(qū)，漿果采摘和銷售變成奧吉布瓦人季節(jié)性收入的重要來(lái)源，同時(shí)和伐木、開(kāi)礦、漁業(yè)的勞動(dòng)雇傭結(jié)合在一起。與此同時(shí)，傳統(tǒng)的漿果采摘依然在持續(xù)。

1. The passage suggests which of the following regarding the “berry harvest and sale”?

細(xì)節(jié)題 推斷題 易

A

A. It was an adaptation of a subsistence practice in response to changing circumstances 符合第一句描述?

B. It played a more important role in Ojibwe economy than did wage labor in the mining industry. 沒(méi)有比較關(guān)系。

C. It played a less important role in Ojibwe economy that did berrying for subsistence. 沒(méi)有比較關(guān)系。

D. It is an example of submission to market domination. 沒(méi)有submission的證據(jù)或者無(wú)關(guān)，市場(chǎng)控制是特林吉特的情況。

E. It represented a loss of indigenous culture. 相反。老方法并沒(méi)丟棄。

2. Arnold’s work is mentioned in the passage primarily in order to?

功能題 目的題 易

A說(shuō)的特林吉特人是一個(gè)類似的例子。

C

A. illustrate how traditional American Indian practices were superseded by newer practices 相反。沒(méi)有被superseded

B. compare certain traditional practices of Tlingit and Ojibwe Indians 并沒(méi)有做兩個(gè)人群傳統(tǒng)做法上的比較。

C. provide an example of the fruitful use of an approach 符合第二句的信息

D. demonstrate the pitfalls of generalizing about a topic 沒(méi)有pitfall和generalizing的證據(jù)

E. answer misgivings regarding the effects of a change 回答一個(gè)變化影響的疑慮。沒(méi)有misgivings的證據(jù)

生詞摘錄：

indigenous 當(dāng)?shù)氐?，本土?/p>

pitfall 陷阱，圈套

misgivings 疑慮，擔(dān)憂，害怕

Questions 3 to 6 are based on this passage

Arts/architecture

archetects / Italian Renaissance / Baroque

文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期建筑師對(duì)材料的態(tài)度

①A primary value in early twentieth-century Modernist architectural theory was that of “truth to materials”, that is, it was essential that a building’s design express the “natural” character of the building materials. ②This emphasis would have puzzled the architects of the Italian Renaissance (sixteenth century), a period widely regarded as the apex of architectural achievement, for Renaissance architects’ designs were determined only minimally by the materials employed.?

①The diversity of Italy’s natural resources provided Renaissance architects with a wide variety of building materials.?②The builders of the Pitti Palace (1558-1570) used great blocks of Tuscan stone, just as Etruscans living in the same part of Italy had done some twenty centuries earlier. ③Had the Florentine Renaissance builders aped the Etruscans style, it might be said that their materials determined their style, since Etruscans style matched the massive, stark, solid character of the stone.?④But these same materials, which so suited the massive Etruscans style, were effectively used by the Florentine Renaissance to create the most delicate and graceful of?styles.

①A similar example of identical materials used in contrasting styles characterizes the treatment of Roman travertine marble, when Baroque architects of seventeenth-century Rome desired a massive and solid monumental effect, they turned to travertine marble, whose “natural effect” is, indeed, that of spacious breadth and lofty, smoothly rounded surface. ②Yet during the Renaissance, this same material had been used against its?“nature, “in the Florentine tradition of sharply carved detail.?

①Italian Renaissance architecture was shaped less by the “nature” of the materials at hand than by the artistic milieu of Renaissance Italy, which included painting and sculpture as well as architecture.?②While roman travertine marble may have lent itself to fine carving, the Florentine passion for fine detail is no less marked in Florentine Renaissance painting than in Florentine Renaissance architecture. ③Similarly, in the next century, the emphasis on shading and corporeal density in Baroque painting mirrored the use of Roman travertine marble in Baroque?architecture to create broad?shadow and powerful masses.

①The ingenuity of renaissance architects extended beyond merely using a material in a way not suggested by its outward natural appearance. ②If they conceived a design that called for a certain material either too expensive or difficult to work with, they made no scruple about imitating that material. ③Their marbles and their stones are often actually painted stucco. ④When the blocks of masonry with which they built were not in scale with the projected scheme, the real joints were concealed and false ones introduced. ⑤Nor were these practices confined, as some scholars insist, to the later and supposedly decadent phases of the art. ⑥Material, then, was?utterly subservient to style.?

二十世紀(jì)初期現(xiàn)代主義建筑理論的主要價(jià)值觀在于“對(duì)材料的誠(chéng)實(shí)”，即建筑設(shè)計(jì)必須表達(dá)建筑材料的“自然”特征。這種強(qiáng)調(diào)會(huì)使意大利文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期（十六世紀(jì)）—這個(gè)時(shí)期被普遍視為建筑成就的頂峰—的建筑師感到困惑，因?yàn)槲乃噺?fù)興時(shí)期建筑師的設(shè)計(jì)只是最低限度地被所用材料所決定。

意大利自然資源的多樣性為文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期的建筑師提供了各種各樣的建筑材料。皮蒂宮（1558-1570）的建造者使用了大塊的托斯卡納石頭，正如生活在意大利同一地區(qū)的伊特魯里亞人在二十多個(gè)世紀(jì)前所做的那樣。假如佛羅倫薩文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期的建筑師模仿了伊特魯里亞風(fēng)格的話，那么或許可以說(shuō)他們的材料決定了他們的風(fēng)格，因?yàn)橐撂佤斃飦嗭L(fēng)格與石頭的巨大的，質(zhì)樸的，堅(jiān)實(shí)的特征相匹配。但是，這些如此適合宏偉的伊特魯里亞風(fēng)格的同樣的材料，卻被佛羅倫薩文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期的藝術(shù)家們有效地利用來(lái)創(chuàng)造出了最細(xì)膩優(yōu)雅的風(fēng)格。

另一個(gè)相似的把同樣的材料用于迥異的風(fēng)格的例子描述了（人們）對(duì)羅馬石灰華大理石的使用。當(dāng)十七世紀(jì)羅馬的巴洛克式建筑師想要一個(gè)巨大而堅(jiān)實(shí)的不朽效果時(shí)，他們轉(zhuǎn)向了石灰華大理石，其“天然效果”實(shí)際上是寬敞寬闊，高聳平滑的表面。然而在文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期，這種相同的材料被違反它的“本質(zhì)”而使用，用于精雕細(xì)琢的佛羅倫薩的傳統(tǒng)。

相比于被手邊的材料的“本質(zhì)”所塑造，意大利文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期的建筑形式更多地是被意大利文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期的藝術(shù)環(huán)境所塑造的，后者包括繪畫(huà)和雕塑以及建筑。當(dāng)羅馬石灰華大理石適宜于精雕細(xì)琢?xí)r，文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期的佛羅倫薩對(duì)于精致細(xì)節(jié)的熱愛(ài)，在佛羅倫薩文藝復(fù)興的繪畫(huà)中體現(xiàn)得卻不少于佛羅倫薩文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期的建筑。同樣，在下個(gè)世紀(jì)，巴洛克繪畫(huà)中對(duì)陰影和物質(zhì)密度的強(qiáng)調(diào)，反映出了巴洛克式建筑中使用羅馬石灰華大理石以創(chuàng)造廣闊的陰影和強(qiáng)有力的質(zhì)量。

文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期的建筑師的獨(dú)創(chuàng)性不限于僅僅以一種用外在的自然外觀看不出來(lái)的方式來(lái)使用該材料。如果他們構(gòu)想出一種需要某種太昂貴或者太難使用的材料的設(shè)計(jì)，他們對(duì)模仿這種材料毫不顧忌。他們的大理石和石頭實(shí)際上往往是彩繪灰泥。當(dāng)他們所建造的石方與規(guī)劃方案不成比例的時(shí)候，真正的接合處被隱藏起來(lái)，引入了假的。這些實(shí)踐也并不像一些學(xué)者所堅(jiān)持（認(rèn)為）的那樣，局限于藝術(shù)的后期和可能的頹廢階段。那么（可以得出結(jié)論，文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期），材料完全服從于風(fēng)格。

3. The passage is primarily concerned with

功能題 主旨題 中

文章討論的是十七世紀(jì)意大利建筑師對(duì)建筑材料使用的態(tài)度。

E

A. explaining the differences in quality among different kinds of building materials?解釋不同種類建筑材料的質(zhì)量差異。沒(méi)有質(zhì)量差異的證據(jù)。

B. discussing the differences among Etruscan, Florentine Renaissance, and Roman Baroque architecture?討論伊特魯里亞人，佛羅倫薩文藝復(fù)興和羅馬巴洛克式建筑之間的差異。完全以偏概全。

C. describing how different materials influenced architecture in different cities?描述不同的材料如何影響不同城市的建筑。文章討論的是建筑風(fēng)格不收材料影響。

D. describing the manner in which Renaissance architects often resorted to artificial materials and?illusionistic effects?描述文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期的建筑師經(jīng)常訴諸人造材料和虛假效果的方式。以偏概全

E. demonstrating the attitude of sixteenth-and seventeenth-century Italian architects toward the use of?building materials.符合。

4. The author of the passage mentions the Renaissance practices of substituting stucco for marble and of concealing joints in blocks of masonry in order to support the contention that Renaissance?architects were

功能題 目的題 難

題干信息來(lái)自文章倒數(shù)第三句?？梢岳斫鉃椋捍u石建筑使用的石料的大小太小，和整個(gè)建筑的巨大體格不成比例，所以導(dǎo)致石料的接合處看起來(lái)很丑。這時(shí)候，他們就把真正的接合處藏在后面，在外面做個(gè)假的、符合比例的接合處。符合這段主旨，建筑不受限于材料。

E

A. innovative in their creation of new building materials and new methods of design 沒(méi)有創(chuàng)造新建筑材料的證據(jù)

B. inexpert in their ability to tailor their designs to the practical demands of construction 相反。并非沒(méi)有經(jīng)驗(yàn)。

C. decadent in their techniques throughout the Renaissance, not just in its later phases 相反。與原文后一句矛盾。

D. not sufficiently knowledgeable about the use of their tools 相反/沒(méi)有證據(jù)

E. consistent in imposing their requirements on materials without undue consideration of the materials’?“natures” 符合

5. The author’s mention of Florentine painting serves in the context of the passage to support which?of the following assertions?

功能題 目的題 難

B

對(duì)應(yīng)倒數(shù)第二段信息。意大利文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期的繪畫(huà)和雕塑以及建筑會(huì)表現(xiàn)出相似的風(fēng)格。因?yàn)樗鼈兊娘L(fēng)格都是由意大利文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期的藝術(shù)環(huán)境決定的。當(dāng)時(shí)，建筑風(fēng)格是精雕細(xì)琢——精細(xì)；當(dāng)時(shí)，繪畫(huà)的風(fēng)格同樣是精細(xì)。兩者對(duì)精致細(xì)節(jié)的熱愛(ài)是不相上下。繪畫(huà)反映了建筑——兩者風(fēng)格相互呼應(yīng)。

A. The constraints that operate in architecture are different from those that operate in painting. 相反

B. Florentine architectural style was not determined by the nature of the available marble. 最終都是為了服務(wù)主旨，不受材料影響，受到的是藝術(shù)環(huán)境的影響。

C. The Florentine Renaissance period was a period in which the other arts achieved the same distinction?as did architecture. 其他藝術(shù)和建筑同樣杰出。沒(méi)有杰出、成就的證據(jù)

D. Technical advances in all of the arts of the Florentine Renaissance determined the stylistic qualities of?those arts. 沒(méi)有advances的證據(jù)

E. Native preferences of style do not manifest themselves in the same ways in different arts. 沒(méi)有native preference的證據(jù)

6.?Question not available

Question 7 is based on this passage

Sciences/environmental science

chemical solvent / Calatrex / leptococcus bacteria

減少化學(xué)溶劑排放

For many years, the dumping of increasing annual amounts of the chemical solvent Calatrex into Lake Passat has caused a steady rise in the levels of?leptococcus?bacteria in the lake’s water. Calatrex itself has no direct effect on?leptococcus?levels, but, in water, Calatrex breaks down over a year’s time into certain substances that?foster the proliferation of?leptococcus. After years of protest, the dumping has finally just been stopped.

許多年來(lái)，P湖中化學(xué)溶劑C的排放量逐年增加導(dǎo)致湖水中L菌穩(wěn)定上升。C本身對(duì)L的含量沒(méi)有直接影響，但是在水體中，C在超過(guò)一年的時(shí)間里降解形成的物質(zhì)會(huì)加速L的增長(zhǎng)。多年抗議之后，排放終于被禁止。

7. Which of the following is most strongly supported by the information given?

邏輯單題 邏輯支持 易

D

下面哪個(gè)可以被上文信息支持。不是加強(qiáng)題，是推斷題。

A. Concentration of Calatrex in Lake Passat’s water will remain undiminished for at least a year. 湖中的C至少一年內(nèi)不會(huì)減少。推不出來(lái)。反而應(yīng)該可能減少，因?yàn)闀?huì)降解。

B. Fostering the proliferation of?leptococcus?is the only effect that the dumping of Calatrex?had on?bacteria in Lake Passat’s water. 推不出是不是唯一的影響。

C. The proliferation of?leptococcus?in Lake Passat’s water has been the most serious consequence of?dumping Calatrex into Lake Passat. 是不是最嚴(yán)重的也推不出來(lái)。

D. The levels of?leptococcus?in Lake Passat’s water will rise for some time. 湖中L的含量會(huì)上升一段時(shí)間。是的，因?yàn)榫退悻F(xiàn)在已經(jīng)停止排放C了，原有的C的降解依然會(huì)導(dǎo)致L上升。

E.?Leptococcus?bacteria were not present in any significant quantities in Lake Passat’s water before Calatrex?began to be dumped into the lake. 在C排放之前，L沒(méi)有大量出現(xiàn)過(guò)。屬于加強(qiáng)，相當(dāng)于否命題，不能算推斷。

Questions 8 and 10 are based on this passage

Sciences/geomorphology?

geomorphology / sediment trasport / sediment storage /?chemical weathering / fluid mechanics

地貌學(xué)不關(guān)注沉積物的儲(chǔ)存只關(guān)注傳輸是不對(duì)的。

①In river science, as in all sciences, there is an accepted way of analyzing problems. ②This standardized way of collecting and analyzing data allows a cleaner comparison of results between sites or time periods, or an evaluation of the effectiveness of different management activities. ③Often this involves a preconceived reference?frame for types of problems. ④What is gained in the efficient production of knowledge, however, is potentially lost for the potential of novel observation.

①In the case of sediment transport, during the last century, river scientists have shown much less concern for sediment storage than for sediment movement, even though any given sediment particle is likely to spend centuries to millennia in storage on a floodplain or in bars [submerged banks of sediment] and only days to weeks in actual transport. ②Meade suggest that were geomorphologist to have focused on individual sediment particles’ movements beyond just the reach [a short, straight segment of a river] scale, emphasis from the research community would have inevitably focused on sediment storage, and thus on the processes that sediment undergoes during storage rather than on the processes of mobilizing sediment. ③Fluvial geomorphology would probably then have been dominated by studies of chemical weathering rather than fluid mechanics. ④The preference for Eulerian-based studies of sediment fluxes and the processes that determine?those fluxes have arguably biased the research agenda of geomorphologist for several decades.

跟其他科學(xué)一樣，河流科學(xué)中也有分析問(wèn)題的常規(guī)方法。這種收集、分析數(shù)據(jù)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方法使得不同地點(diǎn)、時(shí)間的結(jié)果比較和不同操作活動(dòng)的效果評(píng)價(jià)都更符合規(guī)則。通常會(huì)有一個(gè)可參考的問(wèn)題類型框架。然而，這種高效有損失新觀察的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

在上世紀(jì)對(duì)沉積物傳輸?shù)难芯恐?，相?duì)于沉積物運(yùn)動(dòng)，科學(xué)家不太關(guān)注沉積物的儲(chǔ)存，盡管儲(chǔ)存要花成百上千年，而傳輸只需要幾天到幾周。M認(rèn)為，如果地貌學(xué)家不只關(guān)注一個(gè)沉積物顆粒在一小段河流中的運(yùn)動(dòng)，研究界的就會(huì)關(guān)注到沉積物的儲(chǔ)存，而不僅僅只關(guān)注運(yùn)動(dòng)的沉積物。河流地貌學(xué)就會(huì)以化學(xué)風(fēng)化為主而非流體力學(xué)?；跉W拉法的流體力學(xué)對(duì)于沉積物流動(dòng)及過(guò)程的研究把地貌學(xué)帶偏了好幾個(gè)年代。

8. Which statement best describes the organization of the passage?

結(jié)構(gòu)題 難

答案：A

第一段講river science中一個(gè)通常的分析問(wèn)題的方法；第二段用一個(gè)例子來(lái)說(shuō)明，上述的方法不好，如果換個(gè)研究焦點(diǎn)就會(huì)不一樣了。

A. The first paragraph describes a general scientific approach and the second paragraph discusses how a specific instance of that approach might have turned out differently.對(duì)應(yīng)文章結(jié)構(gòu)

B. The first paragraph articulates a scientific theory and the second paragraph provides evidence validating that theory.第二段沒(méi)有在validate第一段

C. The first paragraph provides an overview of a common practice and the second paragraph describes the benefits and drawbacks of that practice.第二段沒(méi)有benefits

D. The first paragraph outlines a widespread problem and the second paragraph shows one way the effects of that problem have been mitigated.第二段沒(méi)有mitigate第一段提出的問(wèn)題

E. The first paragraph discusses a line of research and the second paragraph speculates on how that line of research has changed in response to new evidence. 沒(méi)有new evidence

9. The author of the passage would most likely agree with which of the following statements about?river scientists?

態(tài)度題 中

作者認(rèn)為河流科學(xué)家應(yīng)該多研究沉積物的儲(chǔ)存，而非運(yùn)動(dòng)。

E

A. The emphasis they have placed on particle movements within the reach scale has led to a misuse of?Eulerian-based studies. 無(wú)關(guān)，前后信息雜糅。同時(shí)也沒(méi)有misuse的證據(jù)。

B. Their preference for studies of fluid mechanics has given them an inaccurate understanding of the?processes sediment undergoes during storage. 無(wú)關(guān)。流體力學(xué)是來(lái)研究運(yùn)動(dòng)而非儲(chǔ)存的。

C. Their use of multiple preconceived reference frames has led to a distorted view of sediment transport. 他們對(duì)事先形成的參考框架的使用歪曲了對(duì)于沉積物傳輸?shù)睦斫?。沒(méi)有distorted的證據(jù)。原文最后一句只是說(shuō)研究方向有點(diǎn)跑偏。

D. The novel observations about sediment storage they have forgone are offset by their insights into?chemical weathering. 沒(méi)有offset的證據(jù)，同時(shí)相反，他們也沒(méi)關(guān)注化學(xué)風(fēng)化。

E. The attention they have paid to sediment movement is disproportionate to the amount of time?sediment is in motion. 他們給予沉積物傳輸?shù)年P(guān)注相對(duì)于沉積物運(yùn)動(dòng)的時(shí)間來(lái)說(shuō)是不成比例的。符合二段首句信息。

10. If, instead of doing what they did, geomorphologists had done what Meade suggests, which of?the following would likely have been a consequence?

細(xì)節(jié)題 中

ABC

A. More research focused on floodplains and bars 易漏選。對(duì)應(yīng)二段首句。沖積平原和沙洲也正是沉積物儲(chǔ)存的環(huán)境。

B. A richer understanding of chemical weathering 符合文章倒數(shù)第二句

C. Considerably fewer studies of fluid mechanics in river science 同上